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CERTIFICATE

This is certify that seminar on “GUIDED MISSILE” is a bonafide record of summer internship by “RAMVINAY KUMAR” (COER ID-11310324), in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of Bachelor Of Technology in Electronics And Telecommunication Engineering from COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING ROORKEE for the year 2014-15.

Ms. BHARTI MODI(Assistant Professor)

College Of Engineering Roorkee

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CONTENTS

CONTENTS PAGE NO.

1. INTRODUCTION……………………………………………………………….032. HISTORY OF MISSILE…………………………………………………………043. MISSILES IN MODERN INDIA………………………………………………..054. TYPES OF MISSILES…………………………………………………………...06 5. MISSILE COMPONENTS………………………………………………………126. WORKING PRINCIPLE…………………………………………………………21

a. TRACKING………………………………………………….. ….21b. GUIDANCE………………………………………………………21c. FLIGHT…………………………………………………………...21

7. ADVANTAGES ………………………………………………………………….238. DISADVANTAGES………………………………………………………………249. REFRENCES……………………………………………………………………...25

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1. INTRODUCTION

The word missile comes from the Latin verb mittere, literally meaning "to send". They are basically rockets which are meant for destructive purposes only.Missiles differ from rockets by virtue of a guidance system that steers them towards a pre-selected target. Missiles are often used in warfare as a means of delivering destructive force (usually in the form of an explosive warhead) upon a target.Aside from explosives, other possible types of destructive missile payloads are various forms of chemical or biological agents, nuclear warheads, or simple kinetic energy (where the missile destroys the target by the force of striking it at high speed).

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2. HISTORY OF MISSILES

Rockets were invented in medieval China (1044 AD) but its first practical use for serious purpose took place in 1232 AD by the Chinese against the Mongols. There after Haider Ali and Tipu Sultan (Sultan of Mysore in south India) perfected the rocket's use for military purposes, very effectively using it in war against British colonial armies. At the Battle of Seringapatanam in 1792, Indian soldiers launched a huge barrage of rockets against British troops, followed by a huge massacre of British forces.

Portrait of Tipu Sultan of Mysore, present day Karnataka, India

Unlike contemporary rockets whose combustion chamber was made of wood (bamboo), Tipu's rockets (weighing between 2.2 to 5.5 kg) used iron cylinder casings that allowed greater pressure, thrust and range (1.5 to 2.5 Km). The British were greatly impressed by the Mysorean rockets using iron tubes.

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3. MISSILES IN MODERN INDIAAfter regaining independence in 1947, India focused all its energy in nation

building, primarily on economic and industrial development fully understanding the key role of science and technology. Indian rocketry was reborn, thanks to the farsighted technological vision of Prime Minister Pundit Jawaharlal Nehru. Professor Vikram Sarabhai took the challenge of realizing this dream. Hon. President of India Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam played a key engineering role in realizing both the Indian SLV-3 space launcher as well as the Prithvi and Agni missiles. Initial missile programs like Project Devil (a theatre ballistic missile) and Project Valiant (an intercontinental ballistic missile) were scattered and stymied by many issues. But the

success of all our missile programs including BRAHMOS makes up for the shelved old projects.

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4. TYPES OF MISSILEMissiles are generally classified on the basis of their Type, Launch Mode, Range, Propulsion; Warhead Missiles are generally classified on the basis of their Type, Launch Mode, Range Propulsion, and Warhead and Guidance Systems.

