40^ A P P E N D I X J__

(Sub jec t s t augh t a t a Muslim Madrasah in medieval Ind ia)

In t h e middle of the e i g h t e e n t h c e n t u r y . Mull a Nizamuddin,

who was a contemporary of Shah w a l i u l l a h , direw up a s y l l a b u s

known as D A R S - E - N I Z ^ ^ I # which was in keeping with t h e p rev ious

s y l l a b u s e s in vogue. I t was adopted a l l over t h e count ry and

c o n s i s t e d of the fo l lowing eleven svOajects with books p r e s c r i b e d

for each,

(1) Sarf (dec lens ion and congugation) i Mizan, Munsha' ib/ Sarfe Mir?, Pan jgan j , zubda* Fusule Akbari , S a h a f i ' s .

(2) Nahv (grammer and s y n t a x ) : Nahv Mir, Sharha Ma ' ta 'Amil, Hidyatan Nahv, Kafia , Sharhe Jami .

(3) Mantiq (Logic)» Sughara, Kubra, I s a g h o j i Tahzib, Sharhe, Tahzib, Qutba ma Mir, Sullamul 'ulum.

(4) Hikmat (Ph i losphy) : Maibazi , Sadra , Shamse Bazigha .

(5) Ra iza (mathematics)» Khulasa tu l Hisab, Tah r i r e Uqledas Maqalai u l a , Tash r ihu l Afala, R i s a l a i Qaushaj ia , Sharhe Changmani baba awwal.

(6) Ba lagha t ( r h e t o r i c ) i Mukhtasar Ma 'an i , Muttwwal up t o ma'ana g u l t u .

(7) Fiqh ( j u r i s p r u d e n c e ) : Sharhe waqaya Awwalin, Haidaya A3cherin.

(8) Usule Fiqh ( p r i n c i p a l s of j u r i s p r u d e n c e ) : Nuru'I .Anwar, Taudihe Ta lv ih , Musall imas Subut (mabadie Kalama) .

(9) Kalam ( d i a l e c t i c s ) : Sharhe 'Aqaide Nasaf i , 3 ia rhe 'Aqaide J a l a l i Mir zahid , Sharhe Mawaqif.

(10) T a f s i r (exeges is of the Qur ' an ) : J a l a l a i n , Baizawi.

(11) Hadis ( t r a d i t i o n s ) J Mishkat a lmasabih .

A few decades l a t e r t h e fo l lowing four s u b j e c t s were added t o t h e above sy l l abus5

(1) A d a b ( l i t e r a t u r e ) : Nafa tul Yaman, S a b ' a Mu'al laqa,Diwane Mutanabbi, Maqamate H a r i r i and Hamas a.

(2j F a r i z a ( o b l i g a t i o n s ) : Shar i f i ao (3) Munazara ( d i s p u t a t i o n ) . /^^ (4) Usule Hadis ( p r i n c i p a l s of Hadis) .

(*) Source: Abul Has an t Nadvi, Hindustan k i padim I s l ami Darsgahen, p . 97. c i t e d in Yusuf Husain, o p . c i t . , p p . 7 4 - 7 5 .

A P P E N D I X I I ^ ^ ^

The f o l l o w i n g i s a l i s t of t h e P e r s i a n books s t u d i e d in

m a d r a s s a h s d u r i n g t h e Mughal p e r i o d :

1 . R U q q a t - i - A b u l F a z l .

2 . L e t t e r s o f Chandra Bhan Brahman.

3 . L e t t e r s of Mul l a M u n i r .

4 . I n s h a - 1 - Y u s u f i .

5 . I n s h a - i - M a d h o Ram,

6 . Hand book of Sha ikh In ay a t U l l a h .

7 . I n s h a - i - K h a l i f a .

8 . B a h a r - i - 3 u k h a n by Sha ikh MuhaiTimad S a l i h ,

9 . K h e y a l a t - i - N a d i r .

10 . D a s t u r - u s - S i b y a n .

1 1 . E p i s t l e s of S h a i d a and M u l l a T u g h r a .

12 . S t o r y of L a i Chand.

1 3 . L i l a v a t i t r a n s l a t e d by Sha ikh F a i z i .

1 4 . S h a i k h - N a s r - i - z a h u r i ' s work,

, P o e t r y

1 . F i r d a u s i ' s Shahnama.

2 . Peems of Amir K h u s r a u - Q i r a n u s S a d a i n , M a t l a - u l - A n w a r

and I j a z - i - K h u s r a i r .

3e M u l l a J a m i ' s works-Yusuf z u l a i k h a , T a u h f a t u - A h r a r ,

N u h z a t u - u l - A b r a r ,

4 , N i z a m i ' s w o r k s ; S ikandernamah/ Makhzan-u l -A3ra r#

H a f t P a i k a r / S h i r i n Khusrau , L a i l a Majnu.

5 , Diwans of H a f i z J Khaqan i , Anwari^ S h a m s - i - T a b r i z #

z a h i r - i - F a r y a b i , S a d i and S a l i h .

6 , Q a s a i d s of B a d r - i - c h a c h , U r f i and F a i z i .

F i c t i o n

T u t i - n a m a of N a k s h a b i , ^ w a r - i - S u b h a i b i of H u s a i n Waiz#

K a s h i f i , l y a r - i - D a n i s h of Stiaikh Abul Fazl# B a h a r - i - D a n i s h

of I n a y a t u l l a h , Seh N a s r z u h r i .

- 2 - 406

H i s t o r y

Zafarnamah-i-Kangra by Raja Husain, AXbamama of Abul Fazl / I q b a l n a m a - i - j a h a n g i r i , zafarnaina of Sharfuddin Al i Yazdi , T a r i k h - i - F a r o z s h a h i , Razmanama ( t r . of Mahabahara ta) .

E t h i c s

AWi laq - i -Nas i r i , / U ^ l a q - i - J a l a l i a Akhlaq- i -Muhasin i , works of Sharfuddin Manir i , Nazhat-ul-Axvah, Masnavi of Maulana RXim, Haidiqah of Sanai, Masnavi of Maulavi Maanvi,

In the end we may quote a paragraph from t h e Chahar

Chaman in which Chandra Bhan Brahmin adv i ses h i s son Tej Bhan

about the books to be s t u d i e d :

He recommends him t o study t h e works of the fol lowing

a u t h o r s ;

Hakim Sanai/ Mulla Rum, Shams Tabriz# Shaikh Far iddudin A t t a r , Shaikh Sadi , Khawaj a Haf iz# Shaikh Karmani, Mull a Jami , As jd i , Ansa r i , F i r d a u s i , Khaqani, Anwari, Amir Khusrau, Baba Faghani, Sudai , Husain Dehlavi , Usman Mukhtari

e t c .

(*) These books a re n o t given in o rde r t o which they were t a u g h t . The course r e f e r s to t h e seventeenth c e n t u r y . The l i s t has been c o n p i l e d from the fol lowing sources* Khu lasa tu - i -Mak t ib , Chahar Chaman, Gula - i -Raa ina , I s lamic C u l t u r e , A p r i l , 1945; Shr-ul-AJ am, 111 (1^2 2) , pp• 149-5 0, A d b i a t - i ~ F a r s i mainl i induon lea Hlssa , pp . 239-42; Abul Hasari nadvi , Hindustan Ki Qadlm, I s l ami Darsgahen, pp . 120-24, vide P .N. Chopra, p p . c l t . ,pp»l72-73 .

407 A P P E N D I X ^^^

The Adl Granth ; or F i r s t Book; or» The Book of Nanak» Th , F i r s t Guru^ or Teacher of the_ Sikhs.

Note- The f i r s t Granth i s nowhere nara t ive or h i s t o r i c a l . I t

throws no l i g h t , by d i r e c t exposit ion, upon the p o l i t i c a l s t a t e

of India during the s ixteenth and seventeenth centur ies* although

i t contains many a l lus ions i l l u s t r a t i v e of the condit ion of socie­

ty and of the re l ig ious feel ings of the t imes. I t s teaching i s

to the general purport tha t God is to be worshipped in s p i r i t

and in t r u t h , with l i t t l e reference to p a r t i c u l a r forms, and

tha t sa lvat ion i s unat ta inable without grace, fa i th and good

works.

