~---.. - ·-~-· .. _ .. < ·:·~. . . . .....

"hantAr ~ /0 ·: .. ,~--

- .... -.

. .. . PHILOSOPHER OF. PERMANEN'!! REVOLUTI05 A~m ORGAiHZATiml ~!AN .;;;,~ ... .:..,.:]it::'::. ',:::':.oj~>.c;?:~: ... ':"' . . . .:. .

StcUr_;;';),· Critique or tM .Gothn P!'O"'"""i (of' a th•i~..:! 'tiOII'kerz' P.arty o! Ce..,..any) .. '·. ·-_,· . .. . . . . ··_·._;:3.. . . ·-· '·' ... · ~ . . .

;:; H; ; ~·· :'~~!'1';,;..· ·••• . •;:J, ·.-":,

... •·.

t.at1Y1t,y ot' the working cl.assGo does not :In the eltl.stenoe of the I>•+.emat!~a.l Wo!"k:ln"'

This ""' ml,y the !i.t"St ~ttempt to e..oate · tbnt ac~1v1t,yr an atto!IIJ't vhicil vas a l.ast1ng

Ga~c•.ant ot the 1~~'" which it gave hat which vas . · no· !anger Ji'C"lls&ble 1n ita f'i""t histol'ical t'o""" after the

· :taU o~ tbt Paris Ccmmuns ... 1\arl !S..tl'l:r Crl~igne o~ -:..~e -Oot..!-.a f'M~m.-~1975

. .-..

-- :.:~·::::---;· ·-;-_.·:</-;:.:>_. ~-- -~--: ;' '.' }etish of a wng~lnd party ':o .lead 15 V'!ey noarl7 1-e.vcr.d

:.i.••m~'lthitl!•i'm >~hen ·u:.:·t.t'ecta as 1(1'8&t " revoluticnal'Y .. as Rosa r.»:e,buro:

ovarpowerin~ ca:~tidonce 1n tile spontaneous action of

,.....:a .. rs th&t·she v.as.considem as ai."'!'l,y·a SJ'O:'I:P.no<,... It b

... ~-:~t..that ~:'?,""It;. bacau..e hill' pasdon!\tll convk , • ., about !:he

.,;, .. · .. · · .. .;.:,;;.~,,~aM ~'J'CIIta~aity Ot the MS58S did not M!"'a\at keep ber ,w, • • ~-- • ! ·. • 0 : 0 0

· ~· oo,;,g i m8\!lber o't a stnoi~ Hanist pa'·ty, a str1otl,y !'.artist Intel'-

.· ·- ::o;·''_.~-~~L,;,-~:·. ··lnde&d·, ~e lati:lh ct , MDAi unity' kept har !~em breaking .·.-.. ; .·.- . .. . .. · . :. '.~ ... i• :':.:~:.·,.it~·;the party .to the J:01nt ot' b!lilding a nw one, even at t!•a outbreak

.· .. ·. . : :·:·~·:\ ~: ·. ;.': ot' :-~· .;ic! ~.)et,..Y,.l Or 2 =« established l'.al'XW!, i:bonr,b. she ·~d .·-.-:~:.-.· .. : ... _-.. ~>. ·.!:··:· .. ~:,· ··:· ···-::- .. .-_:· .. ··:_- . .•. ··. ··,;'' ·. ,, ··: .cdlecl'that·.rntemational a· •stinldne; corpse•, Nev..,.thitless, she ..,.. . -~-. 0;::.·.-.·:.:;, -... .":'·'. ,.--:.--.-:~-- '?'·:·· .. · .

.. i ·.:'. at111 vorldnt-.to·."riocnat~t· it raths" t!vm to call t'or a """ Jh·ta:Tra• ';';:';:- . .' ,A;7~-' "·:·'\,:·.~'-i::"'':~·-;,._.:·,,, ?; :'··' :--:~~;_.._.;:•;," ·'-'*):f·; 'c:: tieft&l'~.: 'SO" &l1:~1va vas the idea ot a VIUlgc&:d

. ' -·: -~- ··-:-.·~ -~ . ·'· .::~-.. ~·.-~ ')' ~:;.,, ·:·.- -:~- ~: ... ·.... .• -·~ .~.:,;:.--;: -:-· . ·• . / .' .:,,:. ' . .'t'ailctiC..C.S'as . .m::·.5Jidtipemtl!lt HVolut1onaey tondoncy -- Leagne

.. •::.:·\.- .--~- ·->;./- 'J~.~-- :;_~· ' .· -~ . ' ... · .. ::·'"' ·. ··::,_,_. -~ :· -:.:· , • ··.~he 'relil!i!ned .with. the USP!) untU tho veey eve ot the 1919 Revolution 1 and

· ·· At..bt .Point, -when J.e -S~rbi.cus League did t:oari.d'om itselt 1.nt.o a now ., ._. ·.

14922 ... -.

!

·.-;,~ ........

.. • '

• . She hlmteli' o:ay tio·t have sean ~he R:-e<l t eont:.-~iet.icn i.~ t.!ln

_...,ner ,i."t wbicb she ·'Projected, even haUcwed.>ap:mtanei+.y,ana the ""Y

·, •:: .. .'• .. ~b~ :el12ng to 4 . . .iil* ;oM l'ar"..y ~ven thcu~b _she lmS &lll&ys callJr.g r .': · · ·: ;, ;: . ~'-~· o~c_od t,..:t lh· .l~~rsllip needed a hetty pusb f'r.,..)the

_.·t ·.: .: . ·<';:;:-_ ~p;;.,-c --~ ~~~ ~~t~ ,:0 move f'orward, _S:.. certa:ln],ydic!n't at-.. ··t·: -.~·;.:'" .-·:····''·'/ .. :· .~-.·. braa :ot .... ; ... · .. •. · . . · · · · · _,,, •. • .. r._ • ·_..-;:-,·,.,:, -~hu:w ~sibM.w and e:::apleio: rolaUcnsh1p ~th Jogiaba• •::::r:.,:;)·J>14:~;y .. ,.:,-~ , ... ' . ··.: ~!Za:ti""'m --" P""i"" .. r.o~ . ./ · :;;-· •. ·.:; -.!· .. ;_'::·_·.,··tO'-tliS'at.--..:!.M cit.~olUtio;'l· .•. rat" •81"1cur.~ook bock to +.!-.at

·:. ;; . r_-_.~-:~·~·;/·.:.:::~ hi~t 'PQ~~,o£~ acti~ty ... :In the -190.S-D6 Rua~ian lievol.ution will r.~. . . • ~ .. ·- ·. . . .

'• - ,_. •Usclos• tha sl:&rp dualli11 in JtiiU tlle bto aspectu of' orp,ani .. ticn i:ltl

.apmt.anritJro not; to·IH!ltial thO Other silent feature·- th" ".an/WO!W\

. . . f'or en~ ~ --~~ent .U tl:xebl:rg, 1/Br 'l'>t it hec""'" f~ the· )o~~~k;~'~;;p;..,.ti.,;, thO'.~gll they ne-.-er Jr&!"ll"S ted tor

. . . , ·. . ~ ·A.I{Jt:.(_.l :lna~ce·as revolnt1onar1eo, As.!'.anist actirlsta., · ,.,.