Type:

Cruise MissileBallistic Missile

Launch Mode:

Surface to Surface MissileSurface to Air MissileSurface (Coast) to Sea MissileAir to Air MissileAir to Surface MissileSea to Sea MissileSea to Surface (Coast) MissileAnti-Tank Missile

Range:

Short Range MissileMedium Range MissileIntermediate Range Ballistic MissileIntercontinental Ballistic Missile

Propulsion:

Solid PropulsionLiquid PropulsionHybrid PropulsionRamjetScramjetCryogenic

Warhead:

ConventionalStrategic

Guidance Systems:

Wire GuidanceCommand GuidanceTerrain Comparison GuidanceTerrestrial Guidance

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Inertial GuidanceBeam Rider GuidanceLaser GuidanceRF and GPS Reference

On the basis of Type:

(i) Cruise Missile: A cruise missile is an unmanned self-propelled(till the time of impact) guided vehicle that sustains flight through aerodynamic lift for most of its flight path and whose primary mission is to place an ordnance or special payload on a target. They fly within the earth’s atmosphere and use jet engine technology. These vehicles vary greatly in their speed and ability to penetrate defences.Cruise missiles can be categorized by size, speed (subsonic or supersonic), range and whether launched from land, air, surface of ship or submarine.Depending upon the speed such missiles are classified as:

1) Subsonic cruise missile2) Supersonic cruise missile3) Hypersonic cruise missile

1. Subsonic cruise missile flies at a speed lesser than that of sound. It travels at a speed of around 0.8 Mach.The well-known subsonic missile is the American Tomahawk cruise missile. Some other examples are Harpoon of USA and Exocet of France.

2. Supersonic cruise missile travels at a speed of around23 Mach i.e.; It travels a kilometer approximately in a second. The modular design of the missile and its capability of being launched at different orientations enable it to be integrated with a wide spectrum of platforms like warships, submarines, different types of aircraft, mobile autonomous launchers and silos. The combination of supersonic speed and warhead mass provides high kinetic energy ensuring tremendous lethal effect. BRAHMOS is the only known versatile supersonic cruise missile system which is in service.

3. Hypersonic cruise missile travels at a speed of more than 5 Mach. Many countries are working to develop hypersonic cruise missiles. BrahMos Aerospace is also in the process of developing a hypersonic cruise missile, BRAHMOSII, which would fly at a speed greater than 5 Mach.

(ii) Ballistic Missile: A ballistic missile is a missile that has a ballistic trajectory over most of its flight path, regardless of whether or not it is a weapon delivery vehicle. Ballistic missiles are categorized according to their range, maximum distance measured along the surface of earth's ellipsoid from the point of launch to the point of impact of the last element of their payload. The missile carries a huge payload. The carriage of a deadly warhead is justified by the distance the missile travels. Ballistic missiles can be launched from ships and land based facilities. For example, Prithvi I, Prithvi II, Agni I, Agni II and Dhanush ballistic missiles are currently operational in the Indian defense forces.

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On the basis of Launch Mode:

(I) Surface to Surface Missile: A surface to surface missile is a guided projectile launched from a handheld, vehicle mounted, trailer mounted or fixed installation. It is often powered by a rocket motor or sometimes fired by an explosive charge since the launch platform is stationary.

(II) Surface to Air Missile: A surface to air missile is designed for launch from the ground to destroy aerial targets like aircrafts, helicopters and even ballistic missiles. These missiles are generally called air defense systems as they defend any aerial attacks by the enemy.

(III) Surface (Coast) to Sea Missile: A surface (coast) to sea missile is designed to be launched from land to ship in the sea as targets.

(IV) Air to Air Missile: An air to air missile is launched from an aircraft to destroy the enemy aircraft. The missile flies at a speed of 4 Mach.

(V) Air to Surface Missile: An air to surface missile is designed for launch from military aircraft and strikes ground targets on land, at sea or both. The missiles are basically guided via laser guidance, infrared guidance and optical guidance or via GPS signals. The type of guidance depends on the type of target.

(VI) Sea to Sea Missile: A sea to sea missile is designed for launch from one ship to another ship.

