halyomorpha halys (stål): one year later
TRANSCRIPT
Biology, Ecology, and Management of Brown Marmorated Stink Bug in Orchard Crops, Small Fruit, Grapes, Vegetables, and Ornamentals USDA-NIFA SCRI Coordinated Agricultural Project
Brown Marmorated Stink Bug,
Halyomorpha halys (Stål): One Year Later
Greg Krawczyk
Penn State University
Fruit Research and Extension Center
Biglerville, PA 17307 USA
Tracy C. Leskey
USDA-ARS
Appalachian Fruit Research Station
Kearneysville, WV 25430 USA
Adult
Male
Adult
Female
Brown Marmorated Stink Bug Key Considerations
• Not native. Invasive species from Asia.
• Broad host range. 300+ host plants including tree fruit, small fruit, grapes, vegetables, legumes, and ornamentals.
• Limited biological control. Native predators, pathogens, and parasites have not provided adequate control.
2 nd 3 rd 4 th 5 th
Egg Mass1st
Current Distribution of BMSB in the United States
Severe Agricultural and Nuisance Problems Reported
Nuisance Problems Only
DetectedBMSB IPM Working Group, November 30th 2011
2008-2010
Escalating Problems in Tree Fruit in the Mid-Atlantic
Transition from a Late-Season to a Season-Long Problem
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Perimeter Interior
Orchard Sample Location
% F
ruit
Inju
ry
Severity = 4.26
Severity = 3.11
Economic
Injury
BMSB Feeding Injury—Rate and Severity
Regional Commercial Apple Orchards
2010 Growing Season
2010 economic loss in mid-Atlantic apples due to BMSB feeding
estimated at 37 million dollars (US Apple Association)
Landscape-Level Threat To Crops
Corn
Invasive Tree-of-Heaven Native Woody Hosts
Apple
Photo Courtesy of Chris Bergh
Biology, Ecology, and Management of Brown Marmorated Stink Bug in Orchard Crops, Small Fruit, Grapes, Vegetables, and Ornamentals USDA-NIFA SCRI Coordinated Agricultural Project
Biology, Ecology, and Management of Brown Marmorated Stink Bug in
Orchard Crops, Small Fruit, Grapes, Vegetables, and Ornamentals
• USDA-NIFA Specialty Crop Research Initiative Program
• Funded for 3 years with opportunity for renewal.
Photo Courtesy of Chris Bergh
Biology, Ecology, and Management of Brown Marmorated Stink Bug in Orchard Crops, Small Fruit, Grapes, Vegetables, and Ornamentals USDA-NIFA SCRI Coordinated Agricultural Project
• USDA-ARS
– Appalachian Fruit Research Station,
Kearneysville, WV
– Beneficial Insects Introduction Research Unit,
Newark, DE
– Invasive Insect Biocontrol and Behavior
Laboratory, Beltsville, MD
– Horticultural Crops Research Unit, Corvallis, OR
• The Pennsylvania State University
• Washington State University
• North Carolina State University
• Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University
• Rutgers University
• Northeastern IPM Center
• Oregon State University
• University of Maryland
• University of Delaware
• Cornell University
Grant Objectives
1. Establish biology and phenology of BMSB in specialty crops.
2. Develop monitoring and management tools for BMSB.
3. Establish effective management programs for BMSB in specialty crops.
4. Integrate stakeholder input and research findings to form and deliver practical outcomes.
Biology, Ecology, and Management of Brown Marmorated Stink Bug in Orchard Crops, Small Fruit, Grapes, Vegetables, and Ornamentals USDA-NIFA SCRI Coordinated Agricultural Project
What Have We Learned in 2011?
• Very little information available regarding BMSB at end of 2010.
• In 2010, we observed insecticides labeled as excellent against native SBs not showing same field efficacy against BMSB. Knock down and recovery observed in grower orchards. Other materials completely ineffective.
• Section 18 Working Group led by USDA-OPMP and EPA-OPP.
• Laboratory trials conducted by USDA-ARS, Penn State and VA Tech.
• Recommendations made and refined throughout the season.
