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304
Growth and
Expansion1790ndash1825
1793bull Eli Whitney
invents cotton gin1790bull First US Census
1807bull Robert Fulton designs
first practical steamboat
1792bull Russia invades Poland
1804bull Haiti claims independence
from France
Washington1789ndash1797
CHAPTER 10 Growth and Expansion
1790 1800 1810
Adams1797ndash1801
Jefferson1801ndash1809
Madison1809ndash1817
Why It MattersDuring the early 1800s manufacturing took on a stronger role in the American
economy During the same period people moved westward across the conti-nent in larger and larger numbers In 1823 the United States proclaimed its
dominant role in the Americas with the Monroe Doctrine
The Impact Today These developments were important factors in shaping the nation Today the
United States is one of the leading economic and military powers in the world
The American Journey Video The chapter 10 video ldquoThe One-Room Schoolhouserdquo depicts a typical school day in the nineteenth century
AJ-304
null
45400917
Monroe1817ndash1825
305
1819bull Florida ceded
to US
1825bull Erie Canal completed
1815bull Battle of Waterloo
crushes Napoleon 1819bull Boliacutevar defeats Spanish forces at Boyacaacute
HISTORY
Chapter OverviewVisit tajglencoecom andclick on Chapter 10mdashChapter Overviews to pre-view chapter information
Valley of the Yosemite by Albert Bierstadt Bierstadtrsquos panoramicscenes of the American West capture the vastness of the landscape
CHAPTER 10 Growth and Expansion
1820 1830
1821bull Peru claims independence
from Spain
1820bull Missouri
Compromisepassed
1823bull Monroe Doctrine
issued
JQ Adams1825ndash1829
Expansion Growth
West East
Expansion Growth
West East
Step 1 Fold one sheet of paper in half from topto bottom
Step 2 Fold it in half again from side to side
Step 3 Unfold the paper once Sketch an outlineof the United States across both tabs and labelthem as shown
Step 4 Cut up the fold of the top flap only
This cut willmake two tabs
Cause-and-Effect Study Foldable Make thisfoldable to help you analyze the causes and effectsof growth in the East and expansion into the Westof the United States
Reading and Writing As you read the chapterlist causes and effects of eastern growth andwestern expansion under the appropriate tabsof your foldable
306
1793Eli Whitney inventsthe cotton gin
1807Congress passesEmbargo Act
1814Francis Lowell opens textileplant in Massachusetts
1816Second NationalBank is chartered
CHAPTER 10 Growth and Expansion
Both men and women in the early 1800s valued hard work An English journalistdescribed the farmers of Long Island in 1818 ldquoEvery man can use an axe a saw and a hammer Scarcely one who cannot do any job at rough carpentering and mend aplough and wagon rdquo Another European noted the daily activities of Americanwomen in 1823 ldquoThey take care of everything pertaining to the domestic economy for example making candles boiling soap preparing starch canning berries fruit andcucumbers baking and spinning sewing and milking the cowsrdquo
The Growth of IndustryDuring the colonial era workers were in short supply Americans learned to
develop tools that made work easier and more efficient American methods andinventions won the admiration of Europeans One observer exclaimed
ldquoThe axe here [in America] is a combination axe wedge and sledgehammerwhat an accomplished woodchopper can do with this instrument There are someamong them who can chop and split five and one-half loads of wood a day includingstacking themrdquo
Main IdeaThe rise of industry and trade led tothe growth of cities
Key TermsIndustrial Revolution capitalism capital free enterprise technologycotton gin patent factory systeminterchangeable parts
Reading StrategyOrganizing Information As you read the section re-create the dia-gram below and describe in the ovalschanges brought about by the Industrial Revolution
Read to Learnbull how the Industrial Revolution
began in the United Statesbull how the United States changed as
it became more economically independent
Section ThemeEconomic Factors The Industrial Rev-olution changed the way goods weremade
Economic Growth
Industrial Revolution
Preview of Events
Guide to Reading
1790 1800 1810 1820
American blacksmithearly 1800s woodcut
AJ-306
null
7256836
People working in their homes or in work-shops made cloth and most other goods Usinghand tools they produced furniture farmequipment household items and clothing
In the mid-1700s however the way goodswere made began to change These changesappeared first in Great Britain British inventorscreated machinery to perform some of the workinvolved in cloth making such as spinning Themachines ran on waterpower so British clothmakers built mills along rivers and installed themachines in these mills People left their homesand farms to work in the mills and earn wagesThe changes this system brought about were sogreat that this historic development is known asthe Industrial Revolution
The Industrial Revolution in New EnglandThe Industrial Revolution began to take root
in the United States around 1800 appearing firstin New EnglandmdashMassachusetts Rhode IslandConnecticut Vermont and New HampshireNew Englandrsquos soil was poor and farming wasdifficult As a result people were willing to leavetheir farms to find work elsewhere Also NewEngland had many rushing rivers and streamsThese provided the waterpower necessary to runthe machinery in the new factories
New Englandrsquos geographic location alsoproved to be an advantage It was close to otherresources including coal and iron from nearbyPennsylvania New England also had manyports Through these ports passed the cotton
TextileMillThe Lowell factory systemwas designed to bringwork and workerstogether A typical Lowelltextile mill in 1830 housed4500 spindles 120 powerlooms and more than 200employees under one roofWhat type of energypowered the mills
The first steps in textile productionclean the raw cotton and turn loose cotton into crude yarn
At the weaving stage power loomsinterlace the threads into coarse cloth or fabric
1
2
3
Fabric is measured and batched for dyeing Vegetable dyes were the earliest known dyes
4
Gears
The spinning process transforms the yarn into thread
307
weaving looms
3
spinning2
clean1
dyeingdyeing4
AJ-307
null
9801031
shipped from Southern states to New Englandfactories as well as the finished cloth boundfor markets throughout the nation
Also necessary to strong industrial growthis an economic system that allows competitionto flourish with a minimum of governmentinterference The economic system of theUnited States is called capitalism Under capi-talism individuals put their capital or moneyinto a business in hopes of making a profit
Free enterprise is another term used todescribe the American economy In a systemof free enterprise people are free to buy selland produce whatever they want They canalso work wherever they wish The major ele-ments of free enterprise are competitionprofit private property and economic free-dom Business owners have the freedom toproduce the products that they think will bethe most profitable Buyers also compete tofind the best products at the lowest prices