Anti-Satellite Missile

Anti-Ship Missile

Anti-Satellite MissileAnti-Satellite MissileAnti-Satellite MissileAnti-Satellite MissileAnti-Satellite MissileAnti-Satellite MissileAnti-Satellite MissileAnti-Satellite MissileAnti-Satellite MissileAnti-Satellite MissileAnti-Satellite MissileAnti-Satellite MissileAnti-Satellite MissileAnti-Satellite MissileAnti-Satellite MissileAnti-Satellite MissileAnti-Satellite MissileAnti-Satellite MissileAnti-Satellite MissileAnti-Satellite Missile

Anti-Ship MissileAnti-Ship MissileAnti-Ship MissileAnti-Ship MissileAnti-Ship MissileAnti-Ship MissileAnti-Ship MissileAnti-Ship MissileAnti-Ship MissileAnti-Ship MissileAnti-Ship MissileAnti-Ship MissileAnti-Ship MissileAnti-Ship MissileAnti-Ship MissileAnti-Ship MissileAnti-Ship MissileAnti-Ship MissileAnti-Ship MissileAnti-Ship Missile

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(VII) Sea to Surface (Coast) Missile: A sea to surface missile is designed for launch from ship to land based targets.

(VIII) Anti-Tank Missile: An antitank missile is a guided missile primarily designed to hit and destroy heavily-armoured tanks and other armoured fighting vehicles. Antitank missiles could be launched from aircraft, helicopters, and tanks and also from shoulder mounted launcher.

On the basis of Range:

This type of classification is based on maximum range achieved by the missiles. The basic classification is as follows:(i) Short Range Missile(ii) Medium Range Missile(iii) Intermediate Range Ballistic Missile(iv.) Intercontinental Ballistic Missile

On the basis of Propulsion:

(i) Solid Propulsion: Solid fuel is used in solid propulsion. Generally, the fuel is aluminium powder. Solid propulsion has the advantage of being easily stored and can be handled in fuelled condition. It can reach very high speeds quickly. Its simplicity also makes it a good choice whenever large amount of thrust is needed.

(ii) Liquid Propulsion: The liquid propulsion technology uses liquid as fuel. The fuels are hydrocarbons. The storage of missile with liquid fuel is difficult and complex. In addition, preparation of missile takes considerable time. In liquid propulsion, propulsion can be controlled easily by restricting the fuel flow by using valves and it can also be controlled even under emergency conditions. Basically, liquid fuel gives high specific impulse as compared to solid fuel.

(ii) Hybrid Propulsion: There are two stages in hybrid propulsion solid propulsion and liquid propulsion. This kind of propulsion compensates the disadvantages of both propulsion systems and has the combined advantages of the two propulsion systems.

(iii) Ramjet: A ramjet engine does not have any turbines unlike turbojet engines. It achieves compression of intake air just by the forward speed of the air vehicle. The fuel is injected and

Anti-tank guided missile Anti-tank guided missile Anti-tank guided missile Anti-tank guided missile Anti-tank guided missile Anti-tank guided missile Anti-tank guided missile Anti-tank guided missile Anti-tank guided missile Anti-tank guided missile Anti-tank guided missile Anti-tank guided missile Anti-tank guided missile Anti-tank guided missile Anti-tank guided missile Anti-tank guided missile Anti-tank guided missile Anti-tank guided missile Anti-tank guided missile Anti-tank guided missile Anti-tank guided missile

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ignited. The expansion of hot gases after fuel injection and combustion accelerates the exhaust air to a velocity higher than that at the inlet and creates positive push. However, the air entering the engine should be at supersonic speeds. So, the aerial vehicle must be moving in supersonic speeds. Ramjet engines cannot propel an aerial vehicle from zero to supersonic speeds.

(iv.) Scramjet: Scramjet is an acronym for Supersonic Combustion Ramjet. The difference between scramjet and ramjet is that the combustion takes place at supersonic air velocities through the engine. It is mechanically simple, but vastly more complex aerodynamically than a jet engine. Hydrogen is normally the fuel used.

(v) Cryogenic: Cryogenic propellants are liquefied gases stored at very low temperatures, most frequently liquid hydrogen as the fuel and liquid oxygen as the oxidizer. Cryogenic propellants require special insulated containers and vents which allow gas to escape from the evaporating liquids. The liquid fuel and oxidizer are pumped from the storage tanks to an expansion chamber and injected into the combustion chamber where they are mixed and ignited by a flame or spark. The fuel expands as it burns and the hot exhaust gases are directed out of the nozzle to provide thrust.