The Adi Granth comprises f i r s t , the wri t ings a t t r ibu ted

to Nanak, and the succeding teachers of the Sikh fa i th up to

the ninth Guru, Teg B^iiadur, omitting the s ix th , seventh and

e igh t , but with perhaps some additions and amendations by

Gobind; secondly, the conposit ions of c e r t a in 'Bhagats ' , or

s a i n t s , mostly sec tar ian Hindus, and who are usually given a

sixteen in number; and, th i rd ly , the versus of ce r t a in 'Bhats ' ,

or rhapsodis ts , followers of Nanak and of some of h i s successors.

The numbers, and even the names of the Bhagata, or s a i n t s , are not

always the same in the copies of the Granth; and thus modem

coirpilers or cop is t s have assumed t o themselves the power of

sanctioning or re ject ing p a r t i c u l a r wr i t ings . To the sixteen

Bhagats are usual ly added two 'Etoms' or chanters , who rec i ted

before Arjun, and v^o caught some of h i s s p i r i t ; and a Rababi'

or p layer upon a s t r inged instrument who became s imi la r ly

insp i red .

-2- "iVb

The Granth sometiines includes an appendix^ containing

works the authent ic i ty of which i s doubtful^ or the propriety of

admitting viiich i s disputed on other grotifllds*

The Granth was o r ig ina l ly coitpiled by Arjun, the f i f t h

Guru; but i t subsequently received a few additions at the hands

of h i s successors ,

Ihe Granth i s wr i t ten wholly in versus; but the forms of

ve r s i f i c a t i on are numerous. The language used i s r a the r the

Hindi of Upper India general ly , then the p a r t i c u l a r d i l e c t of

Punjab; but some por t ions , especia l ly of the l a s t sec t ion , are

conposed in Sanslcrit, The wr i t ten charac te r i s aever the less

throughout the Punjabi, one of the several variat i©* of alphabet*

now current in India , and which, form i t s use by the Sikh Gurus,

i s sometimes ca l led 'Gurumukhi*, a term likewise applied to the

d i i e c t of Punjab. The language of the wri t ings of Nanak i s

thought by modern- Sikhs to abound with the provincial isms of

the country south-west of Lahore, and the d i l e c t of Arjun is

held to be the most pure .

The Granth usual ly forms a quarto volume of about 1,232

pages, each containing 24 l i n e s , and each l i n e containing about

35 l e t t e r s . The extra book increases t he pages to 1,240 only,

contents of the Adi Granth

1s t . The ' J a p j i ' , or simply the "Jap*, ca l led also Guru Mantar, o r the spec ia l prayer of i n i t i a t i o n of the Guru. I t occupies about 7 paQes, and cons i s t s of about 40 s loks, ca l led Pauri , of i r r egu la r lengths, some of two, and some of several l i n e s . I t means, l i t e r a l l y , the remembrance of the admonisher, from J ^ , to remember. I t was wri t ten by Nanak, and i s believed t o have been appointed by him to be repeated each morning, as every pious sikh now does. The mode of corrposition i i tplies the presence of a questioner and answerer, and the Sikh bel ieves the questioner to have been the desciple Ahgad.

-3- 469

2nd. 'Sudar Rah Ras ' - the evening prayer of the Sikhs, I t occupies about 3/1/2 pages* and i t was conposed by Nanak, but has addit ions by Ram Das and Arjun, and some i t i s said by Guru Gobindo itie addit ions a t t r ibu ted to Gobind are* however, more frequently given when the Rah Ras forms a separate pamphlet or book. Sardar, a p a r t i c u l a r kind of verse; Rah, admonish^r, Ras, the expression used for the play or r e c i t a t i v e of Krishna. I t i s sometimes corrupt ly ca l l ed the 'Rowh Ras ' , from Rowh, the Punjabi for road.

3rd. *Kirat Sohila- A prayer repeated before going to r e s t . I t occupies a page a l i n e or two more. I t was composed by Guru Nanank, but has addit ions by Ram Das and A^jun, and one verse i s a t t r i b u t e d to Guru Gobind Singh. Kir i t , from Sanskrit K i r t i , to p r a i s e , to ce lebra te , and Sohila, a marriage song, song of

. . . it re J o ic ing.

The next port ion of the Granth Saheb i s divided into t h i r ty -one sec t ions , known by t h e i r d is t inguish ing forms of

XX

verse .

X Source, J.D.Cunningham, A History of the S l ^ s , D e l h i 1966, pp.321-323.

XX See separate Appendix e n t i t l e d : Inner arrangement of the Shabad in the""Adi Granth.

A P P 3 N D I X ^ 410

THE DASWIN PADSHAH KA GRANIH, OR, BOOK OF THE TENOH KING,

OR SOVEREIGN PONTIFF/ THAT I S , OF GURU GOB IN D SINGH

NOTE.- L i k e t h e Aai G r a n t , t h e book of Gobind i s m e t r i c a l

t h r o u g h o u t , b u t t h e v e r s i f i c a t i o n f r e q u e n t l y v a r i e s .

I t i s w r i t t e n i n t h e H i n d i d i a l e c t , ' and in t h e P u n j a b i

c h a r a c t e r , e x c e p t i n g t h e c o n c l u d i n g p o r t i o n , t h e l a n g u a g e of

which i s P e r s i a n , v /h i le t h e a l p h a b e t c o n t i n u e s t h e Gurumukhi .

The H i n d i of Gobind i s a l m o s t such a s i s spbken in t h e G a n g e t i c

p r o v i n c e s , and h a s few p e c u l i a r i t i e s of t h e P u n j a b i d i a l e c t .

One c h a p t e r of t h e Book of t h e Ten th King m^y be

c o n s i d e r e d t o be n a r r a t i v e and h i s t o r i c a l , v i z . t h e v i c h i t r

N a t a k , w r i t t e n by Gobind h i m s e l f ; b u t t h e P e r s i a n H i k a y a t s ,

o r s t o r i e s , a l s o p a r t a k e of t h a t c h a r a c t e r , f rom t h e

c i r c u m s t a n c e s a t t e n d i n g t h e i r c o m p o s i t i o n and t h e n a t u r e o f

some a l l u s i o n s made in them. The o t h e r p o r t i o n s of t h i s

G r a n t h a r e more m y t h o l o g i c a l t h a n t h e f i r s t book , and i t a l s o

p a r t a k e s more of a w o r l d l y c h a r a c t e r t h r o u g h o u t , a l t h o u g h

i t c o n t a i n s many-nob le a l l u s i o n s t o t h e u n i t y of t h e Godhead,

ai:iQ t o t h e g r e a t n e s s and g o o d n e s s of t h e R u l e r of t h e

U n i v e r s e .

F i v e c h a p t e r s , o r p o r t i o n s o n l y , and t h e commencement

of a s i x t h , a r e a t t r i b u t e d t o Gobind h i m s e l f ; t h e r e m a i n d e r ,

i . e . by f a r t h e l a r g e r p o r t i o n , i s a a i d t o have been c onpos e d

by f o u r s c r i b e s i n t h e s e r v i c e of t h e Guru; p a r t l y , p e r h a p s ,

a g r e e a b l y t o h i s d i c t a t i o n . The names of Sham and Ram o c c u r

a s two of t h e w r i t e r s , b u t , i n t r u t h , l i t t l e i s knovm of t h e

a u t h o r s h i p of t h e p o r t i o n s i n q i i e s t i o n .

The Daswin Padshah ka Gran th forms a q u a r t o volume

of 1,055 p a g e s , each page c o n s i s t i n g of 23 l i n e s , and each

l i n e of from 38 t o 41 l e t t e r s .

-2- 411

contents of the Book of the Tenth King

1s t . The ' J g p j i ' , or simply the ' J a p ' , the supplement or cornplement of the J ap j i of Nonak- a prayer t o be read or repeated in the moining, as i t continues to be by pious Sikhs. I t comprises l98 d i s t i chs / and occupies about 7 pages, the termination of a verse and the end of a l i ne not being the same. The J a p j i was composed by Guru GObind.