New TechnologyWorkers waterpower location and capital
all played roles in New Englandrsquos IndustrialRevolution Yet without the invention of newmachines and technologymdashscientific discov-eries that simplify workmdashthe Industrial Rev-olution could not have taken place
Inventions such as the spinning jenny andthe water frame which spun thread and thepower loom which wove the thread into clothmade it possible to perform many steps in mak-ing cloth by machine saving time and moneyBecause these new machines ran on water-power most mills were built near rivers In1785 for the first time a steam engine providedpower for a cotton mill
In 1793 Eli Whitney of Massachusettsinvented the cotton gin a simple machine thatquickly and efficiently removed the seeds fromthe cotton fiber The cotton gin enabled oneworker to clean cotton as fast as 50 people work-ing by hand
In 1790 Congress passed a patent law to pro-tect the rights of those who developed ldquousefuland important inventionsrdquo A patent gives aninventor the sole legal right to the invention and
308 CHAPTER 10 Growth and Expansion
Cloth for manufactured goods such asshirts and sheets is produced at textile
mills (cloth factories)The mills in LowellMassachusetts drewabout 80 percent oftheir workers fromyoung women many in theirteens known asthe ldquoLowell girlsrdquo
The Lowell Girls
its profits for a certain period of time One of thefirst patents went to Jacob Perkins for a machineto make nails
Analyzing Why were the first millsin Great Britain built near rivers
New England FactoriesThe British tried to keep their new industrial
technology a secret They even passed laws pro-hibiting their machinery as well as their skilledmechanics from leaving the country However afew enterprising workers managed to slip awayto the United States
In Britain Samuel Slater had worked in a fac-tory that used machines invented by RichardArkwright for spinning cotton threads Slater
AJ-308
null
1755966
309CHAPTER 10 Growth and Expansion
MagazineThe Lowell Offering wasa magazine written forand about the mill girls
On the JobLucy Larcom started working in the mills whenshe was 11 years old She later recalled her lifeat Waltham
ldquoWe did not call ourselves ladies We did not forget that we were working girls wearingaprons suitable to our work and that therewas some danger of our becoming drudgesrdquo
Working ConditionsThe young women who worked in Low-ellrsquos mills endured difficult working con-ditions They put in long hoursmdashfromsunrise to sunsetmdashfor low wages Thevolume of the factory machinery wasearsplitting and the work was monoto-nous The women usually performedone task over and over again
memorized the design of Arkwrightrsquos machinesand slipped out of Britain in 1789 Once in theUnited States Slater took over the managementof a cotton mill in Pawtucket Rhode IslandThere he duplicated Arkwrightrsquos machinesUsing these machines the mill made cottonthread Women working in their homes wovethe thread into cloth Slaterrsquos mill marked an important step in the Industrial Revolution in America
In 1814 Francis Cabot Lowell opened a textileplant in Waltham Massachusetts The plan heimplemented went several steps beyond Slaterrsquosmill For the first time all the stages of clothmaking were performed under one roof Low-ellrsquos mill launched the factory system a systembringing manufacturing steps together in oneplace to increase efficiency The factory system
was a significant development in the way goodswere mademdashand another important part of theIndustrial Revolution
Interchangeable PartsThe inventor Eli Whitney started the use of
interchangeable parts These were identicalmachine parts that could be quickly puttogether to make a complete product Becauseall the parts were alike they could be manu-factured with less-skilled labor and they mademachine repair easier Interchangeable partsopened the way for producing many differentkinds of goods on a mass scale and for reducingthe price of the goods
Describing How did the factory system work
AJ-309
null
9278609
90degW
70degW
30degN
ATLaNTIC
OCEaN
Boston
New York CityPhiladelphia
Baltimore
New Orleans
ME
NHVT
MASSNY
PA
VA
NC
SC
GAALA
TENN
KY
OHIOINDILL
MO
LA
MISS
MD
NJ
DEL
CONNRI
UN
OR
G
TERR
UNORGANIZEDTERR
M I C H I G A NT E R R
ARKANSASTERR
N
S
EW
Albers Conic Equal-Areaprojection
400 kilometers
400 miles0
0
Less than 100000100000 ndash 500000500000 ndash 1 millionMore than 1 millionCities with 25000 or moreTerritories with unknown population
Po p u l a t i o n b y S t a t ei n 1 8 2 0
Population of the United States 1820
Agriculture ExpandsAlthough many New Englanders went to
work in factories most Americans still lived andworked on farms In the 1820s more than 65 per-cent of Americans were farmers
In the Northeast farms tended to be smalland the produce was usually marketed locallyIn the South cotton production increased dra-matically The demand for cotton had grownsteadily with the development of the textileindustries of New England and Europe South-ern plantation owners used enslaved workersto plant tend and pick the cotton The cottonginmdashwhich made it possible to clean the cottonfaster and less expensively than by handmdashencouraged the planters to raise larger cropsBetween 1790 and 1820 cotton productionsoared from 3000 to more than 300000 bales a year
310 CHAPTER 10 Growth and Expansion
Rural928
Urban72
Urban and Rural Population 1820
Popu
latio
n (in
mill
ions
)
1800 1810 1820 1830 1840
10
0
20
Year
Population Growth 1800ndash1840
5372
96
129
171
Source Historical Statistics of the United States
The tremendous growth in population helped to spur the growthof industry1 Analyzing Information What states had passed one
million in population by 18202 Comparing Which state had the larger populationmdash
Missouri or Alabama
In the West agriculture also expanded South-ern farmers seeking new land moved west toplant cotton Western farmers north of the OhioRiver concentrated on raising pork and cashcrops such as corn and wheat
Describing How was the Northeastdifferent from the South in what it produced
Economic IndependenceMost new industries were financed by
small investorsmdashmerchants shopkeepers andfarmers These people invested some of their
AJ-310
null
8730066
CHAPTER 10 Growth and Expansion 311
Expository Writing Using themap and graphs on page 310create a quiz for your classmatesTrade quizzes with a classmate andanswer those questions
money in the hope of earning profits if the newbusinesses succeeded Low taxes few govern-ment regulations and competition encouragedpeople to invest in new industries
Large businesses called corporations began todevelop rapidly in the 1830s when some legalobstacles to their formation were removed Therise of these new corporations made it easier tosell stockmdashshares of ownership in a companymdashto finance improvement and development