On the basis of Warhead:

(i) Conventional Warhead: A conventional warhead contains high energy explosives. It is filled with a chemical explosive and relies on the detonation of the explosive and the resulting metal casing fragmentation as kill mechanisms.

(ii) Strategic Warhead: In a strategic warhead, radio-active materials are present and when triggered they exhibit huge radio activity that can wipe out even cities. They are generally designed for mass annihilation.

On the basis of Guidance Systems:

(i) Wire Guidance: This system is broadly similar to radio command, but is less susceptible to electronic counter measures. The command signals are passed along a wire (or wires) dispensed from the missile after launch.

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(ii) Command Guidance: Command guidance involves tracking the projectile from the launch site or platform and transmitting commands by radio, radar, or laser impulses or along thin wires or optical fibers. Tracking might be accomplished by radar or optical instruments from the launch site or by radar or television imagery relayed from the missile.

(iii) Terrain Comparison Guidance: Terrain Comparison (TERCOM) is used invariably by cruise missiles. The system uses sensitive altimeters to measure the profile of the ground directly below and checks the result against stored information.

(IV) Terrestrial Guidance: This system constantly measures star angles and compares them with the preprogrammed angles expected on the missile’s intended trajectory. The guidance system directs the control system whenever an alteration to trajectory is required.

(v) Inertial Guidance: This system is totally contained within the missile and is programmed prior to launch. Three accelerometers, mounted on a platform spacestabilised by gyros, measure accelerations along three mutually perpendicular axes; These accelerations are then integrated twice, the first integration giving velocity and the second giving position. The system then directs the control system to preserve the preprogrammed trajectory. These systems are used in the surface to surface missiles and in cruise missiles.

(VI) Beam Rider Guidance: The beam rider concept relies on an external ground or ship based radar station that transmits a beam of radar energy towards the target. The surface radar tracks the target and also transmits a guidance beam that adjusts its angle as the target moves across the sky.

(vii) Laser Guidance: In laser guidance, a laser beam is focused on the target and the laser beam reflects off the target and gets scattered. The missile has a laser seeker that can detect even miniscule amount of radiation. The seeker provides the direction of the laser scatters to the guidance system. The missile is launched towards the target, the seeker looks out for the laser reflections and the guidance system steers the missile towards the source of laser reflections that is ultimately the target.

(viii) RF and GPS Reference: RF (Radio Frequency) and GPS (Global Positioning System) are examples of technologies that are used in missile guidance systems. A missile uses GPS signal to determine the location of the target. Over the course of its flight, the weapon uses this information to send commands to control surfaces and adjusts its trajectory. In a RF reference, the missile uses RF waves to locate the target.

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5. MISSILE COMPONENTSGuided missiles are made up of a series of subassemblies. The major sections

are carefully joined and connected to each other. They form the complete missile assembly.

The major components of a missile are:

WARHEAD FUSING GUIDANCE SYSTEM PROPULSION SYSTEM FINS

(A.)WARHEAD A warhead is an explosive device used in military conflicts, used to destroy enemy vehicles or buildings. Typically, a warhead is delivered by a missile, rocket or torpedo. It consists of the explosive material, and a detonator.

Types of warhead:-

Explosive: An explosive charge is used to disintegrate the target, and damage surrounding areas with a shockwave.Chemical: A toxic chemical, such as nerve gas is dispersed, which is designed to injure or kill human beings. Biological: An infectious agent, such as anthrax is dispersed, which is designed to sicken and kill humans.

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Nuclear: A runaway nuclear fission or fusion reaction causes immense energy release.Fragmentation: Metal fragments are projected at high velocity to cause damage or injury.