2nd, 'Akal S t u t ' , or the Pra ises of the Almighty— a hymn comironly read in the morning. I t occupies 23'pages* and the JLnitatory verse alone i s the composition of Gobind,

3rd. The 'Vich i t r Natak' , i . e . the wondrous Tale. This was wri t ten by Gobind himself, and i t g ives , f i r s t , the mythological h is tory of h is family or race; secondly, an account of h is mission of reformation; and, t h i r d l y , a descr ip­t ion of his warfare with the Himalayan ch iefs and the Irtperial forces . I t i s divided into fourteen sec t ions ; but the f i r s t is deovted t o the praises of the Almighty, and the l a s t i s of a s imi lar tenor , with aii addit ion t o the ef fec t tha t he would hereaf ter r e l a t e his v is ion of the pas t and his experience oil the present world. The Vichi t r Natak occupies about 24 pages of the Granth,

4th, 'chandi c h a r i t r ' , or the wonders of chandi or the Gooddess. There are two por t ions ca l led chandi c h a r i t r , of which t h i s i s considered the g rea te r . I t r e l a t e s the dest ruct ion of e ight Titans or Deityas by chandi the Goddess. I t occupies about 20 pages, and i t i s understood t o be the t r ans l a t i on of a Sanskrit legend, executed, some are wil l ing to be l ieve , by Gobind himself.

The names of the Deityas destroyed are as followsi

1, Madhu K a i t a b , 6 . Raka ' B i j ,

2 , Mah Khasur 7 . Nishumbh.

3 , Dhumar Lochan . 8 . Shumbh.

4 , and 5 Chand and Mund,

- 3 - 412

5 t h . ' chand i c h a r i t r ' t h e l e s s e r . The same legends

a s t h e g r e a t e r chand i , n a r r a t e d in a d i f f e r e n t me t re . I t

occupies about 14 pages .

6 t h . 'Chandi k i Var*' A supplement t o the legends of

Chandi. I t occupies about 6 p a g e s .

7 th . 'Cyan Prabodh ' , o r t h e Exce l lence of Wisdom.

P r a i s e s of t h e Almighty, wi th a l l u s i o n s t o anc i en t k ings ,

t aken mostly from, the Mahabharat . I t occupies about 21 pages ,

8 t h , chaupayan chaubis Avataran K i a n ' , or Quatra ins r e l a t i n g t o t h e Twenty-four Man i f e s t a t i ons (Ava t a r s ) . These Chaupays* occupy about 348 pages , and they a r e c o n s i d e ­r ed t o be the work of one by name Sham.

The names of the i n c a r n a t i o n s are as follows*

1. The f i s h , or Machh.

2. The t o r t o i s e , or Kachh.

3 . The l i o n , or Nar.

4 . Narayan.

5 . Mohan i .

6 . The boar , br va rah . 7 . The man- l ion , or

Nur-Singh

8 . The dwarf/ o r Bawan.

9 . Paras Ram

10. Brahma.

1 1 . Rudr. 12 . J a l a n d h a r . 13 . Vishnu

14. No name s p e c i f i e d , bu t unders tood t o be a m a n i f e s t a t i o n of Vishnu.

15. Arhant Dev (considered t o be t h e founder of the s e c t o of Saraug is of t h e J a i n p e r s u a s i o n , o r , indeed t h e g r e a t J a i n prophet h imse l f )*

16. Man Raja .

17. Dhanantai ( the doc to r . Or p h y s i c i a n ) .

18. The sun, or Suraj *

19. The moon, o r Chandarma.

20. Rama. 2 1 . Kr i shna . 22 . Nar (meaning Arjun) • 2 3 . Bodh. 24. K a l k i ; t o ^ p e a r a t t h e

end of t h e Kalyug, o r when the s i n s of men are a t t h e i r h e i g h t .

9 t h . No name e n t e r e d , but known as 'Mihdi Mir*

A supplement t o the Twenty-four I n c a r n a t i o n s . Mihdi, i t i s

s a i d , w i l l appear when t h e mission of Ka lk i i s f u l f i l l e d .

The name ^and the idea a re borrowed from the Shia Muhammadans.

I t occupies somewhat l e s s than a page .

1 . Valmik, 2 . Kashap.

3 . Shukaro 4 . B a t c h e s s ,

1. Manu. 2 . P r i t h u .

3 . Sagar .

4 . Ben

413 - 4 -

lOth . No najne e n t e r e d , but known as t h e 'Ava t a r s of Brahma'. An account of seven i n c a r n a t i o n s of Brahma, followed by some account of e i g h t Rajas of bygone t i m e s . I t occupies about 18 pages .

The names of the i n c a r n a t i o n s are as fo l lowsi

5o v y a s i .

6 . Khasht R i k h i ( o r t h e Six s a g e s ) .

7 . Kaul Das;

The k ings a re enumerated belows

5 . Mandhat.

6 . D a l i p .

7 • Rac^ •

8. A j .

n t h . No name e n t e r e d , but known as t h e 'Avatars of Rudr o r S i v a ' . I t comprises 56 pages ; and two i n c a r n a t i o n s only a r e mentioned, n ^ e l y , Dat and P a r a s n a t h .

12t!||. ' S h a s t r Nam Mala ' , or the Name-str ing of weapons. The names of t h e va r ious weapons a re r e c a p i t u l a t e d , t h e weapons are p r a i s e d , and Gobind terms them c o l l e c t i v e l y h i s Guru or g u i d e . The composi t ion n e v e r t h e l e s s i s not a t t r i b u t e d t o Gobind, I t occupies about 68 pages .

13th , ' S r i Mukh vak, Sawaya B a t t i s ' , o r t h e Voice of t h e Guru

(Gobind) himself , in t h i r t y - t w o v e r s e s . These v e r s e s were

composed by Gotiind as d e c l a r e d , and they a r e condemnatory of

t h e Vedas, t h e Purans , and the Kuran, They occupy about 3*5 p a g e s .

14th . 'Hazara Shabd' , or the Thousand v e r s e s of t h e Metre c a l l e d Shabd, There a r e , however, but t e n v e r s e s only in most GranthS/ occupying about 2 pages . Hazar i s no t unders tood in i t s l i t e r a l sense of a thousand, but as i i rplying inva luab le o r e x c e l l e n t . They are l auda to ry of t h e Crea to r and c r e a t i o n , and depreca te t h e adora t ion of s a i n t s and l i m i t a r y d i v i n i t i e s . They were w r i t t e n by Guru Gobind.

- 5 - 41M

I5th , ' I s t r i C h a r i t r ' , or Tales of women. There are 404 s t o r i e s , i l l u s t r a t i v e of the charac te r and disposi t ion of women, A stepmother became enamoured of her stepson, the h e i r of a monarchy, who, however, would not gra t i fy her desires* whereupon she represented to her husband tha t h i s f i r s t -born had made atterrpts upon her honour. The Raja ordered h i s son to be put t o death; but h i s ministers in ter fered , and procured a r e s p i t e . They then enlarged in a s e r i e s of s t o r i e s upon the nature of women, and a t length, the Raja became sensible of the g u i l t of h i^ wife ' s mind and of his own rashness . These s t o r i e s occupy 446 pages, or nearly half of the Granth. The name of Sham also occurs as the wr i te r of one or more of them, ;

l 6 th . The 'Hikayats ' , or Tales. These Corrprise twelve s t o r i e s in 866 sloks of two l ines each. They are wri t ten in the Persian language and Gurmukhi charac te r , and they were corrposed by Gobind himself as admonitory of Aurangzeb, and were sent to the einperor by the hands of Day a Singh and four other Sikhs. The t a l e s were acconpanied by a l e t t e r wr i t ten in a pointed manner, which, however* does not form a port ion of the Granth.

These t a l e s occupy about 30 pages, and conclude the Granth of Guru Gobind. (*)

(*) Source; J.D.CXinningham, History of the Sikhs, (Delhi, 1966), pp.325-2y.