The charter of the First Bank of the UnitedStates had expired in 1811 In 1816 Congresschartered the Second Bank of the UnitedStates also chartered for 20 years The Bankhad the power to make large loans to busi-nesses State banks and frontier people criti-cized the Bank on the grounds that it was amonopoly used by the rich and powerful fortheir own gain Those who believed in strictinterpretation of the Constitution also criti-cized it because they believed Congress did nothave the power to charter such a bank
Cities Come of AgeThe growth of factories and trade spurred the
growth of towns and cities The new industrialtowns grew quickest Many developed alongrivers and streams to take advantage of thewaterpower Older cities like New York Bostonand Baltimore also grew as centers of commerce
and trade In the West towns like PittsburghCincinnati and Louisville profited from theirlocations on major rivers As farmers in the Westshipped more and more of their products bywater these towns grew rapidly
Cities and towns looked quite different frommodern urban areas Buildings were made ofwood or brick Streets and sidewalks wereunpaved and barnyard animals often roamedfreely There were no sewers to carry waste anddirty water away so the danger of diseases suchas cholera and yellow fever was very real In1793 for example a yellow fever epidemic inPhiladelphia killed thousands of people
Fire posed another threat to cities Sparksfrom a fireplace or chimney could easily ignite awooden building and spread to others Fewtowns or cities had organized fire companiesand fires could be disastrous
Cities and towns of the period also hadadvantages however Some people left farmingbecause cities and towns offered a variety of jobsand steady wages As cities grew they addedlibraries museums and shops that wereunavailable in the countryside For many thejobs and attractions of city life outweighed anyof the dangers
Analyzing Why did cities such asPittsburgh and Louisville grow
Checking for Understanding1 Key Terms Use each of these terms
in a sentence that will help explainits meaning Industrial Revolutioncapital technology cotton ginpatent factory system inter-changeable parts
2 Reviewing Facts Describe the rea-sons New England was ideal for thedevelopment of factories
Reviewing Themes3 Economic Factors How did the cot-
ton gin affect cotton production
Critical Thinking4 Categorizing Information Re-create
the diagram below and describe themajor elements of the free enterprisesystem
5 Determining Cause and Effect Wasnew technology necessary for theIndustrial Revolution Explain
Analyzing Visuals6 Geography Skills Study the map and
the graphs on page 310 What do thecities shown on the map have in com-mon Which state had the larger popu-lation in 1820mdashGeorgia or Ohio
Free enterprise system
CHAPTER 10 Growth and Expansion 311
Expository Writing Using themap and graphs on page 310create a quiz for your classmatesTrade quizzes with a classmate andanswer those questions
money in the hope of earning profits if the newbusinesses succeeded Low taxes few govern-ment regulations and competition encouragedpeople to invest in new industries
Large businesses called corporations began todevelop rapidly in the 1830s when some legalobstacles to their formation were removed Therise of these new corporations made it easier tosell stockmdashshares of ownership in a companymdashto finance improvement and development
The charter of the First Bank of the UnitedStates had expired in 1811 In 1816 Congresschartered the Second Bank of the UnitedStates also chartered for 20 years The Bankhad the power to make large loans to busi-nesses State banks and frontier people criti-cized the Bank on the grounds that it was amonopoly used by the rich and powerful fortheir own gain Those who believed in strictinterpretation of the Constitution also criti-cized it because they believed Congress did nothave the power to charter such a bank
Cities Come of AgeThe growth of factories and trade spurred the
growth of towns and cities The new industrialtowns grew quickest Many developed alongrivers and streams to take advantage of thewaterpower Older cities like New York Bostonand Baltimore also grew as centers of commerce
and trade In the West towns like PittsburghCincinnati and Louisville profited from theirlocations on major rivers As farmers in the Westshipped more and more of their products bywater these towns grew rapidly
Cities and towns looked quite different frommodern urban areas Buildings were made ofwood or brick Streets and sidewalks wereunpaved and barnyard animals often roamedfreely There were no sewers to carry waste anddirty water away so the danger of diseases suchas cholera and yellow fever was very real In1793 for example a yellow fever epidemic inPhiladelphia killed thousands of people
Fire posed another threat to cities Sparksfrom a fireplace or chimney could easily ignite awooden building and spread to others Fewtowns or cities had organized fire companiesand fires could be disastrous
Cities and towns of the period also hadadvantages however Some people left farmingbecause cities and towns offered a variety of jobsand steady wages As cities grew they addedlibraries museums and shops that wereunavailable in the countryside For many thejobs and attractions of city life outweighed anyof the dangers
Analyzing Why did cities such asPittsburgh and Louisville grow
Checking for Understanding1 Key Terms Use each of these terms
in a sentence that will help explainits meaning Industrial Revolutioncapital technology cotton ginpatent factory system inter-changeable parts
2 Reviewing Facts Describe the rea-sons New England was ideal for thedevelopment of factories
Reviewing Themes3 Economic Factors How did the cot-
ton gin affect cotton production
Critical Thinking4 Categorizing Information Re-create
the diagram below and describe themajor elements of the free enterprisesystem
5 Determining Cause and Effect Wasnew technology necessary for theIndustrial Revolution Explain
Analyzing Visuals6 Geography Skills Study the map and
the graphs on page 310 What do thecities shown on the map have in com-mon Which state had the larger popu-lation in 1820mdashGeorgia or Ohio
Free enterprise system
AJ-311
null
15997386
N O T E B O O K
V E R B A T I MV E R B A T I M
1790S WORD PLAY
Ahoy There
WHAT PEOPLE ARE SAYING
ldquoWe are onerdquoldquoMind your businessrdquoFIRST OFFICIAL US COIN
sayings are on the front and back of the coin minted in 1787
ldquoI die hard
but I am not
afraid to gordquoGEORGE WASHINGTONon his deathbed in 1799
ldquoMy mother and myself begged
Mr Carter not to sell this child
out of Fredg [plantation] he gave
us his word and honor that he
would not but as soon as we left
him he sold the childrdquoJAMES CARTERAfrican American slave of
Landon Carter writing around 1790 about his sister
whom he never saw again
ldquoMay the Lord bless King
George convert him and take
him to heaven as we want no
more of himrdquoREVEREND JOHN GRUBERto his Baltimore congregation
