What Do We Mean By Artificial

Intelligence (A.I.)

History of A.I.

Fields of A.I.

Use of A.I.

Introduction To Artificial Intelligence

Definition:“Artificial intelligence (AI)

is a branch of computer science that deals with

intelligent behavior, learning, and adaptation in machines”

(Wikipedia)

In 1950, Alan Turing introduced the "Turing test“The first working AI programs were written in 1951 to run on the Ferranti Mark I machine of the University of Manchester John McCarthy coined the term "artificial intelligence" at the first conference devoted to the subject, in 1956

At the same time, John von Neumann, developed the game theory During the 1960s and 1970s, Joel Moses demonstrated the power of symbolic reasoning for integration problems in the Macsyma program

Combinatorial search Computer vision Expert systemGenetic programming Genetic algorithm Knowledge representation Machine learning

Neural network Natural language processingRobotics Artificial life Artificial being Distributed Artificial Intelligence Swarm IntelligenceMachine planning

Deep BlueHandwriting RecognitionExpert SystemsOptical Character RecognitionNeural Networks

Machine TranslationFuzzy LogicSpeech RecognitionComputer Algebra SystemsMachine Vision

Robotics.. What does it mean?Definition of

RobotsHistory Of Robots

“Robotics” is the science and technology of Robots, their design, manufacture, and application.

The word “Robotics” was first used in print by Isaac Asimov, in his science fiction short story "Runaround" (1941).

One of the first recorded designs of a humanoid robot was made by Leonardo da Vinci in around 1495 An early automaton was created 1738 by Jacques de Vaucanson, who created a mechanical duck that was able to eat grain, flap its wings, and excrete In the 1930s, Westinghouse made a humanoid robot known as Elektro

General Components of an industrial Robot:-

1.Manipulator The part of the robot that performs the task

2.Controller Brain or computer center which coordinates the

robot’s movements3.Power supply

4.Vehicle Used to move the robot on a track, free wheels,

treads, or some type of legs/feet

Robotic Power Sources:-1. Hydraulic2. Pneumatic3. Electric4. Vacuum5. Often a combination; the end-effectors

mostly pneumatic

Space ExplorationHealthcareDomesticMilitary defenseManufacturingRecreational/ Social UseAgriculture

Space Exploration Two important

devices exist which are proven space robotsRemotely Operated

Vehicle (ROV)Remote

Manipulator System (RMS)

This picture shows a Historic Space Handshake between Shuttle and Space Station Robots - Image Courtesy of CSA

HealthcareRobots are used sometimes for

operations. A human could never drill a hole exactly one 100th of a inch wide and long. There are robots being used to deliver medical supplies, food trays, medication and just about anything to nurse stations. Robots are used also to make medicines.

e.g. Tug robot (delivery robot), RoboDoc

Applications of Robots

Robotic Wheelchair can facilitate patient locomotion

Domestic UseThese robots

perform domestic jobs and perform simple tasks like grass cutting, vacuum cleaning, plant watering, etc.

e.g. Scooba, Robomower

Military DefenseThe U.S. military is currently using

robots to diffuse bombs and to transport goods in danger zones. These vehicles (AGVs) use sensors and coordinates to guide themselves through streets and rough terrain to supply ammunition and food stuff to soldiers.

e.g. iRobot Packbot, Transbotics

Applications of Robots

ManufacturingProbably the

industry which uses robots the most. Robots are useful in repetitive tasks and also work for longer durations without breaks.

e.g. Robots in car production assembly line

AgricultureRobots can do

the work that took a dozen harvesters to do at the same time. Robots are used for harvesting, reaping and sowing purposes. They are sometimes called, ‘Agrobots’.

Advantages of using robotsPossible harms of using robots

Conclusion

There are numerous advantages of using robots in the industries and in our homes.

Robots are basically used in those tasks which are sometimes referred to as the 3-Ds, namely: Dull, Dirty And Dangerous.

The most basic advantages which we are all aware of are:

ACCURACY SPEED INCREASED PRODUCTIVITY FLEXIBILITY

Business Benefits: Robots have the ability to consistently produce high-quality products and to precisely perform tasks

Since they never tire and can work nonstop without breaks, robots are able to produce more quality goods or execute commands quicker than their human counterparts

Management Benefits:

Robot employees never call in sick, never waste time and rarely require preparation time before working With robots, a manager never has to worry about high employee turnover or unfilled positions

Employee Benefits: Robots can do the work that no one

else wants to do—the mundane, dangerous, and repetitive jobs

Common Misconception about Robots:Introducing robots into a work environment does not necessarily mean the elimination of jobs. With the addition of robots comes the need for highly-skilled, human workers

Consumer Benefits:Robots produce high quality goods

Since robots produce so many quality goods in a shorter amount of time than humans, we reap the benefits of cheaper goods

Since the products are produced more quickly, this significantly reduces the amount of time that we are forced to wait for products to come to the marketplace

Uses in Manufacturing: ◦ Spray Coating ◦ Assembling Operations ◦ Material Removal ◦ Cutting Operations ◦ Part inspection, sorting, cleaning, polishing

Robots do not exactly have disadvantages but shortcomings! They are not “super-workers” but tools people use!!

Are not creative or innovative Do not think independently Do not make complicated decisions Do not learn from mistakes Do not adapt quickly to changes in their surroundings

physical examinations, feeling for various organs in the abdomen, positioning a speculum to look into the ear, etc., are going to be hard to replace with machines.

machines don't move very fast in emergency situations, nor can they make judgments based on fact, but tempered by human kindness and understanding.

Robotic assisted heart surgery can take nearly twice the amount of time that a typical heart surgery takes, but this is variable depending on the surgeon's expertise and practice with the equipment.

At this early stage in the technology, the robotic systems are very expensive. It’s believed that with these improvements in technology the systems will become more complicated and the costs will rise.

Artificial intellects need not have humanlike motives.

Artificial intellects may not have humanlike psyches.

The cognitive architecture of an artificial intellect may also be quite unlike that of humans.

The inner conscious life of an artificial intellect, if it has one, may also be quite different from ours.

They may not have human-like feelings such as that of mercy.

Robots are mostly shown as destructive killing machines who are bent on destroying earth and all humans.

E.g.o Terminator (1-3)o The Day the Earth

Stood Stillo Forbidden Planet

In other cases robots are shown to bear human like characteristics and wanting to be ‘Human’

E.g.◦ Bicentennial Man◦ Blade Runner◦ The Iron Giant