Challenges in Managing BMSB in
Commercial Plantings for 2011
Active
Ingredient
Trade
Name
Lethality
Index
Active
Ingredient
Trade
Name
Lethality
Index
Chlorpyrifos/Gamma-Cyhalothrin Cobalt 95.4 Oxamyl Vydate 46.8
Dimethoate Cygon 93.3 MBI-203 MBI-203 43.4
Malathion Malathion 92.5 Esfenvalerate Asana 43.3
Bifenthrin Brigade 91.5 Imidacloprid Provado 40.0
Endosulfan Thionex 90.4 Tolfenpyrad SC Tolfenpyrad SC 36.5
Methidathion Supracide 90.4 MBI-205 MBI-205 35.7
Methomyl Lannate 90.1 Tolfenpyrad EC Tolfenpyrad EC 33.3
Chlorpyrifos Lorsban 89.0 Pyrifluquinazon Pyrifluquinazon 28.3
Acephate Orthene 87.5 Kaolin Clay Surround 23.1
Fenpropathrin Danitol 78.3 Diazinon Diazinon 20.4
Permethrin Permethrin 77.1 Phosmet Imidan 20.0
Azinphosmethyl Guthion 71.3 Acetamiprid Assail 18.8
Dinotefuran Safari 67.3 Thiacloprid Calypso 18.3
Kaolin Clay/Thiamethoxam Particle Delivery 66.7 Abamectin Agri-Mek 16.3
Formetanate HCl Carzol 63.5 Indoxacarb Avaunt 11.3
Gamma-Cyhalothrin Proaxis 59.0 Spirotetramat Movento 9.8
Zinc Dimethyldithiocarbamate Ziram 57.5 Carbaryl Sevin 9.2
Thiamethoxam Actara 56.3 Water Control 6 9.2
Clothianidin Clutch 55.6 Flonicamid Beleaf 7.7
Beta-Cyfluthrin Baythroid 54.8 Water Control 2 6.9
Lambda-Cyhalothrin Warrior 52.9 Water Control 3 6.3
Zeta-Cypermethrin Mustang Max 52.1 Water Control 5 6.0
Cyfluthrin Tombstone 49.0 Water Control 4 4.2
MBI-206 MBI-206 48.4 Cyantraniliprole Cyazypyr 1.7
BMSB Laboratory-Based Testing
Lethality Index
What is the residual activity of some of
our key products?• Exposure Intervals (uptake via
feeding and residue)
– 0 DAY (after application) for 24h
– 3 DAY for 24h
– 7 DAY for 24h
• Daily Assessments of Bug Condition.
• Factors
– Residue Age
– Bug Age/Condition
– Rainfall
– Adjuvant
Lannate (Methomyl) Residue Age
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
% A
du
lt B
MS
B/C
ate
go
ry
Days After Exposure
Time-Phased BMSB Condition
24-h Exposure Period in Apple Field Plots
Methomyl (Lannate SP) @ 1 lb/100 gal
Alive
Affected
Moribund
Dead
0 Day
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
% A
du
lt B
MS
B/C
ate
go
ry
Days After Exposure
Time-Phased BMSB Condition
24-h Exposure Period in Apple Field Plots
Methomyl (Lannate SP) @ 1 lb/100 gal
Alive
Affected
Moribund
Dead
3 Day
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
% A
du
lt B
MS
B/C
ate
go
ry
Days After Exposure
Time-Phased BMSB Condition
24-h Exposure Period in Apple Field Plots
Methomyl (Lannate SP) @ 1 lb/100 gal
Alive
Affected
Moribund
Dead
7 Day
Actara (Thiamethoxam) Overwintered (Weak) Bugs
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
% A
du
lt B
MS
B/C
ate
go
ry
Days After Exposure
Time-Phased BMSB Condition
24-h Exposure Period in Apple Field Plots
Thiamethoxam (Actara) @ 5.5 oz/100 gal
Alive
Affected
Moribund
Dead
0 Day
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
% A
du
lt B
MS
B/C
ate
go
ry
Days After Exposure
Time-Phased BMSB Condition
24-h Exposure Period in Apple Field Plots
Thiamethoxam (Actara) @ 5.5 oz/100 gal
Alive
Affected
Moribund
Dead
3 Day
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
% A
du
lt B
MS
B/C
ate
go
ry
Days After Exposure
Time-Phased BMSB Condition
24-h Exposure Period in Apple Field Plots
Thiamethoxam (Actara) @ 5.5 oz/100 gal
Alive
Affected
Moribund
Dead
7 Day
Actara (Thiamethoxam) New Generation (Strong) Bugs
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
% A
du
lt B
MS
B/C
ate
go
ry
Days After Exposure
Time-Phased BMSB Condition
24-h Exposure Period in Apple Field Plots
Thiamethoxam (Actara) @ 5.5 oz/100 gal
Alive
Affected
Moribund
Dead
0 Day
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
% A
du
lt B
MS
B/C
ate
go
ry
Days After Exposure
Time-Phased BMSB Condition
24-h Exposure Period in Apple Field Plots
Thiamethoxam (Actara) @ 5.5 oz/100 gal
Alive
Affected
Moribund
Dead
3 Day