during the War of 1812
The USS Constitution the worldrsquos largest frigate or warship waslaunched in 1797 with a crew of 450 and 54 cannons Want to join thecrew First you must prove you can understand a sailorrsquos vocabulary Match each word or phrase in the first column with its original meaning
a Sailors who do wrong are disciplinedwith a cat-orsquo-nine-tails whip thatrsquos keptin a red sack
b Putting a ship in for repair
c Bartenders keep track of what sailors drink and owe by marking numbers under ldquopintsrdquo and ldquoquartsrdquo
d The course or direction boats take into the wind
e Good condition
BE
TTMA
NN
CO
RB
IS
HU
LTON
GE
TTY
1 Keel over
2 Try a new tack
3 Let the cat out of the bag
4 Mind your prsquos and qrsquos
5 Shipshape
answers1 b 2 d 3 a 4 c 5 e
TIME
INC
PIC
TUR
E C
OLLE
CTIO
N
What were peoplersquos lives like in the pastWhatmdashand whomdashwere people talking about What did they eat
What did they do for fun These two pages will give you some clues to
everyday life in the US as you step back in time with TIME Notebook
ProfileSAGOYEWATHA is the great Iroquois leader some call Red Jacket Why Because he fought with the British in the Revolutionary War Sagoyewatha means ldquoHe Causes Them to Be Awakerdquo Below is part of a speech Sagoyewatha delivered in 1805 to a group of religious leaders from Boston
ldquoBROTHERS OUR (NATIVE AMERICAN) SEATS
were once large and yours (colonists) were small You have now become a great people and we have scarcely a place left to spread our blankets You have got our country but are not satisfied you want to force your religion upon us hellip
Brothers continue to listen You say there is but one way to worship and serve the Great Spirit If there is but one religion why do you white people differ so much about ithellip
Brothers we hellip also have a religion which was given to our forefathers and has been handed down to us their children helliprdquo Sagoyewatha
312
AJ-312
null
14100711
30 Number of treaties that took away Native Americanland or moved their borders The treaties were between the US and the CreeksChoctaws and Chickasawsbetween 1789 and 1825
$158 millionThe price the US spent to fight the War of 1812
First Elizabeth Setonfounds the Sisters of Charity aRoman Catholic order in 1809
First Mary Kies becomes the first woman to receive a USpatent in 1809 for a method ofweaving straw with silk
$382033 Amountpaid to Paul Revere for providingthe USS Constitution with copperparts and a shiprsquos bell in 1797
45 feet Length of thedinosaur dug up by Lewis andClark on their 1804 expedition
N E W H O R I Z O N S 1 7 9 0 ndash 1 8 2 0
N U M B E R S N U M B E R SNATIVE AMERICAN L IFE
Sports StoryGEORGE CATLIN is a white man with a strong interest in Native American life This lawyer has made a name for himself as an artistpainting portraits of Native American leaders families and everydayWestern life Here he paints with words telling us about a game (one the French call lacrosse) played by Choctaw men
ldquoEACH PARTY (TEAM) HAD THEIR GOAL MADE WITH TWO UPRIGHT POSTSabout 25 feet high and six feet apart set firm in the ground with a poleacross at the top These goals were about 40 to 50 rods (660ndash825 feet)apart At a point just halfway between was another small stake drivendown where the ball was to be thrown up at the firing of a gun to bestruggled for by the players hellip who were some 600 or 700 in numbersand were (trying) to catch the ball in their sticks and throw it home and between their respective stakes hellipFor each time that the ball was passed between the stakes of either party one was counted fortheir gamehellip until the successfulparty arrived to 100 which was the limit of the game andaccomplished at an hourrsquos sunrdquo
RIGHT George Catlin painted this pic-ture of a 15-year-old Native Americangirl Her name Ka-te-qua meansldquofemale eaglerdquo
BELOW Painting by George Catlin ofChoctaw athletes playing their versionof lacrosse
US AT THE T IME
NATIO
NA
L GA
LLER
Y O
F AR
T
NY
PU
BLIC
LIBR
AR
YTIM
E IN
C P
ICTU
RE
CO
LLEC
TION
313
AJ-313
null
14346286
314
1806Congress approves funds for national road
1807Fultonrsquos Clermontsteams to Albany
1820US populationstands at 96 million
1825Erie Canal is completed
CHAPTER 10 Growth and Expansion
During the 1800s settlers poured into the frontier west of the Appalachians The typ-ical frontier family moved from place to place as the line of settlement pushed everwestward Their home often consisted of a three-sided shack or a log cabin with a dirtfloor and no windows or door A pile of leaves in the loft of the cabin often served as a bed Loneliness poverty and an almost primitive lifestyle were daily companions tomany frontier people
Moving WestThe first censusmdashthe official count of a populationmdashof the United States in
1790 revealed a population of nearly four million Most of the Americanscounted lived east of the Appalachian Mountains and within a few hundredmiles of the Atlantic coast
Within a few decades this changed The number of settlers heading westincreased by leaps and bounds In 1811 a Pennsylvania resident reported see-ing 236 wagons filled with people and their possessions on the road to Pitts-burgh A man in Newburgh New York counted 60 wagons rolling by in asingle day In 1820 just 30 years after the first census the population of the
Main IdeaThe huge amount of territory addedto the United States during the early1800s gave the country a large storeof natural resources and providedland for more settlers
Key Termscensus turnpike canal lock
Reading StrategyTaking Notes As you read the sec-tion re-create the diagram below anddescribe why each was important tothe nationrsquos growth
Read to Learnbull how land and water transportation
improved in the early 1800sbull how settlements in the West
affected the nationrsquos economy andpolitics
Section ThemeScience and Technology Expansionof transportation systems helped set-tlement spread westward
Westward Bound
Pioneer homestead Smoky Mountains
Significance
National Road
John Fitch
Erie Canal
Preview of Events
Guide to Reading
1800 1810 1820 1830
AJ-314
null
9142779
United States had more than doubled to about10 million people with nearly 2 million livingwest of the Appalachians
Traveling west was not easy in the late 1790sand early 1800s The 363-mile trip from NewYork City to Buffalo could take as long as threeweeks A pioneer family heading west with awagonload of household goods faced hardshipand danger along the way
Roads and TurnpikesThe nation needed good inland roads for travel
and for the shipment of goods Private companiesbuilt many turnpikes or toll roads The fees trav-elers paid to use those roads helped to pay forconstruction Many of the roads had a base ofcrushed stone In areas where the land was oftenmuddy companies built ldquocorduroy roadsrdquo con-sisting of logs laid side by side like the ridges ofcorduroy cloth (See page 965 of the Primary Sources
Library for an account of a typical stagecoach journey)