41B A P P E N D I X ^*

The Four Dhuans of t h e U d a s i s

P a r t - 1 The O r d e r of Almast

Naine C e n t r e D e t a i l s

Almas t Nanak Mata H i s d a t e of b i r t h and d e t a i l s of e a r l y

( D i s t t . N a i n i t a l ) l i f e a r e n o t known. • He was a p p o i n t e d

t h e h e a d - p r e a c h e r by Baba Q u r d i t t a i n

1636 A.D. He t r a v e l l e d w i d e l y and f i n a l l y s e t t l e d a t

Nanak-Mata . He p r e a c h e d and p r o p a g a t e d t h e m i s s i o n

of Guru Nanak, e n l i s t e d t h e p e o p l e a s h i s d i s c i p l e s ,

gave Gurmat t o a l a r g e number of p e o p l e and t a u g h t

Gurmukhi t o h i s f o l l o w e r s . H i s d a t e of d e a t h i s n o t

known. Some of h i s d i s c i p l e s we re , Bha i N a t h a , B h a i

Akalwand, B h a i Hammira Das« B h a i G h a r i b Oas/ B h a i

Lakshman Das and Bha i Mangu D a s .

B h a i Makhu P i l i b h i t J Born in 1657 B i k r a m i ( I 6 0 l A. D . ) .

Ghand c o n v e r t e d many p e o p l e t o t h e f a i t h o f Nanak.

B h a i Nanak Mataa C a r r i e d on h i s m i s s i o n a r y and e d u c a t i o n a l

^ a c t i v i t i e s b e t w e e n 1654-1669 A.D. Among h i s d i s c i p l e s

m e n t i o n may be made of t h e names of B h a i Gurdas

D a k h i n i , Bha i Nand J i , Bha i K i r p a l Das and B h a i N a r a i n

D a s .

Bha i Gurdas DaJchini Hyde rabad : c o n v e r t e d many p e o p l e t o Nanak Mat .

(Deccan) E s t a b l i s h e d a m i s s i o n a r y - c u m - e d u c a t i o n a l c e n t r e .

Was t h e a u t h o r of M a t a - u d a s z - S a m p r a d a y a .

Bha i N a t h a Dacca D i s c o v e r e d p l a c e s v i s i t e d by Guru Nanak, J i (Bangla Desh) ^^^ ^^ ^ m i s s i o n a r y c u m - e d u c a t i o n a l

c e n t r e , c a r r i e d on t h e programme of p r a y e r * Sangat»

and G u r b a n i . B u i l t a Dharamsa la f o r e d u c a t i n g t h e

m a s s e s .

-2- 416

Bhai Ganga Das Patna(Bihar) * Was a d i s c ip l e of Almaat, The Bhai reached Bihar and found out the places v i s i t ed by Guru Nanak, Guru Tegh Bahadur and Guru Gobind Singh. Bhai Probhu Das was so much impressed tha t he donated a l l h is property to the Udasi Sadhu of t h i s Dera.

Sant Kirpal Das Paryag(Utter Pradesh) Established Dera and spread the mission of Guru Nanak, Rich Hindu zamindars were influenced and donated to the cen t r e ; Nanak Pan t h i s joined Sang a t and not only l e a r n t Gurumxakhi and Gurbani but also donated large p a r t s of t h e i r property to the Udasi Akhara.

Sadhu Lakshaman Das (Borti 1668 A.D.) Lucknow. He b u i l t a Dharamsalg and placed

Adi Granth in i t . He was a poet of high order and was also famous for his discourses on the Grant Sahib and other holy books.

B. Order of Almast During the post-Guru Period.

Khial i Das Longowal, D i s t r i c t Sangrur (Punjab)* Gurdas (Misal period) ^akhini sent h i s d i sc ip l e Khiali Das from Nanak

Mata to spread the educational and re l ig ious teachings of Guru Nanak. He es tab l i shed a Dharamsala and Sangat. A big j a g i r was conferred to t h i s cen t re dxiring the Sikh r u l e .

Gharib Das Dirba (v i l lage in Sangrur D i s t r i c t Punjab. ^^isal period) Qharlb Das b u i l t a Dharamsala^ es tabl i shed Langar

and a l i t e r a r y cen t r e . He popularised Gurbani. Hand-written books in Gurmukhi were d i s t r ibu ted from t h i s cen t r e . Raja Ala Singh was impressed by h i s sanc t i ty and granted a J ag i r for Dharamsala.

Baba Hari Raw Ramnagar(U.P) . Established a Dharamsala a t Ram Nag<ar.

- 3 - 417

Sadhu Blshan Das Nabha. Bu i l t a Dharaiasala and spread the message of Gurbanl through i t . Also es tabl ished a langar«

Baba Onkar Nath Deccani(l935 V.S.)Multan. Established a Dera a t Multan

Baba Dhayn Das Multan Established a Dharamsala a t Multan,

Sant Mewa Das Dadar Shahr, Dharamsala was b u i l t . Blochistan

(Jacobabad) {18 04 A.D.)

Bhai Dayal Das (Misal Period)

Travelled in Malwa(Punjab)

Baba Sant Ram Balapur(Pb.) J i (b 1742 A.D.)

Bhai Gurdas Shikarpur Khatwala (1759 A.D.) (Sindh)

Was a g rea t scholar . Collected h i s t o r i c a l material and conpiled Daure-ki-Sakh i (Trave1s)

compiled a h i s t o r i c a l work-Nanak Vijay Sunder in ve r se . Educated masses about Gurbani a t Balapur.

Established a Dharamsqla/ which i s ca l l ed Khatwali Dharamsala.

Sadhu Sant Renu J . / Hi lani(?) Set t led a t Hi lani , es tabl ished a

Dharamsala/ Sang a t and spread the message of the Gurus as contained in the Gurbani.

Note: Besides the above mentioned missionary centres a niimber of other cent res were also es tab l i shed at places l ike Gaya, Kashi, Karachi, Hyderabad (Deccan) with the help of the Udasi s a in t s / whose names are unfortunately, not ava i l ab le .

- 4 -Udasi Deras con t inued

P a r t - l i t The Qrdey of Baba Phul

4119

Baba Phul Hoshiarpur Baba Phul was appointed head-p r e a c h e r by Bhai G u r d i t t a . He e s t a b l i s h e d a pharamsala a t Hoshiar­pur in 1650 A.D. and a l so a c e n t r e a t Bahadurpur.

Baba Charan Shah Bahadurpur Dharamsala

Born in 1620 A.O. and became a Udasi in 1655 A.D. Remained Mahant of Bahadrpur Dharamsala for about seven y e a r s .

Baba Daccani Ram Brar Cheek l i , He was made incharge of t h i s (Barnala) c e n t r e , which was e s t a b l i s h e d t o

commammorate t h e v i s i t of Nanak

t o t h a t p l a c e .

Manik Shah Udasi Daccani Shah Gurbaksh Shah Karam Das» Sant Ram Brahm Das Mengal Das

Sahib Das

Gurmukh Das & Adi Ram e t c ,

Baba Sukh Dev

Uttam Das and Moti Ram

- d o - They were d i s c i p l e s of t h e Deccani

Ram and remained incharge of t h i s

c e n t r e a t va r ious t i m e s .

Sindh, D i s t t . was a g r e a t s a i n t and a parcharak , Lar ana Spread t h e t e ach ings of Nanak in

Sindh and e s t a b l i s h e d a pharamsala a t Kambar Kundi (Sindh)

Deccan-Berar They searched out t h e p l a c e s Cheek l i v i s i t e d by Nanak and e s t a b l i s h e d D i s t t . Barna la •'

Dharamsala and spread the message of Nanak and conver ted people t o N anak-p an th i s .

Baba Santokh Das

Larkana Kambar Kundi

B u i l t a Dharamsala; was a famous

Miss ionary .

- 5 - 4J9 Udasi Deras cont inued

P a r t - I I I t The Udasl Order of Bhai Gobind

Bhai Gobind Sahib

K i r a t p u r (Pun j ab)

Bhai Gobind was made a p reacher by Bhai G u r d i t t a in 1636 A.D. Trave l l ed in t h e v i l l a g e s around Ki ra tpur / s p e c i a l l y in Doab and educated t h e masses about t h e teach­ing of t h e Gurus-In 17 06 He became the Mahant of t h e Dha^ramsala a t P h i l l a u r .

Kamal Nain Gurmukhis Sura t Ram

Chintamani

P h i l l a u r

- d o -

They were the succes so r s of Bhai

Qobind Sahib and were a t t ached t o

P h i l l a u r c^iaramsala*

He became the Mahant of Dharamsala

a t P h i l l a u r .