B. FUSING

It includes those devices and arrangements that cause the missile's payload to function in proper relation to the target. There are two general types of fuzzes used in guided missiles proximity fuzzes and contact fuzzes. Some common methods of fusing are:-

(a.) Radio frequency sensing The shell contains a micro transmitter which uses the shell body as an antenna and emits a continuous wave of roughly 180–220 MHz

Fig. - A NUCLEAR WARHEAD

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As the shell approaches a reflecting object, an interference pattern is created. This causes a small oscillation of the radiated power and consequently the oscillator supply current of about 200–800 Hz, the Doppler frequency. This signal is sent through a band pass filter, amplified, and triggers the detonation when it exceeds given amplitude.

(b.) Optical sensing Based on the use of petoscope which is an optoelectronic device for detecting small,

distant objects such as flying aircraft. Modern air-to-air missiles use lasers. They project narrow beams of laser light

perpendicular to the flight of the missile.

(c.) Magnetic sensing can only be applied to detect huge masses of iron such as ships. It is used in mines and torpedoes. Fuzzes of this type can be defeated by degaussing; using non-metal hulls for ships (especially minesweepers) or by magnetic induction loops fitted to aircraft or towed buoys.(d.) Acoustic sensing

Used a microphone in a missile. The characteristic frequency of an aircraft engine is filtered and triggers the

detonation. Naval mines can also use acoustic sensing, with modern versions able to be

programmed to "listen" for the signature of a specific ship.(e.) Pressure wave sensing

Some naval mines are able to detect the pressure wave of a ship passing overhead

(C.)GUIDANCE SYSTEMMissiles may be targeted in a number of ways. The most common method is to use some form of radiation, such as infrared, lasers or radio waves, to guide the missile onto its target.

There are two types of guidance systemOne is fire-and-forget & another method is to use a TV camera—using either visible light or infra-red—in order to see the target. Some methods of target detection are:-

a. Laser Guidance - A laser designator device calculates relative position to a highlighted target. Most are familiar with the military uses of the technology on Laser-guided bomb. The space shuttle crew leverages a hand held device to feed information into rendezvous planning. The primary limitation on this device is that it requires a line of sight between the target and the designator.

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b. Terrain contour matching (TERCOM) - This method uses a ground scanning radar to "match" topography against digital map data to fix current position. Used by cruise missiles such as the BGM-109 Tomahawk.

C. Infrared homing: This form of guidance is used exclusively for military munitions, specifically air-to-air and surface-to-air missiles. The missile’s seeker head homes in on the infrared (heat) signature from the target’s engines (hence the term “heat-seeking missile”).

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d. Celestial navigation- It is a position fixing technique that was designed to help sailors. The Sun is most often measured. Skilled navigators can use the Moon, planets or one of 57 navigational stars whose coordinates are tabulated in nautical almanacs.

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Long-range Navigation (LORAN): This was the predecessor of GPS and was (and to an extent still is) used primarily in commercial sea transportation. The system works by triangulating the ship's position based on directional reference to known transmitters.

Global Positioning System (GPS) GPS was designed by the US military. GPS transmits 2 signal types: military and a commercial. GPS is a system of 24 satellites orbiting in unique planes 10.9-14.4 Nautical miles above the earth. The Satellites are in well-defined orbits and transmit highly accurate time information which can be used to triangulate position.

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D. PROPULSION SYSTEMGuided missiles use some form of jet power for propulsion.

ATMOSPHERIC JET PROPULSION SYSTEM.—There are three types of atmospheric jet propulsion systems—the turbojet, pulsejet, and ramjet engines. Of these three systems, only the turbojet engine is currently being used in Navy air-launched missiles.

The various methods are as follows:- TURBOJET –

The turbojet is the oldest kind of general-purpose air breathing jet engine. Compared to turbofans, turbojets are quite inefficient if flown below about Mach

2 and are very noisy. As a result, most modern aircraft use turbofans instead for economic reasons,

although turbojets are still common in medium range cruise missiles, due to their high exhaust speed, low frontal area, and relative simplicity.