When Ohio joined the Union in 1803 the newstate asked the federal government to build aroad to connect it with the East In 1806 Congressapproved funds for a National Road to the West
and five years later agreed on the route Becausework on the road stopped during the War of 1812the first section from Maryland to western Vir-ginia did not open until 1818 In later years theNational Road reached Ohio and continued on toVandalia Illinois Congress viewed the NationalRoad as a military necessity but it did not under-take other road-building projects
GeographyRiver Travel
River travel had definite advantages overwagon and horse travel It was far more com-fortable than travel over the bumpy roads andpioneers could load all their goods on riverbargesmdashif they were heading downstream in the direction of the current
River travel had two problems however Thefirst related to the geography of the easternUnited States Most major rivers in the regionflowed in a north-south direction not east towest where most people and goods were headedSecond traveling upstream by barge against thecurrent was extremely difficult and slow
Robert Fulton grew upin Lancaster Pennsylva-nia At an early age hecreated his own lead pen-cils and rockets Whileliving in Europe in thelate 1790s Fultondesigned and built a sub-marine called the Nautilusto be used in Francersquos war against Britain Sub-marine warfare becamecommon later
Fulton returned to theUnited States and devel-oped a steamboat enginethat was more powerfuland provided a smootherride than previousengines On August 171807 Fultonrsquos Clermontmade its first successfulrun By demonstratingthe usefulness of two-way river travel Fultonlaunched the steamboat
era Although his enginewas considered a greatsuccess trouble fol-lowed after Fultonreceived a monopolyand government moneyEventually the collapseof the monopoly led tolower prices growth of competition andintroduction of newtechnology to improvethe steamboat
CHAPTER 10 Growth and Expansion 315
AJ-315
null
13416235
Tying the Nation Together
The NationalRoad
For a large part of the early 1800s theNational Road was the nationrsquos busiest landroute to the west It stimulated trade Wag-ons hauled produce from frontier farms tothe East Coast often passing wagons filledwith staples such as sugar for the westernsettlements It also stimulated settlementFrom the day it opened the road wascrowded with people moving west theirpossessions packed into covered wagons
80degW 70degW
40degN
30degN
ATLaNTIC
OCEaN
NATC
H
EZ TRAC
E
CO
A STA
LP
OST
W ILDERNESS RD
MOHAWKTURNPIKE
BOST
ON
POST
CHICAGO
TURNPIKE
CumberlandGap
BaltimoreWheeling
Indianapolis
St Louis Vandalia
PA
MDVA
OH
IND
ILL
N
S
EW
Albers Conic Equal-Areaprojection
200 kilometers
200 miles0
0
National Road
Major Roads Before the Civil War
A Road Through the WildernessAn east-to-west national road was the first major step inthe creation of a national transportation system
1752Delaware chiefNemacolinmarks path for road
1760sMilitary roadconstructed fromCumberland toFort Duquesne
1784George Washingtontravels west to studybest routes
1802Albert Gallatin pro-poses National Roadfunds to come fromfederal land sales
1805Senate considersCumberland-to-Ohio route
316 CHAPTER 10 Growth and Expansion
Steam engines were already being used inthe 1780s and 1790s to power boats in quietwaters Inventor James Rumsey equipped asmall boat on the Potomac River with a steamengine John Fitch another inventor built asteamboat that navigated the Delaware RiverNeither boat however had enough power towithstand the strong currents and winds foundin large rivers or open bodies of water
In 1802 Robert Livingston a political andbusiness leader hired Robert Fulton to developa steamboat with a powerful engine Livingston
wanted the steamboat to carry cargo and pas-sengers up the Hudson River from New YorkCity to Albany
In 1807 Fulton had his steamboat the Clermont ready for a trial Powered by a newlydesigned engine the Clermont made the 150-mile trip from New York to Albany in theunheard-of time of 32 hours Using only sailsthe trip would have taken four days
About 140-feet long and 14-feet wide the Cler-mont offered great comforts to its passengersThey could sit or stroll about on deck and at
AJ-316
null
70530914
ARIZ
CALIFNEV UTAH
COLODELILL IND
OHIO
KANS
IOWA
MDMO
NEBRNJ
N MEX OKLA
PA
TEXAS
WYO
By 1926 the long-distance motoristcould use transcontinental highways
for car travelOfficialStatus
FromTo Lengthin mileskm
National Road 1806 7801255
Lincoln Highway 1913 33905456
Route 40 1926 30204860
Route 66 1926 24503943
first transcontinental road for automobiles
The National Road and Other Major Highways
Cumberland MdVandalia Ill
New York CitySan Francisco
Atlantic City NJSan Francisco
ChicagoSanta Monica Calif
ARIZ
CALIFNEV UTAH
COLODELILL IND
OHIO
KANS
IOWA
MDMO
NEBRNJ
N MEX OKLA
PA
TEXAS
WYO
Route 40
Lincoln Highway
Route 66
American Highways
1811Construction beginsat Cumberland
1818Cumberland-to-Wheeling sectioncompleted
1825Construction inOhio begins
1833Route toColumbus Ohiocompleted
1850National Roadstops at Vandalia
317CHAPTER 10 Growth and Expansion
night they could relax in the sleeping compart-ments below deck The engine was noisy but itspower provided a fairly smooth ride
Steamboats ushered in a new age in rivertravel They greatly improved the transport ofgoods and passengers along major inlandrivers Shipping goods became cheaper andfaster Steamboats also contributed to thegrowth of river cities like Cincinnati and St Louis
Comparing What advantages didsteamboat travel have over wagon and horse travel
CanalsAlthough steamboats represented a great
improvement in transportation their routesdepended on the existing river system Steam-boats could not effectively tie the eastern andwestern parts of the country together
In New York business and government offi-cials led by De Witt Clinton came up with a planto link New York City with the Great Lakes
AJ-317
null
5835795
IL
IN
OH
PA
NY
MD
VA
ChamplainCanal
Erie Canal
PennsylvaniaCanal
Chesapeakeand Ohio Canal
James andKanawha Canal
Miamiand Erie
Canal
Ohio andErie Canal
Wabash andErie Canal
Illinois andMichigan
Canal
Hud
son
R
Ohi
o R
Wab
ash RL
ak
eM
ich
igan
Lake Superior
Lake Huron
Lake Erie
Lake Ontario
Illin
ois
R
LakeChamplain
Potomac R
Troy
Philadelphia
Washington DC
Pittsburgh
Cleveland
ToledoChicago
Cincinnati
La Salle
Evansville
Richmond
Buffalo
40degN
70degW
CANADA
300 kilometers0Albers Conic Equal-Area projection
300 miles0
N
S
EW
region They would build a canalmdashan artificialwaterwaymdashacross New York State connectingAlbany on the Hudson River with Buffalo onLake Erie
Building the Erie CanalThousands of laborers many of them Irish
immigrants worked on the construction of the363-mile Erie Canal Along the canal they builta series of locksmdashseparate compartmentswhere water levels were raised or loweredLocks provided a way to raise and lower boatsat places where canal levels changed