Baba Sant Das -do- -do«-

Baba Gurd ia l Ferozepur He e s t a b l i s h e d a Dera a t Kabar Chaja (D i s t t .Fe rozepur ) e s t a b l i s h ­ed a Dharamsala and spread the message of Nanak in t h e surrounding az^as and a l s o e s t a b l i s h e d E)eras a t o t h e r p l a c e s l i k e Samalgarh (Moga): Dhanola, (Sangrur ) ; Dhanoli (Bhawanigarh) Talwan-di Sabo-ki a t Dam Dama Sahib e t c .

- 6 - 42G Udasl Deras continued

Part-IV ; The Udasi Order of Bhai Hasna

Balu Hasna Centres in Bihar and Orissa

Was appointed head-preacher by Bhai Gurdi t ta in 1636 A.D. so ca l l ed (Hasna) because he burs t out into laughing vAien given the queer dress of Udasi by Bhai Gurdi t ta . Established 36 centres in Patna and eas tern India .

Baba Gulmoharj i Simli-Patna Established a Dharamsala» He was also a good physician and served the poor by giving free medicines and took t h e i r services for the c entre•

Hari Das Charan Posh (1657 A.D.)

Orissa Raja Thakur Das* the grandson of the local Raja was inpressed by h is Shakti and donated Jag i r of 2 v i l l ages to the c e n t r e .

Note; Several other Deras were a lso es tabl ished at places l i k e Karanelganj (Bihar) in 1644 A»D. and Malia Mahadev's Dharamsala e t c . in 1848 A.D. The names of the sa in t s are not known.

AZl A P P E N D I X tfl

6- Terms used In Indigenous Schools*

The fol lowing are a few of t h e terms used in t h e Indigenous

s c h o o l s ; -

SCHOOL- Chatsa l ( from c h a t , a t e a c h e r , and s a l - h a l l / p l a c e t h e t e a c h e r ' s house ) .

P a t h s h a l (from p a t h , a l e s s o n read ing house ) ,

Dharamsalas. Mad r a s a . MaXtab,

TEACHERS- of c h a t s a l a s , Pandhas.

of P a t h s h a l a s , P a n d i t s .

of Oharmsalas, Bhais of Madrasas, waul v i s ) terms in te rchangeab le and of Maktabs, Mians ) vary ing according t o the

o f f i c e of t h e t e a c h e r

PUPILS- of c h a t s a l a s , Munde, Chatya.

of P u t h s h a l a s , V i d h i a r t i s

of Dharmsalas, Sikh,

of Madrasas, Tahib- i lm,

of Maktabs, Shagird ( a l so of Kuran s c h o o l s ) .

MONITOR-In Muhammadan schools g e n e r a l l y t h e K h a l i f a .

LESSON- I n Hindu schoo l s , p a t h .

In Mxihamn^adan schoo l s , Sabaq.

HOLIDAYS- In Hindu schools c h h u t t i ( f e s t i v a l - t e o n h a r ) .

In Muhamiinadan schoo l s , t a t i l and c h h u t t i .

REVlSIl^lG-"Amokhta Parhna" i n Muhamnadan s c h o o l s .

I n Hindu schools the r e p e t i t i o n of m u l t i p l i c a t i o n

t a b l e s i s c a l l e d Maharani .

WRITING BOARD- ( H i n d . ) p a t t i , (Pers ian s c h o o l s ) t a k h t i .

ROD-(II.) s a n t i , (Pe r s . ) c h h a r i and a l s o kamchi.

-2- 422

PEN-(H.) lekhni* (Pe r s . ) kalam,

INK3TA^iD-(H.) bhoka, buddhka, k u l i y a . ( P e r s . ) d a w a l .

POLISHER-(I!•) ghota , (P.) mohra and a l so g h o t a .

RULING LINES- (H) samas karma/ (Pe r s . ) j adwa l , m i s t a r ,

BOOK-(Sans.) push t ak , (H.) p o t h i , (P.and A . ) k i t a b .

SHEET OP PAPER- (H).) t a o , p a t h r a , (P.J t a k h t a , LEAP- (H.) panna# (S) p a t r a , (Pe r s . ) waraq* and page i s c a l l e d

sufha* PASTEBOARD- (Pe r s . ) w a s l i . SATCHEL (H.) bandhna# (P.) b a s t a , j uzdan . CORRECTIC»J- (H-) shodhna, (Pe r s . ) i s l a h . DICTATION- (P.) imla .

HANDWRITING- (H.) lekh, (P.) k h a t .

TO READ BY R O T E - ( H . ) maukik p a t h , (P.)rawan p a r h a n a , n a z i r a pa rhna .

TO LEARN BY HEART-(H) . kan th k a m a , (P.) ba rzabanaz -ba r ke rna ,

yad kema# nokzaban karna , h i f z karna*

TO LOOK OVER THE DAY'S LESSON PREVIOUSLY TO LEARNING I T - ( I I . )

bechaxna, (P.) muta la ka rna .

FILE OP OLD LETTERS-(pers.) maktxab (used t o p r a c t i s e the p u p i l

in read ing S h i k a s t a and o t h e r running hands) • (* )

(*) Sources G.w.Leitner# H i s t o r y of Indigenous fiducatipn in t h e Panjab/ P a t i a l a , r e p r i n t , 1971,pp. 18-13. "

423 A P P E N D I X__J^I£_

A LIST OF SOME SIKH SECTS OR DENOMINATIONS

(In which, however/ some Names or T i t l e s not p rope r ly d i s t i n c t i v e of an order a re a l s o i n se r t ed ) .

1 s t . U d a s i . - Founded by S r i Chand, a son of Nanak* The Udasis were r e j e c t e d by A^ar Das, as no t be ing genuine S i k h s .

2nd, B e d i . - Founded by Lakshmi Das/ another son of Nanak,

L i t e r a l l y , who r e s i d e s in s t a t e .

3 rd . Tehun.- Founded by Gxoru Angad.

4 th Bhal la . -Founded by Guru Amar Das.

5 th Sodhi.-Founded by Guru Ram Das.

NOTE.iS t h e Bed i s , Tihans/ B h a l l a s , and Sodhis a re r a t h e r

Sikhs of the s u b d i v i s i o n s of Ksha t t r i yas* so c a l l e d ( i . e .

of t he t r i b e s of c e r t a i n Gurus) , than d i s t i n c t s e c t s .

6 t h . Ramraiya, seceders who adhered t o Ram Rai when Tegh Bahadur became Guru. They have a c o n s i d e r a b l e e s t a b l i s h -

rrent in t h e Lower Hiiiialayas^ nea r Hardwar.

7 t h . Banda-Panthi / i . e . of t h e s e c t of Banda, who succeeded

Gobind as a temporal l e a d e r .

8 t h . Masandi . - Masand i s s i np ly t h e name of a s u b - d i v i s i o n

of the K s h a t t r i y a r a c e ; but i t i s a l s o s p e c i a l l y appl ied t o

the fo l lowers of those who r e s i s t e d Gobind; some say as

adheren t s of Ram Rai, and o t h e r s as i n s t i g a t o r s of t h e Guru ' s

son t o o p p o s i t i o n . The more common s t o r y , however, i s t h a t

the Masands were the h e r e d i t a r y s tewards of the household of

t h e s e v e r a l Gurus, and t h a t they became proud and d i s s i p a t e d ,

bu t n e v e r t h e l e s s a r roga ted s a n c t i t y t o themse lves , and

p e r s o n a l l y i l l - u s e d many Sikhs fo r not d e f e r r i n g t o them;

whereupon Gobind, regarding them as i r r e c l a i m a b l e , expe l l ed

them a l l except two or t h r e e .

A2k - 2 -

9th Rangrheta.- converts of the Sweeper and some other in fe r io r ca s t e s are so ca l l ed , (See note 2, p .64 , an te ) .

lOth. Ramdasi, i . e . Rao or Rai Dasi .- Sikhs of the c lass of chamars* or l ea the r -d resse r s * and who t r ace t o the Rao Das, or Rai Das, whose wri t ings are inser ted in the Granth.

11th. iMazhabi., Converts from Muhammad an ism are so ca l l ed .