.::;•_.:._.;.til; • ._ pe.:.;J,.et,i,;e or ~'ld revolution, and Jogicbe= t>et hio death

.:·:.~-_:::\~·--··:?::-':":i.:··:.- ... ' .... ·:,:: : ... ·;: _:,-;· ·. : ..... :~: · .. · .:'1. . . ' . .

,:·, · .. :: '~ cttit~ bers :IJ\ tba strugglf> to !'iJ>d· her lllltrderal.' ond -=ont:lnue vith .. _.," . . . .. ' :- . . . the ~!uti«<A'-'l" work: . . . ' .

·• .. ... ·.'

-. _._· . .1o;nt iLot1v1ty,raevel.' waveliecl·. The !'act ·that sbe was also <nth h~r lover

~ ,• .- .. :In those 24-bcur a day wllirl1rlm

aet1v1t1e:~,. seOllllld tO bave reached the h~est point of all. ret another

.-;,;/_.·:- · ·· -'· ~-~- 1.S uk~ii ~1,;~:;_.bl~. Br.on'lg witness to a small

j it .:·• ·:..·,:·/~ .. . X c: ·, ; . : •t·''. • ;;ip;.:b;..tiaft bein~ transi'o=ecl overnight :Into a l ·.~/':·· ... ~;/-:'~·";.:~:.:::/;· .. ·:· . ·· ... ;·~:-:.:··~ ·:: ~ . .-::::.-·~: .=:.-: . .- .-,_·

1 :.:>·,; . ..;.,-,;;.!'··\~, ~ll,;~riy_in th_a ~~.~or,~~~~· :1n 111ot1en, d_f<! . .U 2 • moc1117 : -'·· ·--~~~--. ·~·~'::r.-,_ ...... ;'.-':··~.·· ·,.-:·. ·.- .... .. ~: .. ~· · .. ··.-- .· -! ··;-.-·:·.::-::,,;:-''!;,.: •.:. belo-.&ppreeiaticn· tw wb&t .Jogiobsa novor left out o!' Ms vi.,.. :In thio \ :.~;-.-··-~'tf~:~: ,;~·:::_ ~· .·- ····< ·-.-. ·.·_~... .. ':<··--·~ :..;.:_. . .-/ .·· <~..... . . : •.;'':.::.:;.'; :-,,._ ·,activity •• tbe·neoct· also '!or isaereo;r, oppressive awrones9 of ~lie strength ! ::::.---~·::·.-:_1' · __ .. ~·.-· .. ;._ ... :-_ ... ·.-._ · ...... ·-.:.:.. . . : .::.:~ :. ·. ·;_ 7 .-·. ·: · ot •tba povors tbat._b8, ~orldng n:!.gbt and da:y to ·aehteva a caw-iter-revolution. :·:::·: .:-··~.:i~:.:~·:·.:";>~- ·\'. ': ... .-.---~~- :: .. : .... ' · :~';t.::- ... ,'.0:- _,,,_.,:{ -' .,,·.: .. .-· ... In our· saareb_J.'or'·11Iulll1na,ticn en this burning question at the

11-.t-;·: .;?•"':!.' ··;.~."l); "'~,.; · .. ·:.~:.... . . ·- ·-;·.~:··; •. · .. ;~·;•_,, ;. ·. .

;~:-1:~' .;~:J ;,·;~lli,1:;_cn,siiip at.,~pm_~•ii:, ~~ or¢anuaticn three veey. dif'terent date• :.€~-ii'-~ .... ~(._~·-r .~:.-·; .. -;· .... :~ . -~ . :·~ . .•....... '' ._: .-:: .. -i. • • • •

jic-~:f:-:;:. ~·)~.:(;,.~.;~·-. :. ' .. _ :-··:·. ". . ~ .. · .. : ·:·: ~· .~.. -- 14923 ~;5r~~;g~X~lf::,;::):<'"·::·1,;;-.B.~J1ii~it~C\t:,. . ·

.·

,·,·.•

. ~ . . . ·.•

.. , .. _;' _:;'~. . . . . . . C~t.ioue i'1to !!round

.... :'.: ; :~w WR fl 1917. ' .1,C;;g Atteto hi:> dealb, wsaUe 1'81"&!ned a pel'V&si?o

. ·tC:n...e 8nd not ~ tor· rotOl'lllists but toto revolutione.ries, and spacitl.call,y

an .the pojnt ot organization. We liO'Jl.d b~ in an antiroly dit!"e"""t ;:eriod

...... """' ew ot t!le 1917 "zowoluticn, 'Detore a single 1-'.orxist:, Leni.'1, took

A*;:;,,):~;;:;!~:81:~!i;tJ~t~;t C~·itiqne ~~~ ~eri.>usly • ., to 1:11il.d Ms whole State and ?.evoluti<::'l on

·lh the-m or the first Russian P.evolution that was not t!:e ease.

·cd-<11'1117'>!18 :r...,,. Luxe11'burg to T;..,tsk;y extoUed !.assaUe, not·rol,v •tery _.-<1... . . . . ·neuo~-cm the salll8 level""· Mai."X, but in f'act "when it comes to organi•ation" ..:.: . . . . . .

' .. ,,. . ·adllittad or othal"dse, ho sto<>d on " highor level. Tlms, in ·the year 19()11.

1 ;, • . : "\Jia wi-ota oE •r.u~~lleand the R<lvolutim" • . ~ .. . .. ·.r'' . ..:i!.;~~t~; -~:b.t~.@zp.;,~,. t.ia'tf'rYo1,1gh LassaU~ l:.id committed

.. , ....,,. .. .;.,..,; , a..'ld though Y,ai".JC• s ·critic is" .or hill was va~ A ,.;;,ert.'>eless, . I • ··'i be enters into bist~r;y bec.1.use •ie was LassaUa who transformed into

·l

j ·_;j ., ' . ·~ :. !

., J

. ."i

.-.·:: ,. :···.·:"'! . ... ..: "". . .· .... ~ .•

..;·!:.~. ~ .. .. : ::~ -~ r. ·-:: ... ::i~

deed the !!lost :!m>ort&nt histol'ical eons!!luenca of the ~!arch revolution

jn finally ,IIRil liberating tho G&man working cla.:s, 15 y9ars later,

fro~~ tho levy-:\ti.-11rms or the llourgeoisie and al'gani:ing it into an

ir.dapendent elMs part;r."

As it that weren't clear enough p!'&ise, it is f'urtbe:o called "im•

Mortal "ark" and that remrk is made tbou~b it_ is roUowed b7 a

reference to !l..arx's 1868 critique ot t&3saUa. •* !n a word, t.':e

critique is l!lllde su'.:lordi.~ate to L wmn:m IIU rwr;s..,•H'!!!¥l!D'iiCWZl5< 4():1?.4 Jl

I.assaUa's great deed•_, vhich/l"not diolinish but grc"AS more o.nd :nora

11itb the hista:-ical pe:ospeetive troll vltieb we view it;'O:.. . . . .. , :.·.~.··, ·~ _{_,: .. :.· .. -·.·.'.',.:._ .. ~.· .. ::-'-·'-.·.· .. ".·.'".·.· , ..... "'~.(":'·-- r.· ..... : ... -...... ··~·..,... .. - ···; .:- . • :~:.~·:~;:.·= .. •; ; ..