After more than two years of digging the ErieCanal opened on October 26 1825 Clinton boardeda barge in Buffalo and journeyed on the canal toAlbany From there he headed down the HudsonRiver to New York City As crowds cheered theofficials poured water from Lake Erie into theAtlantic The East and Midwest were joined
In its early years the canal did not allowsteamboats because their powerful engines could
318 CHAPTER 10 Growth and Expansion
In the early 1800s Americans shipped many goods alongcanals which helped to unite the country1 Location What two bodies of water did the Erie Canal
connect2 Analyzing Information About how many miles long
was the Erie Canal
damage the earthen embankments along thecanal Instead teams of mules or horses hauledthe boats and barges A two-horse team pulled a100-ton barge about 24 miles in one daymdashaston-ishingly fast compared to travel by wagon In the1840s the canal banks were reinforced to accom-modate steam tugboats pulling barges
The success of the Erie Canal led to an explo-sion in canal building By 1850 the United Stateshad more than 3600 miles of canals Canals low-ered the cost of shipping goods They broughtprosperity to the towns along their routes Per-haps most important they helped unite thegrowing country
Identifying What two cities did theErie Canal connect
Canal Mileage1850
NY and PA1757 miles
OH 792 milesIN 214 milesIL 100 milesOther states800 miles
Canals 1820ndash1860
AJ-318
null
11770561
Western SettlementAmericans moved westward in waves The
first wave began before the 1790s and led to theadmission of four new states between 1791 and1803mdashVermont Kentucky Tennessee and OhioA second wave of westward growth beganbetween 1816 and 1821 Five new western stateswere createdmdashIndiana Illinois MississippiAlabama and Missouri
The new states reflected the dramatic growthof the region west of the Appalachians Ohio forexample had only 45000 settlers in 1800 By1820 it had 581000
Pioneer families tended to settle in communi-ties along the great rivers such as the Ohio andthe Mississippi so that they could ship their cropsto market The expansion of canals which criss-crossed the land in the 1820s and 1830s allowedpeople to live farther away from the rivers
People also tended to settle with others fromtheir home communities Indiana for examplewas settled mainly by people from Kentuckyand Tennessee while Michiganrsquos pioneers camemostly from New England
Western families often gathered together forsocial events Men took part in sports such aswrestling Women met for quilting and sewingparties Both men and women participated incornhuskingsmdashgatherings where farm families
Checking for Understanding1 Key Terms Use the following terms
to write a short newspaper articleabout the opening of the Erie Canalturnpike canal lock
2 Reviewing Facts Describe theimprovements for transportation in the westward expansion duringthe early 1800s
Reviewing Themes3 Science and Technology How did
steam-powered boats improve rivertravel
Critical Thinking4 Drawing Conclusions How did bet-
ter transportation affect westwardexpansion
5 Comparing What forms of commu-nication and transportation linkedEast to West in the early 1800s Whatlinks exist today Re-create the dia-gram below and compare the links
Analyzing Visuals6 Geography Skills Study the infor-
mation on the National Road onpages 316 and 317 When did con-struction of the National Road beginTo what city did it extend How longwas the National Road
CHAPTER 10 Growth and Expansion 319
Geography Create a chart thatlists the major means of trans-portation that helped the UnitedStates grow Include the advan-tages and disadvantages of eachtype of transportation
Paul Bunyan and John Henry Legends have grownaround mythical figures like Paul Bunyan Imaginarystories were passed along about how this giant lumber-jack dug the Mississippi River and performed otherincredible feats Yet some of the famous characters inAmerican folklore were real people There was a JohnHenry who worked on the railroads He was an AfricanAmerican renowned for his strength and skill in drivingthe steel drills into solid rock He is best rememberedfor something that probably never happened Accord-ing to legend John Henry defeated a steel-drivingmachine but the effort killed him
Legendary Heroes
shared the work of stripping the husks fromears of corn
Life in the West did not include the conven-iences of Eastern town life but the pioneers hadnot come west to be pampered They wanted tomake a new life for themselves and their fami-lies Americarsquos population continued to spreadwestward in the years ahead
Identifying What states wereformed between 1791 and 1803
Links
Early 1800s Today
AJ-319
null
11190672
320 CHAPTER 10 Growth and Expansion
Reading a Diagram
Social StudiesSocial Studies
Why Learn This SkillSuppose you buy a new bicycle and discover that
you must assemble the parts before you can ride it A diagram or a drawing that shows how the parts fittogether would make this job much easier
Learning the SkillTo read a diagram follow these stepsbull Read the title to find out what the diagram showsbull Read all labels carefully to clearly determine
their meaningsbull Read the legend and identify symbols and colors
used in the diagrambull Look for numbers indicating a sequence of steps
or arrows showing movement
Practicing the SkillAnalyze the diagram of the Clermont then answerthe following questions
1 What type of energy was used to power this ship
2 What was the purpose of the paddle wheels
The Clermont was about140 feet (43 m) long and14 feet (43 m) wide
The Clermont SteamboatOn August 17 1807 the Clermont steamed up the Hudson River fromNew York City on its way to Albany New York The trip took only 32hoursmdasha commercial success
Water is heated intosteam inside the boiler
The steam is releasedfrom the boiler aspressurized energywhich powered thepistons that movedthe paddle wheels
Two side paddlewheels pushed thesteamboat upriver
Applying the SkillMaking a Diagram Draw a diagram showingeither how to make macaroni and cheese or howto tie a pair of shoes Label your diagram
Glencoersquos Skillbuilder InteractiveWorkbook CD-ROM Level 1 providesinstruction and practice in key social studies skills
AJ-320
null
8144953
321
1816James Monroe elected president
1820Missouri Compromisepassed
1823Monroe Doctrine issued
Main IdeaAs the nation grew differences ineconomic activities and needsincreased sectionalism
Key Termssectionalism internal improve-ments American System disarma-ment demilitarize court-martial
Reading StrategyOrganizing Information As you readthe section re-create the diagrambelow and list four issues that createdsectional conflict
Read To Learnbull why sectional differences grew in
the 1820sbull what effect the Monroe Doctrine
had on foreign policy
Section ThemeIndividual Action Senators CalhounWebster and Clay represented differ-ent regions and different interests
Unity and Sectionalism
CHAPTER 10 Growth and Expansion