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
% A
du
lt B
MS
B/C
ate
go
ry
Days After Exposure
Time-Phased BMSB Condition
24-h Exposure Period in Apple Field Plots
Thiamethoxam (Actara) @ 5.5 oz/100 gal
Alive
Affected
Moribund
Dead
7 Day
Thionex EC (Endosulfan) No Adjuvant
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
% A
du
lt B
MS
B/C
ate
go
ry
Days After Exposure
Time-Phased BMSB Condition
24-h Exposure Period in Apple Field Plots
Endosulfan (Thionex EC) @ 1 1/3qts/100 gal
Alive
Affected
Moribund
Dead
0 Day
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
% A
du
lt B
MS
B/C
ate
go
ry
Days After Exposure
Time-Phased BMSB Condition
24-h Exposure Period in Apple Field Plots
Endosulfan (Thionex EC) @ 1 1/3qts/100 gal
Alive
Affected
Moribund
Dead
3 Day
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
% A
du
lt B
MS
B/C
ate
go
ry
Days After Exposure
Time-Phased BMSB Condition
24-h Exposure Period in Apple Field Plots
Endosulfan (Thionex EC) @ 1 1/3qts/100 gal
Alive
Affected
Moribund
Dead
7 Day
Thionex EC + Induce (Endosulfan) Addition of Adjuvant
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
% A
du
lt B
MS
B/C
ate
go
ry
Days After Exposure
Time-Phased BMSB Condition
24-h Exposure Period in Apple Field Plots
Endosulfan (Thionex EC) @ 1 1/3qts/100 gal + Induce @ 2 pts/100 gal
Alive
Affected
Moribund
Dead
0 Day
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
% A
du
lt B
MS
B/C
ate
go
ry
Days After Exposure
Time-Phased BMSB Condition
24-h Exposure Period in Apple Field Plots
Endosulfan (Thionex EC) @ 1 1/3qts/100 gal + Induce @ 2 pts/100 gal
Alive
Affected
Moribund
Dead
3 Day
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
% A
du
lt B
MS
B/C
ate
go
ry
Days After Exposure
Time-Phased BMSB Condition
24-h Exposure Period in Apple Field Plots
Endosulfan (Thionex EC) @ 1 1/3qts/100 gal + Induce @ 2 pts/100 gal
Alive
Affected
Moribund
Dead
7 Day
Belay (Chlothianidin) Impact of Rainfall
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
% A
du
lt B
MS
B/C
ate
go
ry
Days After Exposure
Time-Phased BMSB Condition
24-h Exposure Period in Apple Field Plots
Clothianidin (Belay) @ 6oz/100 gal
Alive
Affected
Moribund
Dead
0 Day
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
% A
du
lt B
MS
B/C
ate
go
ry
Days After Exposure
Time-Phased BMSB Condition
24-h Exposure Period in Apple Field Plots
Clothianidin (Belay) @ 6oz/100 gal
Alive
Affected
Moribund
Dead
3 Day
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
% A
du
lt B
MS
B/C
ate
go
ry
Days After Exposure
Time-Phased BMSB Condition
24-h Exposure Period in Apple Field Plots
Clothianidin (Belay) @ 6oz/100 gal
Alive
Affected
Moribund
Dead
7 Day
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
% A
du
lt B
MS
B/C
ate
go
ry
Days After Exposure
Time-Phased BMSB Condition
24-h Exposure Period in Apple Field Plots
Clothianidin (Belay) @ 6 oz/100 gal
Alive
Affected
Moribund
Dead
0 Day
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
% A
du
lt B
MS
B/C
ate
go
ry
Days After Exposure
Time-Phased BMSB Condition
24-h Exposure Period in Apple Field Plots
Clothianidin (Belay) @ 6 oz/100 gal
Alive
Affected
Moribund
Dead
3 Day
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
% A
du
lt B
MS
B/C
ate
go
ry
Days After Exposure
Time-Phased BMSB Condition
24-h Exposure Period in Apple Field Plots
Clothianidin (Belay) @ 6 oz/100 gal
Alive
Affected
Moribund
Dead
7 Day
Belay (Chlothianidin) No Rainfall
Tentative Conclusions
• Most materials do not show substantial activity
against adults after 3 days.
• Overwintered bugs appear to be easier to kill.
• Impact of rainfall can be profound.
• Use of adjuvants could improve performance.
Development of Effective Monitoring Tools
• Tools that provide
accurate
measurements of
presence, abundance,
and seasonal activity of
BMSB.
• Growers can make
informed management
decisions.