·.• .. . ..... - ·.• •.•.

•

14924

·,·· ~ did tt grcw"mot-a and ••o::-e with tha historical per::pectivo"

ot. 40. yoar:s.? . WAsn't thts duo to t.~a fact t.hat !'.arx'~ Cri~~qua of the

GOtha P,;.,r_rau .vas ne""r studiiid? Could .C: &Xci a cuality

· ~- ta· cone~ or organization and a pbilosop~ of r.ovotution

.... . !lave' a1'1a~ _,.: v:l.tbwt IIVI.l:'fll..., if ·one bad not tisparated l'.arx•s.

, .:. ·:.,~~jp~-~,~~i<n.fr=.~cepl: ot organiution7, Isn'Ut. a tact

·;_ tb,;~'.tJ..'e ~~ec!' t;;,_. &1..1' the bdld1ng at o~1zat1Cin so preoccupied aU .· - ' .. . ' , . , . . :>

: . .

.....

'&n:l.l!ts .C..ept ~.an:.that a tetish 'I&S modto or it?·· It. is a tact t.hat . .· ·. . . \_f'· '•itc~ . . . . ·.. . . ~~ ~ .. · the :~~~h _,· at tho T017 1nnarda . the GS!Mf 'i · ·.· / ve17 birth,

:tb&t<ris: so . "a~ · 1 I . T' L '!. ~- . ..

a nov one the Er.rurt' Program;· ~ay·lc.al!<ed•at.

~b~~g Han'"' (dt~e, ..Von lS ;..s::-s 4tter the avant,. Not a;,~ :. thAt~ TJui:y ll'"'"ed tO ha'f'e disregarded the tact that it""" !'..an:, not

IiasaU.i who tC111ldecl the First I:ntemational W'orld.:1g Man's Crgan!ilticn, . .. . . - .· . ' ~ -

Worse s·till, it vacm•t cril;r just disregar<lecl, It-~ the ~'l'G:ltar appre-

·eiation.ot ·• national' organization, the, lill!dtaaman ;:arty,

'l'he inmuuer&ble artioles written;)

.r . ----r.;:ut·~ ~~~t ~~-~~r:c: b:d-~~ ~:17 ~r o~ganiza~~on obscux'ed, 1t not i _) totall;r covered up'tbtt fact that l'..arx vas :lr.doed conscious of organizati")

'1 ~. ·-~

. ~ . -~

helped found organizations---tram the Ihtornatianal Communist Correspandon~e

COllllllittees to the First I:ntom"-tional6 , .aecause that mediation -- pro­

le'\arian organization, an. indepondont ~letarian organi..,.tion, and one

that."~~-be !)'til 1ntomational and !:ave t.ie gcal ot revolu':.ien ond a ne-.r

society 4 ws so central to his views, !-'.Arx kept r9i"Arr1:1g to "the Party"

,r, .·., ... (l . wl:sn all that vas lnvolvecl """ h~ and '!\"!:'." • ."~;;-·,..·----.--- •-t•; •. ''"·o;-:;:-:r,""-;-" ;•r •• ~; .-_.• ... ·-· • ,_ Engels.

~J·} ::_-i ·.· ... ' . 14925 . ·­. --- -·

. · ~t l'.o&M .~.alled "party in tb:::<> emin .... t historicAl BII:Uie""· 'IlL! alive

to Marx tbrOU!:hout the entire decode r.rhen no o<-ganiu. tiCIIl e:d.sted in the

l!!50s nth ~~ b .could llUoo:I.Rt., . . _9.~., ''IV ~ ',· .· . ··t.. .. ~u..L./ ~~~. .• .. . . :.•:·~v ...... t ;\•.!'- la!'t·.· .· . at to help' establish tlw Wor-king--

:<·~·~ l'nte:m.Uonal Assoe:l.ction, And w~ height- th~ Paris Co-.ne­

.·,;: ;.~. l'ntsmat1c:ial am >rss disintognt1ng, l:e did not cans1der .tl:&t its ~ . . ' . "

: :{R>d,;:•. en the cantnry, he sent it .tway tc lliAke sure,' hwevo~, that it ; -~--

''.'lloull:l·.l•ot "Sllddenl,y" gat a totally""" Philosophy - :in th!s. cas a;

·-_ .

·vas llt:iting :!.'> tho Wings. Bllt he &~~ ..,.. re~~ to '

possibility or lnother organiutian .vhic!i he vas•sure · '· ·I, . . ' ' .

.... ~. ~s-clt ·tro., a nw IJIAS~ movomant, ''!'his was the case :b, the u.s . . ·. vhen the lli'R!!1Wrlf¥"'f"''C..V great class strUggles of the mid-l870s 1n

. r•~!l•• in, the mines, ~ating ~a the fil-:;t jen~ral}trike 1n the

:u.s, 1n St. Louis, would l'tlsult)he hcpod_, "in an 1nclepen,dent work<..ng class

. ··party'~~ JiiiBll, undor~e its s1gnll'1cance he sa1d that the F~t .: · Intom'ational wii;, but·., fom or organ1u.tion,... ouited tO the ti>le, ·

and the Cl"8B.tirtty· o:r the mas~as vo~ discove;o anOther .torm.4'1 I~ '!;r~~-- . .. - . .. . . .. . .. '- ......, . . .

t1""' made a :!'etish of organ:!.z~ticn, which iS why>1n the COVOl'.lng lettar

o!' the f!ri tiglle he Vl'Otal 0 Every Step Of l'Nl IOOVG:Ilent is !'IOl'tl important ·:•· .: .

tl:an a dozen p..:gra ... es, If, t.ru.rera,..,, it ;.,.s ~at· ~sibl~ ..:.··.;;,:~. ,:, '.;', · . . . .:;:,..-·.:_;···._.,.-. :.-:'··: ··.:.;' ·:-: _· · ... ~ .. ·.~.:;.

eonditions o!' ths time did nat permit. 1t - to j(a ~ the .. ~isenaich ·"., ... : ·.: . . ,

pro~•=•• one should sill:?~ hava co:~cll:docj an·'~;,;ae.;llh'f; ro/:c~.1on ... ';: . ;··· '".