Following the War of 1812 Americans felt buoyed by a new sense of pride and faithin the United States In his Inaugural Address on March 4 1817 President James Monroe expressed this feeling of proud nationalism ldquoIf we look to the history of othernations ancient or modern we find no example of a growth so rapid so gigantic of apeople so prosperous and happyrdquo
The Era of Good FeelingsThe absence of major political divisions after the War of 1812 helped forge a
sense of national unity In the 1816 presidential election James Monroe theRepublican candidate faced almost no opposition The Federalists weakenedby doubts of their loyalty during the War of 1812 barely existed as a nationalparty Monroe won the election by an overwhelming margin
Although the Federalist Party had almost disappeared many of its programsgained support Republican president James Madison Monroersquos predecessor hadcalled for tariffs to protect industries for a national bank and for other programs
Sectional conflict
Preview of Events
Guide to Reading
1815 1820 1825
James Monroepocket watch
AJ-321
null
8442734
Political differences seemed to fade awaycausing a Boston newspaper to call these yearsthe Era of Good Feelings The president himselfsymbolized these good feelings
Monroe had been involved in national politicssince the American Revolution He worebreeches and powdered wigsmdasha style no longerin fashion With his sense of dignity Monroe rep-resented a united America free of political strife
Early in his presidency Monroe toured thenation No president since George Washingtonhad done this He paid his own expenses andtried to travel without an official escort Every-where Monroe went local officials greeted himand celebrated his visit
Monroe arrived in Boston the former Feder-alist stronghold in the summer of 1817 About40000 well-wishers cheered him and JohnAdams the second president invited Monroe tohis home Abigail Adams commended the newpresidentrsquos ldquounassuming mannerrdquo
Monroe did not think the demonstrationswere meant for him personally He wrote Madi-son that they revealed a ldquodesire in the body of thepeople to show their attachment to the unionrdquo
Two years later Monroe continued his tourtraveling as far south as Savannah and as farwest as Detroit In 1820 President Monroe wonreelection winning all but one electoral vote
Describing Why was this periodcalled the Era of Good Feelings
Sectionalism GrowsThe Era of Good Feelings did not last long
Regional differences soon came to the surfaceending the period of national harmony
Most Americans felt a strong allegiance to theregion where they lived They thought of them-selves as Westerners or Southerners or North-erners This sectionalism or loyalty to theirregion became more intense as differences aroseover national policies
The conflict over slavery for example hadalways simmered beneath the surface Most whiteSoutherners believed in the necessity and value ofslavery Northerners increasingly opposed it To
protect slavery Southerners stressed the impor-tance of statesrsquo rights Statesrsquo rights are providedin the Constitution Southerners believed theyhad to defend these rights against the federal gov-ernment infringing on them
The different regions also disagreed on theneed for tariffs a national bank and internalimprovements Internal improvements werefederal state and privately funded projectssuch as canals and roads to develop the nationrsquostransportation system Three powerful voicesemerged in Congress in the early 1800s asspokespersons for their regions John C Cal-houn Daniel Webster and Henry Clay
John C Calhoun John C Calhoun a planter from South Car-
olina was one of the War Hawks who had calledfor war with Great Britain in 1812 Calhounremained a nationalist for some time after thewar He favored support for internal improve-ments and developing industries and he backeda national bank At the time he believed theseprograms would benefit the South
In the 1820s however Calhounrsquos viewsstarted to change and he emerged as one of thechief supporters of state sovereignty the ideathat states have autonomous power Calhoun
322 CHAPTER 10 Growth and Expansion
Flag of 1818 By 1818 the number of states had reached 20 In AprilPresident Monroe signed a bill thatset the basic design of the flagEach newly admitted state addeda star to the field of blue The addi-tion of a new star took place on the Fourth of July following the statersquos year of entry
The Great Star Flag Congress did not state how the stars should bearranged so flagmakers used vari-ous designs The Great Star Flagplaced the stars in the form of afive-pointed star
Americarsquos Flags
AJ-322
null
20182611
36deg30N
Missouri1821
MEXICO
OregonCountry
Maine1820
MissouriCompromise Line
(36deg30 N)
N
S
EW
500 kilometers
500 miles0
0
Azimuthal Equidistant projection
323CHAPTER 10 Growth and Expansion
Webster gained fame as one of the greatestorators of his day As a United States senator hespoke eloquently in defense of the nation as awhole against sectional interests In one memo-rable speech Webster declared ldquoLiberty andUnion now and forever one and inseparablerdquo
Henry Clay Another leading War Hawk Henry Clay of
Kentucky became Speaker of the House of Representatives in 1811 and a leader who repre-sented the interests of the Western states Healso served as a member of the delegation thatnegotiated the Treaty of Ghent ending the Warof 1812 Above all Henry Clay became knownas the national leader who tried to resolve sec-tional disputes through compromise
The Missouri CompromiseSectional tension reached new heights in
1820 over the issue of admitting new states tothe Union The problem revolved around slav-ery The South wanted Missouri part of theLouisiana Purchase admitted as a slave stateNortherners wanted Missouri to be free of
After 1820 all new states north of 36deg30rsquoN were to be admittedas free states1 Region Did Missouri enter the Union as a free state or a
slave state2 Analyzing Information Was Maine a slave state or a
free state in 1820
became a strong opponent of nationalist pro-grams such as high tariffs Calhoun and otherSoutherners argued that tariffs raised the pricesthat they had to pay for the manufacturedgoods they could not produce for themselvesThey also argued that high tariffs protectedinefficient manufacturers
Daniel WebsterFirst elected to Congress in 1812 to represent
his native New Hampshire Daniel Websterlater represented Massachusetts in both theHouse and the Senate Webster began his politi-cal career as a supporter of free trade and theshipping interests of New England In timeWebster came to favor the Tariff of 1816mdashwhichprotected American industries from foreigncompetitionmdashand other policies that he thoughtwould strengthen the nation and help the North
FreeSlave
FreeSlave
State
Territory
The Missouri Compromise 1820
AJ-323
null
11389193
In the mid-1800s a visit to the doctorrsquos office wasviewed with suspicion
Faced with ldquocuresrdquo that were oftenfatal people started using patent medicinesmdashthose they could buy in stores One popularremedy Snake Oil was a mixture of wintergreenand white gasoline
