handset antenna design
DESCRIPTION
By Dr Sampson Hu, CTO & Co-founder, Smart Antenna Technologies Presented in Cambridge WirelessTRANSCRIPT
10/10/2013
Antenna, also called aerial, is a conductor that can transmit, send and receive signals such as microwave, radio or satellite signals.
Cellular Network: 2G, 3G,4G LTE
WiFi/Bluetooth GPS
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Length = Wavelength/2
for a proper working efficient antenna
Dipole Antenna
Length = Wavelength/4
Monopole Antenna
Operating: 800 MHz
Full wavelength of 800 MHz: 37.5cm
Wavelength/4: 9.4cm
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Ref: Harrington R F, ‘On the gain and beamwidth of directional antennas’, IRE Transactions on Ant and Prop, vol AP-6, 1958, pp.219-225
Harrington LimitAntenna gain vs antenna relative size
• Decreasing the antenna size reduces the antenna gain;
• Antenna Gain, G, is related to the directivity, D, and efficiency, η, by
G= � · η
• The directivity of a handset antenna does not change much with size, and hence the efficiency of the antenna falls by a similar amount to the size;
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Nokia 6300 antenna
• The volume of the antenna is about a quarter of the phone size;
• When the phone had to operate on a single band, i.e. GSM800, the antenna occupied a similar volume;
• When additional bands were released by the regulators, such as GSM1800, the obvious solution is to incorporate two antennas, one for 800MHz, and one for 1800MHz;
• However, as the volume required by the antennas increases, the volume available for the other components reduces;
• Decreasing the antenna size reduces the antenna gain; Lower antenna efficiency means that higher transmit power
is needed to maintain call Higher transmit power results of higher SAR ( Specific
Absorption Rate) and reduces the battery life.
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* Agilent Technologies 3GPP LTE Standards Update 2012
GSM 900 MHz, 1800 MHz
GSM800 MHz, 900 MHz, 1800 MHz, PCS 1900 MHz, UMTS 850 MHz, 2100 MHz
Broadband Revolution
698-960 MHz1710-2170 MHz2300-2690 MHz
*3GPP Released 8
Multi-Input-Multi-Output (MIMO)
1G 1980sAnalog 800 MHz
1st commercial mobile phone: Motorola DynaTAC 8000x
1G Analog (First Generation) 800 MHz
1983 1997 - 2003
2G Digital mobile phonesGSM 900, 1800 MHz
2001 - 2010 2011 -
3G mobile phones800, 900, 1800, 2100 MHz
Broadband Revolution
4G LTE mobile phones698-960 MHz
1710-2170 MHz2300-2690 MHz
*3GPP Released 8
Multi-Input-Multi-Output (MIMO)
Mobile phones has become thinner but need to offer more functions!
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To design handset antennas with multi-bands, support multi-functions,
but still occupy small volume
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How the handset antennas get evolved in the past 20 years?
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1G (Analog) in 1980s800 MHz
1 G is operating at 800 MHz
Full wavelength of 800 MHz: 37.5cm
Wavelength/4: 9.4cm
For the Analog network (800 MHz)
One antenna !
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2G (Digital) in 1990sGSM 900 and GSM1800
2G digital launched in early 1990sNew services came – text messaging, multimedia messaging, internet access, etc
Operated at GSM 900 MHz, later introduced at 1800 MHz
Nokia 1011 10th/11/1992
1st GSM commercial mobile phoneOnly support GSM900 single band
Motorola m300 1993
Only support GSM1800 single band
You need at least two phones to travel around
the world!
Monopole-Plus-Helix
Motorola whip antenna patent, filed on 26/09/1988
Advantages - High efficiency, less components effect, easy design and zero hand effect
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Helix-plus-Whip
Motorola mr6011st dual band GSM phone in 1997
Support both GSM900 and GSM1800 dual band
One phone and being able to access networks in over 70 countries by the
end of 1997
Patent: Antenna assembly EP0829106 A1 19th
May 1995
Dual – Band Antenna for 2G Handset
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Ref: Taga, et al. ‘Performance of a built in planar invertedantenna for 800 MHz band portable radio units’, IEEE Jnlon Selected Areas in Communications, vol 5, no 5, 1987,pp 921-929
• The external ‘stub’ antenna
huge
• To replacing the stub antenna , the PIFA (Planar Inverted F Antenna) was suggested by Tokio Taga as an ideal candidate, in 1987, one of the first published papers on the topic
Small Size Easy for fabrication
This antenna operates in a single band, 800 MHz
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Hall, et al. ‘Dual Band Antennas for Hand Held PortableTelephones’, Electronics Letters, 28th March 1996, 32,No.7, pp. 609-610
First Dual Band PIFA working at GSM900
&GSM1800, invented by Prof. Peter Hall,
University of Birmingham,
U.K. in 1996
Using slot to create two frequency bands
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Lots of commercial patents and papers regarding internal dual band antennas
Nokia patent US 6140966in 2000
Nokia patent US6392605B2 in2002
Lucent Patent US 59261391999
Filtronic Patent US6366243b1, 2002 Centurion Wireless Technologies Patent US6741214b1, 2004AMC Centurion AB Patent EP1360738B1 2007
FCI Patent US7199755B2 2007
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Nokia 3210
• 1st mobile with fully internal dual band antenna in 1999
• Support both GSM900 and GSM1800 dual band
• One of the most popular handset with over 160 million being sold
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Nokia 2760
Nokia 6220
Nokia 6210
Nokia 6120
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3G in 2000sGSM 900, 1800, PCS 1900, UMTS 850 and 2100
Additional Services, GPS 1500 MHz, WiFi/Bluetooth, 2400 MHz
Using two slots to create three frequency bands
Hall, et al. ‘Triple band planar inverted F antenna’, IEEE AP-S Symp, Orlando, July 1999, pp908-911
First Triple Band PIFA invented by Prof. Peter Hall, University of Birmingham,
U.K. in 1999
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Nokia Four Band PIFA, E-GSM900, GSM1800, PCS1900 and UMTS2100Nokia patent US6476769B1 2002
Asustek Computer Inc, Patent US716154B2, 2007 RIM, Patent US7859468B2, 2010 Fraunhofer, Patent EP1576697B1 2006
Two PIFAs One PIFA & One Monopole
One Folded Monopole
Three IFAs
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The first commercial 3G network was launched by Hutchison Telecommunications branded as Three or ‘3’ in June 2003
The 2100MHz network – UMTS 2100. was introduced, later on 850MHz for 3.5G
Nokia 6630
• First mobile phones allows truly global roaming
• 1st mobile with dual-mode, tri-band, work on 2G GSM900/1800/1900 and UMTS 2100
Corbett, et al. ‘Mobile-Phone Antenna Design’, IEEE Antennas and Propagation Magazine,Vol.54, No.4, Aug.2012
GSM900/1800/1900 PIFA
UMTS 2100 PIFA
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iPhone 4 Samsung Galaxy SII
Monopole
PIFA
Monopole
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Different Handset Antenna Types