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RAMJET – A ramjet uses the engine's forward motion to compress incoming air, without a rotary

compressor. Ramjets cannot produce thrust at zero airspeed, thus they cannot move an aircraft

from a standstill. Ramjets work most efficiently at supersonic speeds around Mach 3. This type of

engine can operate up to speeds of Mach 6. Ramjets can be particularly useful in applications requiring a small and simple

mechanism for high-speed use, such as missiles or artillery shells. They have also been used successfully, though not efficiently, as tip jets on the end

of helicopter rotors. Ramjets employ a continuous combustion process.

ROCKET— Thermal jets include solid propellant, liquid propellant, and combined propellant systems. Liquid Propellant - Liquid fuel is used in space vehicles and satellites and that this fuel is put into the tanks of the space vehicles immediately before launching. A missile cannot wait to be fueled when it is needed for defense or offense-it must be ready. That is one of the reasons why solid propellants have replaced liquid propellants in most of our missiles.

Fig.-RAMJET

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Solid Propellant Engines- The combustion chamber of a solid propellant rocket contains the charge of solid propellant. Solid propellant charges are of two basic types: restricted burning and unrestricted burning.

HYBRID PROPULSION –A hybrid engine combines the use of liquid and solid propellants. The liquid is the oxidizer and the solid is the propellant. Ignition is usually hypergolic, that is, spontaneous ignition takes place upon contact of the oxidizer with the propellant. The combustion chamber is within the solid grain, as in a solid-fuel rocket; the liquid portion is in a tank with pumping equipment as in a liquid-fuel rocket. Combustion takes place on the inside surface of the solid fuel, after the liquid fuel is injected, and the combustion products are exhausted through the nozzle to produce the thrust as in other rockets.

Liquid Propellant + Solid Propellant Engines = HYBRID PROPULSION

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6. PRINCIPLE OF WORKING

TRACKING: To target the missile by knowing the location of the target, and using a guidance system such as inertial navigation system (INS), TERCOM or GPS. This job can also be performed somewhat crudely by a human operator who can see the target and the missile, and guides it using either cable or radio based remote-control, or by an automatic system that can simultaneously track the target and the missile.

GUIDANCE: – It involves guiding the missile to the target.

FLIGHT:-

The working of a missile is based on the Newton’s Third Law i.e. Action and reaction are equal and opposite the propulsion of a missile is achieved with the help of a rocket engine. It produces thrust by ejecting very hot gaseous matter, called propellant. The hot gases are produced in the combustion chamber of the rocket engine by chemical reactions. The propellant is exhausted through a nozzle at a high speed. This exhaust causes the rocket to move in the opposite direction (Newton's third law). Flight system contains Vectored Thrust (For missiles that are powered throughout the guidance phase of their flight) and

Aerodynamic Maneuvering (wings, fins, canards, etc.)

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Guided missiles launched from surface ships have their flight paths within the earth's atmosphere, so it is important that you understand some basic aerodynamic principles. Aerodynamics may be defined as the science that deals with the motion of air and other gases, and with the forces acting on bodies moving through these gases

Aerodynamic Maneuvering

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ADVANTAGES OF GUIDED MISSILES

Missile combat employment is completely autonomous (“fire and forget”)

Missile flexible flight trajectories

High supersonic speed at a whole trajectory

High effectiveness in case of strong electronic and fire counter measures

High level of mobility

Minimal crew

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DISADVANTAGES OF GUIDED MISSILES

Missiles can be destroyed in flight (either with Defender missiles or with a well-timed smart bomb detonation)

Missiles have to rely on the ground-based radar for guidance.

Nuclear missiles make plants, soil and rain radioactive.

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9. REFRENCES

1. www.google.com

2. www.brahmos.com

3. http://en.wikipedia.org

4. www.mikalac.com/mis/missile.html

5. GUIDED MISSILES , by - T V Karthikeyan & A K Kapoor , Scientists Defense Research &- Development Laboratory, Hyderabad , Defense Scientific Information & Documentation Centre (DESIDOC) , Ministry of Defense, DRDO.