&!Z".Inst the ccn:r.aon """IllY•" ·How insepi;..~ ~·_:t~r~iu~an ·: .'··:>

will not only be present t~o~hcut the MOdestly entitled "critical

l!lllru.mal no+.es" ~ <!¥a;~:Htiii!i :'"jti'~· .! a z • fj 1"ii~~ .. '·~- -~·l• • ,1 ct.l,,..~ but even .In his covering n~

"'-';!Lis sending · . ./ · . ~ · the fact ~t,('in ihe no"r h£1:1'0 the last p&rts or tha Fr<anch editic:ll

of' Cac~";a.l." And t.bere were also references _to a ntnr ecfitian _or the ........ .... ";'

I

In a word , 1875

· · ""~ a zoost active yea!' po11ticll11y, pll'tlosophically, ol7.'1niza':.ior.n1Jy,

non& or "hich Cll'-1•-·zxvJ<. .. e .... sopa,.able 1'1'010 both a philosop.'>Y of

•1

... ~olutian and thu pei'Sp..etives fol' tlus future,~ Critique itself

. ·,~.;....,.,,not just a C1'1tic1.•111 of a pi'O~m, 'but a c01\1)l"e~ivlt It coo\t&:ins a thee,.,. or the .state and, ao,...

·~ ' ;;c;;<t~if,<,~:aii·tl.Jr, of the. ncn-state•to-be\"" he called the, Pans Co,..me; 11h1eh

the. l!!od"l fol' the future breakup of the capitalist state 4!1d

S~:f~~~~~~}~t .a .comune i"ol"m or. non-:rtate. Furthemore, not onl3' was

:;, tr_ansient state but so wa.s "the I'OVoluticnary dl.ct.ato,..hip

'~,;}1;;S,~~ii.~~~~1iW~i~(..':·~,.~'lo~•rllat• ....... to ,...p'l.ace 1t;· The•e tWo fundamental

·.~.~;;,;1~'~"' ••e~~~~:;Ls"1orol'. t.he 1917 Revolutiort and Lot•in's

§.!~!U!!l!l!..ll!!l!:!ll!!!ll2!l···~'nf':t,;,ately, the p:,..;at trans6owAt.\on in

· Lo!\in, bOt.'l on philosophy and t.he !'e.volutiona'7 dict&to,..hip 'or tho '· . . "'-<~ .,. ,;.,.,.' s / . ·~1'01..,t&riat did not extend. to ""-ccincoJlt ·6f the party. which, despite

a11. modificaticn.s in ~otual revolutions_,rel'ltlined essenti<l'!.ly "lult it ..as·

. in 1903, Ail since by no" that tac;l:icai •• "ork bad been ""'de into " ·~ .

. .'feti'c~-~t universal re.ti;h. Ilimll,:~.lli!&r~ax:· q.t th~ ve!'Y ~iMa t.hat

the i'irst vorkers' st.ata """ tr:tnsformed into its opposite, a st&te·

~~ capitalist s~l.et.l! 1 .:.:;.~::a the relevance of !'.an's Critique of t!1e (letha

P!IOG!lll!1(1ainS a special urr,oncy for our ·~~,.a~raph by par3r.~at>h, \ ~"?' vit!1 th'!...!J.,.,_t.l>l!.t!'.cr.!'r~....9f .. tbo.prqc~a"~:;!.f '\ /1. Xlirx analyzes bOll t.otally ...,...,~(.md when not ...,.on~ quite l"pree~sr,1

- . . is the pror,ra,.•s~AY!alysis of labor.,

-·b~ L I it.y ;.o ~·,subordination to "the l'lonopoly of the'""'"" of labor"•

I 'c'hore 0 i.'2l:..tllc.Z1t's.t. .:lJ.!j:~,=~JI!.U®u-J , d./. · . A tho clas.• of "'onopolists incluc!y· both earitAU .• t.s and

tassalte : spoke as if it wel'o cnly the

\E.'":;'t~ capitalist class, thus 'l.envin~ 'tli~ \;;.:-: .o"'nor:s, by no accid~t, k-·-...-landO'.mors'

orr scot-rreo . .

1492'7

i ...

C :'i. ·end. that. was that "thO VorJdng-clr.ss, strive~. !or its ~IWI~i:;>ation

' . . .. _ .·. : ·: ~i.rst. of! ·o:ii .rtthi."!• the troomwork oZ tho m:;.ent .:'~y na+.imv•l ~t.ob ... • . :·f.4 . . .. ·-: . ·.-~ .......... --- • . . -

.. ::" ..... ·.to wbich l'_.;<o: -=.~!),-:·--·:··-. ~. '.. . ·. ·-. ~·eoulQ se>::l.oliats •c<lllcri~~ the workers' movement !:<>m the nanawest

. ~~ s~di'Oln~ttft. the wrlc ~~ tl!" .lnt~ticnAl! "Nan nataMU:r considered it the greatest ;oetl"!!grosdon to go back to tho

·.;aove fro11;: .. : .. : .... ._:., the illt~m~aticnal t.o a nat1a.'1Al ~tar.c~oint.

~~1-itiD·Z:d;;:,'~'';.c-"'--21&.= 2.:-~~5~~ --. ~~ci~tT_:~~ian or its graund would be ·:rrcm each

:;:.,.;.;~,;;;.:."'i·"i-:"',.~.' .''. ".'~,· : .• ··.~ .. ;'-·-··"' .. .:;_ .. ;: -~---~~~~/ :· ~- .,;·~~f:~~~-' ~-~---·-· . . ·-~: . ··'? ·.: ·'.::· ·.·.' .. ·according to his ... bilit:r.:to't&ch·accOrcling to his neecls."li.To t.his day, . - . ' . . :;; ;: ':·· ·.·.:·.:this rmv;~· the pe~oteti;.., for .the f'utu...,, and yet the l'.al"Xists ~<ho ·~- .. " .

·: . ..... :::·.: . . ~ '· ··::. , ..

-~·

· : .. keep q;,.;ting 1t n.ev~ be!~. to otod.y just hat<· concretely !:bat arose . . . . ~s&dly sz1e'jct./ .

. . \ t!'CIII the Ct'it.isue ot=jirosram , and what vould be requil'<lc! to ,.ake that

rt&l. Tho revolution that v011ld «>Vel'thraw c1Lp1talism would have to be

& gl'Kt. d•l more total in its Ul'l:"'oting of the old than just what it is

·. againet •.. Thtt !'.an sa,a· thiLt to reacb t.he COIIIII1tlll1st stage, there would

·:;.:·.' ~· .:::;_: baft to· be·., ;,;.<! to>,the• . ' ., . ·.• .. •·. ' - .

. . .., ~ .... -~ ... . . ... . . 2 '31 i oiJII!t •enslavin~;

:;.:(<;:,~::.:. s~liordinat;~th~ :iDdi~iduai. to the division of !!' F 1m

,C},; •. <,:,.,(>:.:.{::.!lalgor and. ~be~.l!~~th also the antithesis between mental and

· . : ·. : p)lysical labor ••• •· l-·;,.;i' '. l :':"., ·:;~;.,.-' •'. ·· ..

t':hr·.;·.,;:_.- ... : .. · ···:This: is not the young Marx speaking, This is tbe

',~J.;E?·i:~t:L~,:)~t~e ·. a~~~~~/~f,Ca~i ta~, the_ re·volutionacy wh~-qlerienced t:.tX·~~:i:'·:·,.,;.:both the ~~citi.r.g.:lB60iaeaching its climax in the histor.l.c 14928 ;~;.,:;,·.:i:'-·"·'-f':paJ:is Com\inm&, 'but onei who has eufi'ered through ita defeat ~;.:;t.;'{{~-:::~~~:·:~-~r. . . ·, :..... :. -~ ol.·.. •. .. -~ ....