12th. Aka l i . - worshippers of Akal (God), the most eminent of the orders of Pur i s t s or Ascet ics .

13th. Nihang.- The naked, or pure .

I4 th . Nirmale,- The s i n l e s s . One who had acquired t h i s t i t l e usual ly administers the Pahal to o the r s .

l5 th , Gyani .- The wise, or per fec t . A term sometimes applied to Sikhs who are at once learned and pious .

I6 th . Suthra Shahi . - The t r u e , or piorei said to have been founded by one Sucha, a Brahman. (See ante, note 5, p .55) .

I7 th . Suchidari.-Likewise the t rue , or pure* the founder not ascer ta ined, '

18th, Bha i . -L i t e ra l ly , b ro ther . The ordinary t i t l e of a l l Sikhs who have acquired a name for hol iness ; and i t i s scarcely the d i s t i n c t i v e t i t l e of a sec t , or even of an order .

TO these may perhaps be added bodies of men who attach themselves to p a r t i c u l a r terrples, or who claim to have been found by p a r t i c u l a r d i sc ip le s of eminence, or by followers who obtained any d i s t i nc t i ve t i t l e from a Guru. Thus some claim to represent Ram [)as, the companion of Nanak, who lived t i l l the t ine of Arjun, and who obtained the t i t l e of 'Budha', or Ancient. Also many hereditary musicians c a l l themselves Rababi Sikhs, from the Rabab, or p a r t i c u l a r instrument on which they play; and these affect to regard Mardana, the companion of Nonak, as t h e i r foxinder. Others are c a l l ed Diwane, or the Sii'ple Or Mad, from one assiduous as a c o l l e c t o r of the contributiions of the fa i th fu l for the service of the Gurus, and

425

who, v^i le so employed, placed a peacock's feather in his turban. Another c lass i s c a l l e d Musaddi ( or* perhaps, Mutasaddi, i . e . the c le rk or wr i te r o rder ) , and i t i s s ta ted to be conposed of devotees of the Muhainmadan r e l i g ion , who have adopted the ' J a p ' of Nanak as t h e i r irule of f a i t h . The ixiusaddis are further said to have fixed abodes in the countr ies westward

( * )

of the Indus.

Source; J.D.Cunningham, A History of the Sikhs# Delhi,1966), pp.347-49.

426 A P P E N D I X ^^^

2 . ;\N ACCOUNT OF MAHi uJAN I TgXT-BOOKS

The f o l l o w i n g i s a b r i e f a c c o u n t o f two of t h e t r e a t i s e s

in \ise in Maha jan i s c h o o l s . One i s l i t h o g r a p h e d , a p r o c e s s by

v;hich i n f o r m a t i o n can b e conveyed t o t h e masses a t a f i f t h of

t h e c o s t of p r i n t i n g , which , w h e t h e r i n t h e Urdu o r t h e Roman

c h a r a c t e r s , i s a l s o w a s t e f u l of s p a c e . I t s i l l u s t r a t e d

f r o n t i s p i e c e r e p r e s e n t s Ganesh, t h e god of l e a r n i n g , s e a t e d

u n d e r a v i g n e t t e of t h e r a d i a n t moon, h a v i n g on one s i d e t h e

T o r t o i s e and p i s h i n c a r n a t i o n s o f V i s h n u , Below Ganesh i s

s e a t e d t h e Padha , b e f o r e whom one boy s t a n d i n g up i s r e c i t i n g

h i s l e s s o n , w h i l s t t h e r e s t o f t h e boys a r e s e a t e d in a l i s t e n i n g

a t t i t u d e . The l i t t l e book b e g i n s w i t h t h e N a g r i c h a r a c t e r s , s i n p l e

and i n c o m b i n a t i o n , which a r e , l o g i c a l l y , f o l l o w e d by t h e i r

a b b r e v i a t e d ( t a i l e s s ) Lande e q u i v a l e n t s , each l e t t e r of t h a t

a l p h a b e t b e i n g r e p r e s e n t e d s e v e r a l t i m e s i n a row, so a s t o

i m p r e s s i t s form on t h e l e a r n e r . The a l p h a b e t i s d i v i d e d i n t o

"Kaka-mundas" o r c o n s o n a n t s ( t h e f i r s t l e t t e r o f which i s K)

and "Nam-mundas" o r v o w e l s . Then comes a t a b l e o f e n u m e r a t i o n

which i s accompanied , p r o g r e s s i v e l y w i th e a c h row of n u m e r a l s ,

by s i n p l e a d d i t i o n , f o l l o w e d by t h e a d d i t i o n of f r a c t i o n s , an

i n v a l u a b l e e x e r c i s e . Then f o l l o w s a t a b l e showing how annas

and p i e s s h o u l d be w r i t t e n i n a c c o u n t s , a s a l s o " s e e r s " , " c h a t a k s " ,

"damris** and " r a t i s , " r u p e e s and maunds, t a k i n g c a r e o f

t h e m s e l v e s a s t h e y a r e w r i t t e n i n o r d i n a x y l e t t e r s and n u m e r a l s .

T h i s i s s u c c e e d e d by a l e t t e r t o an e q u a l on b u s i n e s s in t h e

N a g r i c h a r a c t e r g i v i n g an a c c o u n t of r a t e s i n t h e m a r k e t . The

t r e a t i s e c o n c l u d e s w i th t h e forms of a d d r e s s i n g and b e g i n n i n g

a l e t t e r , and a l s o g i v e s a spec i i ren of an a d d r e s s e d e n v e l o p e .

I t w i l l be seen t h a t t h i s coirrr .ercial p r i m e r i s main ly i n t e n d e d

f o r B a n y a s , and t h a t i t e n d e a v o u r s t o s u p e r s e d e o r e x p l a i n t h e

Lande by t h e N a g r i c h a r a c t e r s . I h e m u l t i p l i c a t i o n t a b l e (which

i s o f t e n sung t o any t u n e t h a t may be p o p u l a r a t t h e t i m e ,

such a s , f o r i n s t a n c e , some of t h e m e l o d i e s of t h e i t i n e r a n t

P a r s i Drama t i c company, from t h e i r " I n d r a Sab h a , " " t h e C o u r t of

I n d r a " , ) i s g i v e n , g e n e r a l l y , i n m a n u s c r i p t , t o t h e p u p i l ,

o r mere ly commi t t ed t o memory. The more advanced s t u d e n t i s

427

then taught book-keeping, as already ej^ilalned.

Another t r e a t i s e , in manuscript, I have t r ans la ted a t some length in order to give a more vivid idea of the course pursued in the Mahajani schools.

The following i s one of the paharas (mult ipl icat ion table) taught in down-country Hindi schools under the name of Mahami (Kaharani" merely means " r e p e t i t i o n " ) .

The method of the Hindi "Gur" by means of which ca lcu la t ions are easi ly made, may be somewhat i l l u s t r a t e d by the following*

As the number of seers for a rupee, the same number of chataks for one anna.

As the number of rupees for the maund, the same number of annas for 2*5 see r s .

The ca l l i ng out of each l e t t e r of the Lande alphabet i s acconpanied, f i r s t by a word in common use beginning with t h a t l e t t e r , and then by a phrase or proverb inpressing i t on the memory, which s imilar ly begins with the l e t t e r to be l e a r n t .

Name of l e t t e r

Kakka Khak-ka Gag-ga Ghag-ga Nan-na

Chach-cha Ghhachh-chha J a j j a Jhaj j a

word i l l u s t r a t i n g name of l e t t e r .

Kubra Khatri Gualiya Ghi-Ka-ghara Nai k i Arsi

Chvichaiya Chhabarya Janbu Jhar k i Beri

Meaning

Huirp-backed A Khatr i . cowherd t ' i t cher ful l of ghi Barber 's looking glass Beaked confect ioner ' s t r ay :, Jammu Shrub.

428

T a t t a

T h a t t a

Dadda Dhadda

T u t t a T h a t - t h a

Dad-da Dhad-da Pap pa

Phc45pha Babba

Bhabbha Manma

Rara L a l - l a

Bab-ba

Sassa

Ha-Ha Bhabh-bha

1, U

A.