Key Components of Trap-Based Monitoring Tools
• Visual Stimuli
• Olfactory Stimuli
• Capture Mechanism
• Deployment Strategy
• Visual Stimulus
– Large black pyramid
• Olfactory Stimulus
– 66 mg methyl (2E,4E,6Z)-
decatrienoate lure (replaced every
4 weeks)
• Capture Mechanism
– Tapered pyramid to inverted
funnel jar with DDVP toxicant strip
(replaced every 4 weeks)
• Deployment Strategy
– Traps placed in peripheral row of
orchard, monitored weekly for the
full season (April 1-November 18)
Methyl (2E,4E,6Z)-decatrieonate attractive to adults only during the late-season. Confirmed in MD, WV, NJ, PA, VA and other states in 2011. Not attractive to adults in early- and mid-season.
Despite Reports in the Asian Literature, Our Only Attractant
Fails During the Early- and Mid-Season
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Mea
n N
o. P
er T
rap
Sample Date
Almost No Captures in Baited Traps, Despite Very Large
Immigrating Populations
WV Commercial Peach Orchards
How Can We Improve our Monitoring Traps
• Integrate Optimized Olfactory Stimuli– A season-long olfactory attractant for BMSB.
– Identification of a potential male-produced aggregation pheromone.
• Integrate Visual Stimuli– Observations of attraction to UV and visible light.
– Optimized and specific wavelengths and intensity.
Progress Toward Identification of BMSB Aggregation Pheromone
USDA-ARS, Beltsville, MD and Kearneysville, WV
13-24 May 2011
0
2
4
6
8
10
#2 #5 #6 Unbaited
Treatment
Mea
n N
o.
Per
Tra
pEarly Season Trial Indicates Promising Activity
27 May-24 June 2011
0
5
10
15
20
#2 #6 #7 Unbaited
Treatment
Mea
n N
o.
Per
Tra
p
a
ab
b b
Two Treatments Show Significant
Behavioral Activity
Traps baited with #6 capture ~4x more than control
8 July - 2 August 2011
0
5
10
15
20
#2 #6 #8 Unbaited
Treatment
Mea
n N
o.
Per
Tra
p
a
ab
b
b
#6 and #2 Continue to Demonstrate Significant Activity
Traps baited with #6 capture ~6x more than control
12 August - 6 September 2011
0
50
100
150
200
#1 #2 #6 #9 Unbaited
Treatment
Mea
n N
o.
Per
Tra
p
bb
aa a
Several Treatments Demonstrate Significant Activity
Traps baited with #2,6 and 9 capture ~6x more than control
9-30 September 2011
0
200
400
600
800
1000
#2 #6 #9 #10 Unbaited
Treatment
Mea
n N
o.
Per
Tra
p
a
b
bb
b
Captures in Traps Baited With #10 Significantly Greater
Traps baited with #10 captured ~15x more than control and
~3-4x more than other treatments.
Visual CuesIdentifying Optimal Wavelengths and Intensities of Light
A Total of 21 Traps Baited With Light-Based Stimuli Captured
13,457 Adult BMSB in ~6 Weeks During Late Summer
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
2000
#1 #2 #3 #4 #5 #6 Unbaited
Mea
n N
o. P
er T
rap
Treatment
a
ab
ab
bc
c
c c
Treatments #1, #2, and #3 Captured
200x-400x More Adult BMSB
Than Unbaited Traps
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
Mea
n N
o. A
du
lts
Per
Tra
p
Sample Date
#1
#2
#3
#4
#5
#6
Unbaited
Very Large Numbers of Adults Captured and Consistent Capture
Patterns Recorded Through Mid-September
Movement
To Overwintering Sites
What’s Next?
•Documenting early-season
attraction to #10 and light-based
stimuli.
•Formulation, utility and
commercialization.
•Behavior, biology, and ecology.
Impact of Asian-Origin Invasive Host Plants
• Tree of heaven, Ailanthus altissima; Empress tree, Paulownia tomentosa; kudzu; and wineberries, Rubus phoenicolasius
• Lower populations in late-season across the region.
• Extreme abiotic conditions including excessive heat, rain,
cold temperatures, etc.?
• Biotic factor – predator, pathogen, or parasite?
• Increased intensity of management against BMSB?
• Combination of factors?
Decline in Late-Season Populations?
Where Do BMSB Overwinter?
Biological Control Offers Long-Term SolutionStrategies To Reduce Populations Across Entire Landscape
Acknowledgements• USDA-ARS, USDA NIFA SCRI# 2011-51181-30937, and USDA-APHIS
Starker Wright
Doo-Hyung Lee
Torri Hancock
Cameron Scorza
Sean Wiles
Brent Short
Rebecca Posa
John Cullum