,. I'

·,.

' 1! ' .

-a- . -.~ .... . -:~·- .. ; . .-,.-- ._ -.... · ~·t"'·~~-.. _..;.--r~:~~f

. '. . . . ;,,. ~ (·{::-: .. :::. ·. __ ;:-.::-:-: . ·{?t;,·~ :: .• :.\:. aZld.... and ye~ &'is pcojectJ.pg :ao(totally; new.O.·'cioi:uie~"3:~-~~'.?f·;:. _ . ··crea~i . . .. ·· · :· :~i..:=·:.:·· ·:· ::.--·~·~·~:;.--~ .)_--· ... · .. ., · :·: .·:.;4~:-·- .. ::;~~;;i~.:~-~~-·~~ .. .-;~ of labor as -aot~vity-o:r humallity tila'f;;:,he ia ·now aa;rllig:.:,;;:;.\i.!;:;

,. . . . . .. '.-.. ·.:.:·_~ • .. ~ ... :~--- ... ::'t;: ·:- .. : . ':• . ·:·-·.; .:£.-',':!{},.£;:._ tbat we Wil:t reae~ .oommuniam Ollly Wb2.,lhd' ; IJIIJ!F L&U .. -~·.:· ::::~. :.

111JI"M?'l!l!t I <." "labox- tr,,m a mere mea~~ at ure. has i t~eif',: ;·~' ·.:;: :·:·.: :: ' , .'• ·, . ':- • .I. ', : ' .. ·- '' • ' ·. •:, •• .• •.: •',·,:.·: .: • .-.•,• •

beaome the prime necessit)' ot.l~;t& ~ •• " ·* ·: , _. .... : <_ :. . · :- :'h:·\;,,:~';:;': .

; : ~ ':_. '.-· . i&o~ ~he~~'~ wb~~~~~/:~~j~:k~i~~;a~~~~r;;'s1:;~~f~t~~k~{;~; . ~~sfer tJf the .. Firat International t~ -~h~ u.~~: ~lT. ~·;;'i:~~·=· .. ~~ .. .->·· ·· ,and the bl!tween two dttter~:at:ten~encies.~i··:·· .. {;::f

' . .· . -.. . i .. , . ·- .· ..... ~ •<'. .

~!~~~~~~why ..ia:s 1 t that Lliaaaile)r~ ./_:: · ~ . 3.IJ. tbe earl;y- 1.860a aa· < :; ; .·: .'::,:·

itlle,:.:t'i:r:tl~ I~'~W~~~(n:Lza•t!~n · ahatild. still tower a)iov~· · :··: <:· ·International.working Ma~•s Association?

. ' .Was there a national at:t-lli:rJ .from the start? How could· Rosa ' I •

Luxemburg, who was the greatest internationalist, not have •

seen any of this?. It coulr.in·'t bave been nRtional va. illter­

national. It could .have·only be~n activism vs. philosophy.

1\lll~fHitiiir Tbat l'.arx•s ~~~~~£~~~~~==~ . Qn..:t~..;G~~"'-.-~ ~ couldn't win adherents among the

atandable considering their isolation at the time as against tbe

birth o:f a new"mass pa:t'ty. "(_ ' ~--/·

11'1-.at isn't undarst.ando.bl'V\in fact is "--=-=-"

vary naa:-ly fantasti)'\ 1a that B!o '1 E no revoluti~aey studifd those

notes as ~ not just critique of- a particular tondancy, but

actual J><I!'Spective for ~o ·vholo li!OVement, Let•s rall!emboop that not ~ ....

only-~~ Bemstoin,th• rafol'lll1at,v~ f. WI triad to ,..,vi•• l'.arx•s rl'inC!)'lGSI it was aJ.ao Y.autskylf'e"ol'thoc!ox" Jo'.arxist , And not

cmly that., ·/'J, l'fl\'olutionaey took it as a podnt o!' departure for­

worl-:inc out a theory of ornnizatlon that would be inseparable f:oo~ the

th~ory Qf rov~lution. olillillft:!!!. Any "o:rtbodoX11 Lenj]1ist vho tr:1ett to

sn.:t thnt In.-:~., ·s state!'lent that ~bore could bo no revoluticn wi~hout a

re"olutiona !""J theozoy ~r:e:tnt that his concept,, of organi•u. ~ion vaa in any 1.4929

... : .• ... \. .. -•-'

·:.

. j'• . .. ,.·

l'tjther than tho :!Jm<!iato Ooncl'Ot$ ot l!•ii!U!I!IIIill£EIE!ZW::.' ha>nng to !'ar.ct1on

unlter Tsa:rism, 1:'0U.l.rl have to contend with both lenin's ovn state:.ent in

the lldd~.t ot the ·190.5 l'nolution vhen boo movod tar; tar avay .fl'<llo his · ~:·-; .. -·~.~·:--·:--··.~_"·!-.-., ... -~~7 ;?1·:~···t~:o::-::·.·--:·-:;. · •· ....... 7"'::" . .;:- •· -.~ .••.•• _ .. _::--:<:·.,.,.._~-·;~ _.; -~ ._ .. :·.r-~~~::-----~

. ow na~w p(;ilitioil * • end the::.posit~o~· Le.i:wl'liild: otf:,tl!e: eve ... '' .'

.of th~ 1917 Re~lution as he ~~~i~t~d'!u~ st~t-~ '~rici 'Rev~int:ion, ,. ~-. '· untortunateiy, ~either the pMlosophic · -reorganiza_ticin on _th_e . . · .

:- . . . . . . of 'th~ Hegallan~&r:xian· d~al~~t-ic, tior the groiind for . ·

·gained ·:rroai M<Wr•s Critique o:f'. the . . . . ·, . . : ;' .. :~ -. :. . -

1Jtill{!;~-;:~ci,::0\-:\]ji:?~~~4.~9Jmf.!!!~: ex::~nd~~, tp -~~~-13 ·:_ct>_n:c~~t ~-:::tlle __ ~Jl'~: .•.. ·. meane.that _Lenin's philosophic reorganization re­

_mailled in a separ'!-te comparament frolf the ~oncept of the_ ·

party a_lld. the practice o:f' ;venguardism,. Clearl" there is_ no

stitute for· the totality that was Marx as organization man,

sub-

as pol-itical theoriat, as visionary of a f)lture social order, Which

·:· is exactly the warp and woof of his 'thepry of permane_nt · revoiu-,. tion. .That covering letter that Marx wrote >~hh the Critique .

of the Gotha Program1&111P__,wh!ch showed that he had just completed

the 1€'75 l':rench edition o:f' Cap! tal_,also referretl to the a:it

&~ reissuance of the 1851 R;velations of the Cologne Trial,

What is significant about this is that that was the edition

which reproduced the 1850 Acldress, In turnillg to that pro­

jection o:f' the permanent revolution, we should also keep in

mir.d the fact that thE> 1848-49 Revolutions had led to a rest11dy . (J;I• o:f the peasantry_, anrl its great reviH ts, Inoieed not only·,EI'.If.els 1

~1-:f: T'ea~:tnt l.r!ar in_£erma~v -- and Mc.rx kept remindin~ us that

that w~s the only revolutionary moment in German history, and

it::; hetra~1al by Lut.l:er and feudalism, Narx held..,l{~l_...,_:;;.it;t ··'.