Adhi p u r i

Sawai p u r i

Dol i Ganth

Dhongar Bojhra Tin l a k i r ko kahiye Tuni

Tha l i

Dal Dhuri-kaman

Pawarya

P h a t i k h a r i Bind a

Bhar ka koncha#

Mu ehh -maro m a Rani k a t a r a

Lakhra

Bindi wawa Teran

Hiran Bind i Rara U l t i oath k i a i

Nunh-more u Derh lakw ka a

Half a loaf of bread

One and a q u a r t e r of bread

Double-Knot.

- Ssy 3 l i n e s

P l a t e .

Half a g ra in Double bow

TO t w i s t moustaches. Dagger

Dotted.

A spool

(*) The iTouth-rounding"u"

(*) 3o\irce: c .v ; .Le i tne r , H i s to ry of Indigenous Education in the Pan1ab""since Annexation and in 1882^Patiala^ r e p r i n t , 1971, p p . 4 - 5 .

>-• V O 0 D ^ ( ^ t n i | ^ C r J N J I - »

o »r «»-

rr*,>?- it ^ ^ ^ ^

o

^ » j L o ^ » r ^ ! r *^ ^ *'

M ^ 0 ( X ) - J < ^ ^ J 1 l » k O J ^ J » - » o

Ul U), NJ O W A W I H

• r

•r

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • t O » M

O S O Q O - J O t V l i t ^ U J t O H '

M ^

O V D O D ^ O N U i i J k O J t o j - *

en •f CO

^

U) (O to M H* M ^ Ki 00 (JO ^ ^

o ^ O D ^ < y > u i i ^ o j i o i - »

^

c r i p k , f ^ u > O J r o i o H ' i - > i n

l-h H» H-" C 0) o p. H c:

Vf-3 O rt D

0)

M t3 O ft B>

t I 01

O C Ml H

iJr»o o

% O t3

O P Hi H-

f t D to liJ. •T 'O i^

15-0. 0) f t

o H)

^ . ^ • f t

0) f t

O D

O h' M > f t D

f t {D

O I - ' Ml f t

•JTt-C o o P) D* f t (U

o 3

4/*S

430

.z\P P U<i DIX ^- •

Maharaja Ranj i t Singh Library

The tv/O hundred and sixty five vol-umes whose t i t l e s

are given in five languages and cover a large va r ie ty of

sub jec t s . Of these 28 in Arabic and Persian, 12 in Hindi and

Sanskrit / one in Gurniukhi and 31 in a l l .

In Gurmukhi both the books are on law: One contains

"Laws" Rule and Regulations and the other is a t r an s l a t i on of

English laws.

In the Hindi and Sanskrit sect ion, there were 3 books

on r e l ig ion 2 on theology, 2 on sex, 2 on music, 4 on biography,

5 on poetry, besides one copy of the Ramayana, 1 on History, 1

on p o l i t i c s , 1 on drama, 2 on vedant, 1 dict ionary (amar Ko^h),

1 on r i t e s and ceremonies, e t c .

The Persian and Arabic section formed the bulk of the

royal l i b r a r y . There were as many as 235 volumes in i t covering

no l e s s than 28 subjec ts . I t i s d i f f i c u l t to say if any of the

books were in Urd\i. The books in Arabic appear to be confined

to medicine and theology. These do not appear to exceed half

a dozen.

The nuHiber of books in Persian was by for the l a rges t .

There were as many as 42 on poetry alone, besides a t r ans la t ion

of the Ramayana, and another of the Mahabharata. Theology came

next in the Section, with no less than 35 books. The th i rd

place was occupied by medicine with 14, while h i s to ry and

biography followed c lose ly with 12, and 10 respec t ive ly . Books

431

on o t h e r s u b j e c t s a r e niinibered b e l o w : -

Greinner Domest ic S c i e n c e (books abou t women)

Anwar- i -Asmat

L i t e r a r y P r o s e

7 M a t h e m a t i c s L i l a v a t i

F i c t i o n 7 Astronomy

R e l i g i o n 7 A g r i c u l t u r e

Eth i c s 5 z o o l o g y

P h i l o s o p h y 1 A a l e p h a n t l o r e

P o l i t i c a l -S c i e n c e

4 C i v i l S e r v i c e code

Law 3

S c i e n c e of h o r s e s

S c i e n c e of v^ar

2 L i l a v a t i

2 I l a m - i - H a y a t

1 FasopJ-

^ Haya t~ i~Ha ivan

1 Filnarria

•^ R J - s a l a - i - F a r a i z

1 Ashp Kama

1 Mas i l - i - M u h ima

Muslim Law 1 Q a d u r i

Census 1 K h a n - i - S h u m a r i Dehat

S c i e n c e of E d u c a t i o n

] : . t i que t t e (or Lavv/s)

J ami a T a l i m a t and Tal i m - u l - H a m .

^awja id

Music

Amule t s

1 K J s a l a M a u s i q l

1 I ' aw iz a t *

* S o u r c e , A d m i n i s t r a t i o n R e p o r t , 31 May, 1849,

A P P E N D I X - X .

THE ARMY OF LAHORE, A 3 RECORDED IN 1 8 4 4

432

The Regular Acny

^ commandants of Corps Description or Race | ^ ^ ^

of Men .m -fl ,(0 -R xi ^ <« en > rj> cnoJ C O ) lO dJ -H U

Sardar SPej S ingh

Gen.Pertab Singh P a t t i w a l a

Gen.Jawala Singh

Sikhs

Sikhs

4

3

Inf.Sikhs;Art,Sikhs and Muhammad an s 2

1

0

10

0

Heavy-Guns

V

0

0

a o w

o

0

0

Sha ikh Imam-ud-din

S a r d a r Lahna Singh M a j i t h i a

G e n . B i s h a n S i n g h

Gen.Gulab S ingh P u h u v i n d h i a

Gen.Mahtab S i n g h l-iaj i t h i a

Muhanmadans 3 0 4 0 0

I n f . S i k h s ; G u n s , c h i e f l y S i k h s 2 0 10 3 2

Muhanunad a n s ; a S i k h s

few 2 ^ 3 0 0

3.Muhammad an s ; Guns, S i k h s U Muhanmadans

3* 0 14 0 0

I n f . S i k h s ; C a v , m i x e d ; A r t . S i k h s and Muham

12

Gen .Gurdu t S ingh i-xaj i t h i a Co l» john Hoimc';

Gen .Dhauka l S i n g h

G o l . c o r t l a n d t C d i s c ba rged )

i k h Ghulam I - u h i - u d - d i n

I n f . c h i e f l y S i k h s ; Guns,Si3chs & Muhammad ans Former ly u n d e r G e n e r a l C o u r t

H i n d u s t a n i s ; a few S i k h s .

I n f . S i k h s & Hind; Guns, S ikhs St. Muhammad ans

I n f . S i k h s ? G u n s , S i k h s and Muhammadans

3

1

2

0

0

0

0

0

10

0

10

0

0

0

8

0

0

0

C a r r i e d fo rward 32 2 83 11 2

*Shaikh Imam-ud-din subsequei^it ly r a i s e d a f o u r t h r e g i m e n t .

- 2 -433

The R e g u l a r Army

Coirjr.andants of Corps D e s c r i p t i o n o r Race -'f men.

Diwan Acljudhia P a r s h a d ; Guns u n d e r I l a h i 3 akhsr^, . j e n e r a l

Gen.Gulab Singh C a l c u t t a w a l a (deceased} Diwan J o d h a Rarn

Gen.Kanh Singh Han

S a r d a r l \ i h a l S ingh A h l u w a l i a

Diwan Sawan i \a l

Ra ja H i r a S ingh Raja Suche t S ingh ( d e c . ) : ap t .Ku1d ip Singh

B r o u g h t fo rward I n f . S i k h s ; A r t / S i k h s and Muharmnadaxis (Gen. V e n t u r a ;

S i k h s

3 ikhS/Kuhai i ) /Hi l l men ( G e n . A v i t a b i l t ) S i k h s Ci. Muhanuiiadans

I n f . S i k h s & Kuham/Art c h i e f l y Muhamnadans

huhajn and some S i k h s

H i l l men, some Muh.6<c.