~{i/

c 14930 ' ..

..

"'. ,.

..... , .• , ..... ':"". ... ~~0~ .. ,~:··?·.· .·' ·:·~ "c···?\'7~:::-r, ·,; .,~3(1-'T->r:-f.%r-

- •' ' -~ . . . >--. .- .. -~ . '.- ·. ~ · .. >\ .. ~.t::-\-:-~-~~-.. ::·.-~. :<: ''i:~:J;. important !n' relation· "to!' the. :ll348: :revoi·~- :. +i/h;.~.,,.

·_ ... - ., ... · ; . ·.•· .... ·_.·· .·• ;_ '·::-~- --~:i:r-1.·::::·: .. -: ·:_:~-:.~_;/:-::··..:-_· ••

its backwardness-

tions anr.l the theory of permanent revolution fo:..·.-tha,t_.J,erioi!.- -ll.l:l'!f:·'•~:,::., ·.,;:. · . ' . • . - . . . - . • ! ~ ; . :·\- ·,. ·• .. ,;: :r :- - -•.

. ~arx clearly held it out. Here is what !ui. wrote· ·to Engels~'on .. _ _. · :·;. _. ::·. • .. • ·. -, _<. . ' . . . :' • . .'. /. - '·. '• •, ~·;·.

Apri:L, 16, iS56: n The whole matter in ~ermany w.tll depelid:>apon_ ·. ··, ~>:-.:. · .... :_, !·... - . '. ·_ ... _-.. ' .,.·.: ·. _; • · .. -: --~_:; __ ... ,: _. ... ·-~·;:_,_.-

. · :the' possibility of su-poorting. ths · prol~tarbali· revol11tion:.wttli. ~ :·. ;-.~·'>:' .•.• ::;-•:: ... ·;. . . - : . . ·. . . -.. ,_~. ·:_.. . · .. · ' . :~-;~·-.~~··:·:,::.,.{{~~:~.·i:i:~~-' 'a:acrt· .. c)f 'ai>cond edi-:.ion or tl1e peasant war.·:.·. Then ·the thing·.·,·>:;._:-,:· ... , .. ·

. .. . '· ·. , .. : ... (

...

. : :.- . . . \,Q.t,..oo' . . _..'l;/!,,;: • :One:.- he finished with the. Critique(i-t_!te Gotha · · ·

.· · · '-~ii{:'J>i.~!ram a~d returned .. to the work ~um:~ . II and I:ti '.Of ..

:_,aaEita~he became interestec;, at O!le and the ,same ti~, in

RUE:!!! ian. S!;ricul t11re and the study o:t the prici tive .·commune- -· · · . . L; and in ,1

-~ elements of which still existed in "'Russia){ the

.POBBibility~F?I~ ~of a new independent workers

party in the u.s. as a result of the new heightened class

·struggles in the r~ilroads • All of these will reconnect

iftiii;M,Ul¢&8 t with. ;the ~ry of the pe:J;:nanfln~ revo;Lution a11d

a totally ne~~ore-thought-of w~y both in the letters

· to Zasu.U tch and in the Russian Preface to the 188).. edition of

the nommunist Manifesto. It is to this we need to turn •

. . ;·:··

14931

. ·::·· .

. 'f

.• ::~\.-..:

.-,,,·.

-ll-

SECTION II: T~e permanent Revolution: ... · . 'From -·1P.4 3 to lAG; ·

"Revolution i" :~ever pracilr.a.!. until the hour. of revolution .strikes. l'.!!J!!l it r.lorJe. is practical.

··.and all the efforts or the conser-vatives and compro­. -misers become tiic "most rutile and visione.ry or human

lanp,uags: " .. · . · . Jame_s Connolly in his 1·/orkal:\!l.u..!!UkR

"~!he relation of the revolutiona'l:-y workers 1

party to the petty-bourr,eois democrats !s this: it marches together with them against the ract!on which it aims at overthrowiniJ, ·! t oppQces them

')' . :-... ~ -·· on everythinrt whereby. they seek t<" consolidate

their poe! tion in _,their own . .interests •••• Their battle cry must be: The Revolution in Pe~anence."

-- Marx, Address to the Communist League, 1850

. Luxemburg's internationalism was second to· 'none

her thouF,ht, in .her actions, indeed her whole life. As

She put ·it.on what turned out to be ·the lest ~&y of her life

-- the following day the counter-revolution beheaded the 1919

German Revolution; she was murdered :11 'Order reigns in

Berlin!' You stupid lackeys! Your 'orrler'

ia built on aand. Tomorrow the revolutio.~ will .rear its head

once again, and, to your horror, will proclaim, with trumpets

blazins: I was. I am, I will be!"

Clea~rly, her luminous mind, when it came to the

question of revolution, was likewise second to none. The

190S Revolution which led to her exclamation that tho revolution

was "bi lP.;e '' was the red thread that permeated Yet when it came to philosophy,

even when that was a philosophy of revolution, that >las not

the dominant factor. Quite the contrary.

To the extent that Marx's 18'0 Addresa on the 14932

,, i

'•

I,

I

·.

. ~ ..

' --·~ ..

12

·permanent reTolution was a point of reference, it was most often

: '· a refel.'ence to the "mistake" of thinking after the defeat

of 1848-4-9 that a revolution wap still in the offing in 1850., · · Lwas the p1vQtal poin.t.l ...-~ :1:!' • . 7/i..J::._, 6s.ting/ji'!1ther lllan the philosophy oJ: revolution

- ·and all that flowed :from it,. beginning with the t:act · o.f . . taki~g-the highest point of any revolution as the.point of ' . ' . . .

·in · :_de~ture for the neX: revolution. Even whe~

::·her .l!Xl4 revi_!iw of "ehr:tn~•s publication o'£ some .of Marx's

·:.'.' ,'':·ea~l; wurks~~ized "i:he or,iginal cCJn~eption the hopes for the-so-called 'r~vol~tion in •••

. . . . ' ' ' \ '•

"""•.-•eu. out Marx's . "ant.ic!pation that t'he bourgeoi's rev:il.ution

would_· be only the first act, immediately ,followed by the

: petty-bourgeoia~ alternately, in the proletarian revolution."

•' ~trvth, however, is that , in the ve:f:y first year that

ha broke with bourgeois society, 184?, . and even ,.hen he was

writill;> on_a "mere" individual subject like the "Jewish r•uest1on",

.. Jilarx refused to leave it· at merer:v· "being for" civil rights·

for Jews. Rather, ~e insisted that the question revolv~around . the inad~Qaacy o:t: any bourgeois '?~~]lts. Ar.d because

. . \ . his vision from the start was for totally new lh> .. :-.n 1•elat!ons, he . ~,.- ''

there -- anrJ that was the first time -.projected the concept_of permanent revolution:

14933

•

. . ...

•'. -.

..

•'·

I

-13-· . ... ... '

.....

.... :' ... : • ..!_, •

'·

. , • ~ r , • .... , ~ "':'--.:

.. ~.: ........... ~: ... ·;·~~ .. ~~::::~_:::: ->>·:·.;:..,:...':.~. -.. :. ;-.~-~-=~~:i ... ~:: ·-~~ · ..... • .. ... ; .. ~ .. I

"·At t:f.mes of h(lightened self-confiden,::e, political life eeeks . .

to ~uppress its own Pl'el.''illllptiol:l, (namoJ.y) the civil society and

its elements, and to set itself up ac; the real speciss- life

or man without any contradictions. :&.1t it r:an_do this only

. ill .-.·jo~ llolltr!ldiction with i.ta own conditions o! existellce,

OlllY by declaring th0 revolution to be ~ and hence 'the

·PC111tical drama ellds ~lith 'the restoration of religion, priva·te property and all the elements of the civil society

::: ;lust• cs !nevi tably as war ends

'

~It is true that there were elements of the coDcept

~f permanen~evolution once she was i~~~#actu~~~~lu~ioD . · no .L . .

~-nd jU:dg~d th~t .. revo-lut_ion. to be . ~er~ exte11Sion. of 1848 ..

but .rather _initia~ioD of 20th century-European

revolutions. But it was Dot worked out as a theory.as Trotsky

theory of Permanent had en what later became known as the r;."\ .

Revolution~) \'/bat Lu:temburg singll!d out was the r.eneral · }

Strike~ which did combine politics and economics, bu. ~hd not ~ not on:J.;i:.

have a phiJ..osophy of revolution emergiDg out of it, but even l totrlll 'JI-" . · • .

theAnew :form of orgaDization which had emerged s»ontaneously --

soviets -- was : . · . mentioned only in passing. It would remain

. so until the very eve of the 191q Revolution when she rejected

the reactionary call :for a eonstituent ~asembly and called

for the creation of Vorkera eou~cils.

,......j ~ut it even more sharply, evan when

'· ~ ~~ ,4£~-?-/_. finally

'14934

'o

-I '-1-the Spa~tar.uG Le?..!;Ue did decirie to transform itGelr into n

sep~at.e. t;: indepenrlent Communist Party, that breal< >~i th the . . . .

fetiilh of . "unity o! party_" pre-

' ceded ~ny conoerpt of pe::Mtnent revol.utiot;,as was seen once

again by the' :fact that even then she instructed the German dele­

~tion to oppose the immediate establishment of a new Third

· · <Int~rnatione.J. • . : . .- ·:··

' 41- . ·.,>' fl.!.arl Marx, on the other hend, as we have see~ _was

:grounded- il! a phUosophy or. permanent revoii.utj.on as far back ',:' .:<·_); : .~ .. ~-_:y ~.' -.' ' . . _. . . ,·. _as.:_l_84,,_ · ltil_P_ t. developing the concept of and tbo act1vities in ·J . .. ';.:: .. '.'',:.··.-.,:.':>J;..· . .. :. . ··. L!!_ o. t. ru. ".·.1\l.es cullllinati.ng. _in the 1. 848-4q re. vol.ution

. .. :.'re•volutionaey 1\ -· ···· - ., : ·. ~~;c~~~t~p~~~w:h~. ~~;~~d· it out, not juGt in passing,~i~11~ 11~n f"'' 1

,JI!aroh-·l.R;>O:...-. . .. · ailreos.-. to .. the CommuniGt Lee!!Ue, ~; <-\ .. '. ·_ . ._. .

;, ...

_.,•.

·-·· reviewing "the tw~;ev"l)tionaey years, -~848-1849"

~"in the movement · ·-and the activities o the :teague n all places. , in the press,

on.the barricades,_and on the battle.!ields", Marx's report to

the L_eat;Ue str.esoes. in the very next sentence - · ..

that it ~1as root~d in"the conception of the movement as laid

down in circulars of the congresses and of the Central.· Cotnmi ttee

df 1847 as well. as in the Communist Jllani !eGto •·•• " In a wor<: '

not a sin~l.e element o! thisAjdrP.ss to the Leagu~ther. it· concerned the need tor "reo:r<-/nization" in a cel'ltral.ized way

because 11a new revol.ution is impending, \/hen the worker.: 1 part:;:, ~na'1~ therefore, must act in the moat organized' most ~ ~ " an~

moGt indepenrte~hion, or whether'it concerned

tho outri~ht declaration "Revolution in Permanence" is in

any >ta71 separated from the total conception of philoGophy £!l!!_

ravolution. The most importa~clusion !or the movement then

and no>~ >~as that never a•(ain >~ill a workero' movem~nt be

." '· 14935

·--:·

.... -~-~-! .. , .. _, .....

-15-

...... - ---~" . tH~~ to -o1:. ·the .revolutionarY workers' party to the. p~tty bourgeois

·aemoorats·is this: it marches. together with them ega.in' st .. · :tite faction which it e.ims at o..,erthro>ring, it opposes them in

;~eryth.l.np; whereby they seek to consolidate their poeition in

th~ir own intereats,"

.;f;;;··'>,'-·:. ·.. · .. ' · · · · . be kept atredsing .the fact that "fer

'-::C.:";f~'if:&'J~:'d.eetr~ni\• t~: revolutionize all society", t ~em~~ra;i bourgeois · : · · · · ... ··were .J · · · · .:>>:":": ·. )._--:~· '; otrivin~ to work 1dthin the bourr.eoio rramoworlt ami

in ract a11owed themar.lvllS to be a more deadly enemy tha~:~ the

liberals~ The aearoh for revolutionary allies, therefore, must ': ' proletariat". The

inciude the"rural; ' str.ess· on achieving the workers • own c1aos interest& ~1as made

the~· · ;~· . ~enter·. point of everYthing, ev~n. ao: the ~nt.ernat~onal out-

. look •tould mean that the German workers look :upon not only their

country but "the direct. victory of their o1·m class in France",

!n developing the strategy and tactics for a

tion, this Address that was actuallY distributed

•

final victory by clarifyint; their ntinds as to ~that tl'·eir class

interesta are, b:: taldnv. up their position as an independent

14936

.·.-··

party ec. soon as possible and by not allowing themselves to be

sedur.ed. :t:or a s.intrle .moment by the hypocr.t tical phreaes or

. tl1e democ1'8.tic petty bourgooia i:JtCI refraining from the in-

. rlepel'ldent organization o:r the party of the proletariat, r-' ·:'

· ··:·:'l'heir: battle cry muat be: The Revolution in Permanence, n - ·. ·. . . • • '" < '

' ~:-: :. ': ·. . ~; .