II II II

Gurkhas ConiT.andant Bhag Singh S i k h s and huhamiiiadans Con;.;.and a n t Shev r ' a r s h a d . i'ii.T-er l a l Single Sa rda r Ki.shan Singh J e n . j-.ishcui S ingh

It

II

i-iuhara. ana Kindus t a n i s oikh.3 and r.uhanii,adans

32

4

4

4 4

1

3

2

3 2 0

0 0 0 0

w

S a r d a r 3iain S i n g h A t a r i w a l a 1-. i a n r i r til i S ingh .J t; n . i-. oh vv a : in 9 h Col .A,uir Chand

H II II Q

C h i c f ly I .uhamiii ad an 3 0 Siivh.s and iiUhauii-.iadans 0 C h i e f l y tiUharrtnadans 0

COM...andant i-iazhar A l i Kuham.and H i n d u s t a n i s 0 Ja\vai:iir i l a l k i s t r i ^iuham;l6dari.s; a few ^LahOi-a) S i k h s . 0

Con..i.aridant Sukhu S i k h s , and some Hindu 0 -:ingh ( .mritsarj Hindustanis

l i i s c e 11 a n . G a r r i s o n Guns 0

to <D

2

1

He avy Guns

& a 0) 0

H • m +»H TJ •H x:-H r-i U

-S'ti •H ^ J X i*4 0

83

12

16

11

22

0

0

0

1 12 3 0 0 10 0 0

0 4 11 0

0 6 0 40

1 0 3 5

0 15 0 4 0 1 4 0 10 0 6 u 0

0 9 0 0 0 10 0 c 0 0 0 2 0 22 0 0

c (J 10 0 0 0 56 0 0 10 10 0 0 0 10 0 0 10 0 0

0 0 20 12 0 0 0 10

50

T o t a l 60 8 228 158 171

- 3 -

At>3tract of t h e whole Army

Six ty Regiments Infantcy^ a t 7 00 Ramghols#AKaiis i r r e g . L e v i e s / G a r r i s o n coii{)anies«£< c<

E igh t Regiments Cavalry, a t 600

Ghurcharhas* (Horse)

J a g i r d a r l Horse

F i e l d A r t i l l e r y

rsk

42/000 5/000

45/000

4 . ,800

12, ,000 15, .000

92,000 in fan t ry .

31/800 Cavalry 384 Quns

By t h e cou r t e sy of t h e Government of t h e Pvmjab I am enabled t o add t o t h i s appendix t h e s t a t emen t r e c e n t l y compiled by L . S i t a Ram Kohly, M.A./ who has been conduct ing some r e s e a r c h e s i n t o t h e MS r e c o r d s ly ing in t h e Punjab S e c r e t a r i a t . There are many hundreds of t h e s e records s t i l l to be examined and f u r t h e r i n v e s t i g a t i o n w i l l no doubt y i e l d impor tant r e s u l t s . In t h e meantime i t may be of i n t e r e s t t o t h e r e a d e r of conpare the a c t u a l f i gu re s for 1844, as ob ta ined from these r e c o r d s / with t hose given by t h e author-ED.

Year Comnencing with KatiX 19 00 and finding with H3UJ 1901 B .S . (A.D.1844;^

Comiiiandant Inf . Cav. A r t i l l e r y To t a l ^expenditure b a t t s . r e g t s . s t r e n g t h

Spec i a l BrigadejGen Ventura Diwan Jodha R ro

hi 1

as. A. p .

Belonging t o I l l a h i Baksh 4/415 83/609 8 0 10 guns 4/374 58/952 12 0 294 men

Gen.Gulab Singh a c t i n g fo r Gen.Court Gen.Dhaukal Singh Gen.Jawala Singh Gen.S.Tej Singh

4 1 302 3,882 54/751 4 0 2 0 0 1/763 23/159 15 0 2 0 0 1/811 22/285 12 0 4 0 2 f i e l d

293 men. l i g h t a r t i l l e r y

3/602 45,171

c o n t .

13 6

d . . •

- 4 -435

Gen.Kanh S ingh Man 4 1 264 4 , 1 5 4 6 1 , 2 4 8 0 0

Gen.Mahtab S ingh M a j i t h i a 4 1 366 3 ,879 5 9 , 5 8 2 1 0

Gen.Pertab Singh of Punach 3 0 250 2 , 6 9 0 3 2 , 7 4 3 1 0

G e n . G u r d i t S i n g h M a j i t h i a 3 ' 0 194 2 ,872 3 5 , 6 7 9 7 0

G e n . c o u r t l a n d t 2 0 0 1,696 1 4 , 1 6 3 14 6

Gen.Gulab S i n g h

P u h u v i n d h i a 4 0 360 3 ,467 4 3 , 2 7 3 6 0

G e n . B i s h a n S i n g h . 2 0 0 1 ,561 l 9 , l 9 l 8 0

Gen .Kishan Singh 1 l 467 1,381 20 ,782 1 0 Ra ja H i r a S ingh u n d e r C o l . J a g a t S ingh 0 2 0 1,030 29 ,572 8 0 R a i K e s a r i S i n g h of Nau lakha C a n t t , f o r m e r l y n r . R a i l w a y S t a t i o n , L a h o r e . 0 1 90 444 2 0 , 8 9 4 0 0

S a r d a r Lahna S ingh M a j i t h i a 1 0 340 1,258 1 1 , 8 6 5 14 0

M i s s a L a i S ingh D i f f e r e n t compan ies 303 3 ,477 6 0

M i s c ' ^ l l a n e o u s C o n p a n i e s and s o l d i e r s 17 compan ie s 1,577 18 ,410 11 0

T o t a l No.of B a t t a l i o n s J 4 5 , Round No, 4 0 , 0 0 0 msn,

" •' •• R e g i m e n t s ; 11 Apx^rox No, 6 , 0 0 0 men.

II H 11 A r t i l l e r y : 104 p l u s 126 » 2 3 0 ,

A number o f m o r t a r s and c a m . l S w i v e l s a r e n o t i n c l u d e d i n t h e s e c o i f p u t a t i o n s .

YEAR CO^iENGING WITH KATlK 1900 mO a<iDJNG WlIH HSUJ l 9 0 l B . S . ( A . D . 1644)

ARTlLLiiKY CORPS

Comiuandant Guns S t r e n g t h E x p e n d i t u r e J a g i r assignments!

L a i J a w a h i r Mai i n c h a r g e Rs. 8s A RS. of M i s t r i Khana. p e r Y e a r

1 . M.Muz.hr A i i Beg 390 13 620 2 . B . I s h w a r S i n g h C o l . 210 lO 3 . M va S ingh Gen 100 12

- 3 5 1,014 10 ,284 10 5 , 4 0 0

-5 - A3S

S^lti^i kuhd,Gen.Com­manding heavy guns 1.3 akht awarkhan 2.huhaniiuad B a k s h . c o l . 3 . -

111 all i Baksh Khen, Gen.

l . M . I l l a h i Baksh

2 ,S ikandar Khan,son of I l lahd. Baksh

S.S'ateh Khan and Lahora Singh

t>xn±r Chand,col . Mntr chand ,Col .

165 13 9,000 205 12 1/140

-25-- 622 6,673 0

510 18* 4,120

125) • 12 120)

-30* 1,026 10,842 4 0 15

-15 400 3,436 0 3,040

Fateh Singh and Mubarak Khan

Fateh Singh 310 210

21

- 2 1

T o t a l nvunber of guns 126

620 6,237 0 2,580 (made up of s m a l l e r as signments)

RS. A P . 4,43,892 14 6 1,62,811 5 0

67,030 10 0

I n f a n t r y Monthly expend i tu r e

cava l ry " "

A r t i l l e r y " "

Crand To ta l j

(a) Annual land assignment t o the m i l i t a r y o f f i c e r s 2,02,439 4 0

(b) Cash disbursement 83,69,109 10 0

85,71,448 14 S"

To ta l number of men, 51,050 Tota l number of guns, 23 0, not inc lud ing n o r t a r s and swivels 1,00,94,076 7 9(*)

(*( Source; J .D.ciiXinningha, .;. His tory of t h e oikhs (.Delhi, l96bj pp .387-390.

/46 . A" •'X

^ . ^ f . . . . . ^ : : ^ ' -iUMt