Far from that Address being something Dlanguist that . f·iil.:t:.X: diaearded afterwards, it . was

!:', · followed with another :.\A.~d!re·s~· i~; ll'vne l'ih~re he i-evie~ted the concrete act£vi ties

1.ilt\;@>'i'r)'~·: '<n:!~l~ ~'i~!fc'~;~~. ~;~;u;-t;~;ie~a·.: ·~~ .Del•;i tllll, Germany, Swi tzexo:iand, France, in

. Enr>iland, .· · Arid the .Minutes.·o:r the Central Committee meeting on

• ·sep.tember 15, 1850 pointed to the.·poasibili.ty o1' defeats, There .was no : .

letti!lg go o:f' what was needed :f'or total uprooting

of this ·society even if that· .needed 1115~ 20, 50 ·yeara o:f' civil

war tdl r,o throup;h i:il order to chanr;e society." In a ~tort!,

. wnat. remained. in the st~tutea o::r the Communiat . . . . . . .' . . .. . . . . . ;:·

League \·tas: 11

The .!U!!! of the Communist Lea,r;ue .is to brinr. about

the destruetion o:t the old order o:t society and the· do~tnfall of

the boureeoicie -- ~he intellectual, political and economic

emancipation o:r the proletariat, and the communist revolution,

us.tnP.; all the resources ot propaganda and political strugffle towards this goal,"

For that matter, it wasn·•t the phrase, Permanent

Revolution, that was the proof o:t the concep~ but the :tact

that ~ .- the constant search ::f'or re-

14937

. -. •.

•. . •'•.

. ..

-... ~ ( ' ....

-. . ·-~·.--~ . -..... . -17- .. · ..

·--~=

. volutionary all.iea the visi~n o:r:,tbo ·re"<dutio~ to .c~~,.was in ~o ~:{ c~~ged. ThUs~the;· ~t ~ a .queati~n IJ:r the-~ orga:r:j.zation itself_, i.e. the Oommu:piet League which was in

fact clisbande:!. :i.n 1852, ~Ild Marx kept referring to. the party

: . the peasant~

. , same period wrote the magnificent work

,).*t:~~~~i:_l;e~eJ!l!...l!il~-Et;i!!}:l!l!!!ll:'l. 'Whicl! was published in. the !'@.

concl.uding: • Everything :in Gefany >til.l

it will be pouaible to support t e pro-- . \' .

revolution b:--'aomething like a second edition of .. Peasant. ~far. Only then. will. everything proceed well." *

:Ct should not need to· be said that this philosophy

·o:r revolution, :far from diminishing in the mid- ~850a, was .

ir.tensi.fied •di th his ori~;inal study of "Sconomics ". . But_,.s~nce

the !act t~~t ~:arx w~s. "closeted n in tho E:::-1 tish !<USeU!ll ·has .

·.· ~:·-

.· ····-

,•.'

. · .. ~

·. :· .. ' .

···";''

been .interpreted as "a scientific period':,it does need to be stressed.

t•1e.t it is precisely the work on the Grundrisse alld 1 ts re­

lationship to >lhat l'arx called " opocbs of socisl revolution"

~1h!ch gave him a new appreciation of the Asiatic mode of pro-. . duct ion and the Oriental society's resistance to British 1m-

peri ali sm. In a "ord, the dialectics of economic development

and the dials~tics of liberation led to a further development

o.r. t'•e cor:cept of. permaner.t revolution, world revolution, ur.de::­

'JrThe no :':t~1":ter \>that name. establishment o! the 'First In-\ final ,

.. e.,..·"at!or..... on t""e o-~ ....,anrl "lln.a t•,e'-· .. -Jr._..... etr'!.."'==turin ... _~ o! .. • ... g._, ' j; .., • .. • - ~ •• • , ' •

r:r,"='i 't..-:tl o:1 tt"!e otl':e:- han'"!, in the le6os. ..revealeri, at

onr~ 1:1n~ 't;·.q :~erne 'time, not only the break ..,,i th the concept or

.-;· li

'0 '. N-~-~-·-- .. ·---·~--- ·--... lP.

.·l - ·t••/ ~ • '· ... _. ·•.· I I"' .. ':ft:"/ J .,.,,., J•"'- ... ~o "'~--:~ ··.- ,,..,. -·-· '{)'' theory a3 a debate vtith tl!eoreticiana, .. ;;the connept'of -· ..

theory as a hiDtory ot: class str.ur:alea, but a concept also .

. ·of s. ne>t re\•olutionary force -- Black.* ~he culminaticn of

·.all theae theories e.nd activities was, of course, the

,,_.!;ist~ric _appearance of the Par~s Comnr.tne or l07;t, and ,.. '· ... ·' -''. · ~-J · . . . t.an r:isto7;j~

, · }t~ere,too) we saw aloDt:<; with tho p,reat discovary o1'}\ i"orm.

· .·,tor: working out the ecnomic ·emancipation ·or the proletariat

a new force o! revolution, women.**

The i.reates;t concretization of the philosophy ot

~~t:t:¥:~;%';~::~!:if·~~\r~:~';fb:fht:l.o:n:.:•a:id. :1 t~ ";e'fd~necttdn w1 th the deep roots of the ·•

I•_,

pei1!1anent' revolution first developed in ··the 1850

. · !ldtl~ens, came in· the last years o:r Marx's li f."e and the study · • · ~ . ~!tl,.l_.as Jl!!~..Jl..!§.tC?!Y.·"' : . of. thef\history I o!-li\imani tY. . .

It is that !•larch Addreall >lhich is to this day still

a point oi" debate. ~he first revia~onists began not only at-. .. ·.·. tankin.!i it b~t

to 'Blanqui,*

the concept of permanent revolutio~ 't.';!S Blanqu:tat; t cv

revolutionaries like Trotsky who had developed the theory of

permanent revolution but one that was /kax·dly rooted in Marx's

( A"t l ~~\.V.C.x~l see • erword ,; . ~ ... ·- .. A Leriin >~no. . certainly did

ground the >~hole theory of lltatc and R_!!volillon in Harx•s

~c1ue of._j;Ji_~.Jl.Q.:t.l:!lt _:~;m.z.r-2-.§1, none. seemed to have made

a !!pecial cater:<;>r'J or l':arx'a l"P.l., Preface to the Russian enition

o.f the Communist !fanikl!.li.O• "ihere the concept was >~orked out

ane\•1 as the relationahip bet>~een advancen ann untlerrleveloped

14939

.' • i" ·:.; .;. .... , .. !

....... ·::. ··· .. countries, where the latt.er rather than the former might spark·

, ithe ·.revolution.. ~To doullt . part of . this . was . due to the fact

. • ' .. ·,;.that .the Ethnol6gica:L·'F.otebooka . >ere 1lllknown and so .. ... ·.:. . • . • ~:;WaS· tht! l!lltter ttl Zasu11tch, all of' which would have

·• · \ \\·shown how ·deep .we~~ the:· r'o~~s of'' a . · · · · •· seemillgly wild , ;J;j):.J~~~~~o~t 'f'~r ·, . , . . . . \16 :c!o h~e t~~~-. a~v-~!lta~e.l •

,. becomes.the. signal i'or a

oo that both· co!llplement

the prest!Dt .Rmlfda:r. common owner&!:ip of lan~

~.may sene as the. 'Btarting point for a comm".nist d~velopmer.t·, 11

. London, January 21· _,le82

•

14910

·' ~ •· ·,