Today artificial hearts cameras that movethrough veins and other products have greatlyimproved Americansrsquo health
ldquoModernrdquo Medicine
slavery The issue became the subject of debatethroughout the country exposing bitterregional divisions that would plague nationalpolitics for decades
While Congress considered the Missouri ques-tion Mainemdashstill part of Massachusettsmdashalsoapplied for statehood The discussions aboutMissouri now broadened to include Maine
Some observers feared for the future of theUnion Eventually Henry Clay helped work out acompromise that preserved the balance betweenNorth and South The Missouri Compromisereached in March 1820 provided for the admis-sion of Missouri as a slave state and Maine as a
free state The agreement banned slavery in theremainder of the Louisiana Territory north of the36deg30N parallel
Identifying What issue did the Mis-souri Compromise address How did the Northern andSouthern attitudes towards slavery differ
The American SystemThough he was a spokesperson for the West
Henry Clay believed his policies would benefitall sections of the nation In an 1824 speech hecalled his program the ldquoAmerican SystemrdquoThe American System included a protectivetariff a program of internal improvementsespecially the building of roads and canals tostimulate trade and a national bank to controlinflation and to lend money to build develop-ing industries
Clay believed that the three parts of his plan would work together The tariff would pro-vide the government with money to build roadsand canals Healthy businesses could use theirprofits to buy more agricultural goods from theSouth then ship these goods northward alongthe nationrsquos efficient new transportation system
Not everyone saw Clayrsquos program in suchpositive terms Former president Jeffersonbelieved the American System favored thewealthy manufacturing classes in New EnglandMany people in the South agreed with JeffersonThey saw no benefits to the South from the tar-iff or internal improvements
In the end little of Clayrsquos American Systemwent into effect Congress eventually adoptedsome internal improvements though not on thescale Clay had hoped for Congress had createdthe Second National Bank in 1816 but itremained an object of controversy
McCulloch v MarylandThe Supreme Court also became involved in
sectional and statesrsquo rights issues at this timeThe state of Maryland imposed a tax on the Bal-timore branch of the Second Bank of the UnitedStatesmdasha federal institution The Bank refusedto pay the state tax and the case McCulloch vMaryland reached the Court in 1819
PresentGenetic engineer
CHAPTER 10 Growth and Expansion324
Past
AJ-324
null
16227286
325CHAPTER 10 Growth and Expansion
Speaking for the Court Chief Justice JohnMarshall ruled that Maryland had no right totax the Bank because it was a federal institu-tion He argued that the Constitution and thefederal government received their authoritydirectly from the people not by way of thestate governments Those who opposed theMcCulloch decision argued that it was a ldquolooseconstructionrdquo of the Constitution which saysthat the federal government can ldquocoinrdquomoneymdashgold silver and other coinsmdashbut theConstitution does not mention paper money Inaddition the Constitutional Convention hadvoted not to give the federal government theauthority to charter corporations includingbanks (See page 998 of the Appendix for a summary of
McCulloch v Maryland)
Gibbons v OgdenAnother Supreme Court case Gibbons v
Ogden established that states could not enactlegislation that would interfere with Congres-sional power over interstate commerce TheSupreme Courtrsquos rulings strengthened thenational government They also contributed tothe debate over sectional issues People who sup-ported statesrsquo rights believed that the decisionsincreased federal power at the expense of state
power Strong nationalists welcomed the rulingsrsquosupport for national power (See page 997 of the
Appendix for a summary of Gibbons v Ogden)
Examining Why was the Courtrsquosdecision in Gibbons v Ogden significant
Foreign AffairsThe War of 1812 heightened Americansrsquo pride
in their country Abigail Adams wife of JohnAdams wrote from England to her sister back inMassachusetts
ldquoDo you know that European birds have nothalf the melody of ours Nor is their fruit half sosweet nor their flowers half so fragrant northeir manners half so pure nor their people halfso virtuousrdquo
At the same time many Americans realizedthat the United States needed peace with Britainto grow and develop It had to put differencesaside and establish a new relationship with theldquoOld Worldrdquo
English cartoonist James Gillray shows European leaderscarving up the world (above) American cartoonist DavidClaypoole Johnston portrays Andrew Jackson as a ruthlessgeneral (right) What opinions are the cartoonistsexpressing
Analyzing Political Cartoons
AJ-325
null
11154103
Relations With BritainIn the years following the War of 1812 Presi-
dent Monroe and his secretary of state JohnQuincy Adams moved to resolve long-standingdisputes with Great Britain and Spain
In 1817 in the Rush-Bagot Treaty the UnitedStates and Britain agreed to set limits on thenumber of naval vessels each could have on theGreat Lakes The treaty provided for the disar-mamentmdashthe removal of weaponsmdashalong animportant part of the border between the UnitedStates and British Canada
The second agreement with Britain the Convention of 1818 set the boundary of theLouisiana Territory between the United Statesand Canada at the 49th parallel The conven-tion created a secure and demilitarized bor-dermdasha border without armed forces ThroughAdamsrsquos efforts Americans also gained theright to settle in the Oregon Country
Relations With SpainSpain owned East Florida and also claimed
West Florida The United States contended thatWest Florida was part of the Louisiana PurchaseIn 1810 and 1812 Americans simply added partsof West Florida to Louisiana and MississippiSpain objected but took no action
In April 1818 General Andrew Jacksoninvaded Spanish East Florida seizing control oftwo Spanish forts Jackson had been ordered tostop Seminole raids on American territory fromFlorida In capturing the Spanish forts howeverJackson went beyond his instructions
Luis de Oniacutes the Spanish minister to theUnited States protested forcefully anddemanded the punishment of Jackson and hisofficers Secretary of War Calhoun said that Jack-son should be court-martialedmdashtried by a mili-tary courtmdashfor overstepping instructionsSecretary of State John Quincy Adams disagreed
GeographyAdams-Oniacutes Treaty
Although Secretary of State Adams had notauthorized Jacksonrsquos raid he did nothing to stopit Adams guessed that the Spanish did not wantwar and that they might be ready to settle the
Florida dispute He was right For the Spanishthe raid had demonstrated the military strengthof the United States
Already troubled by rebellions in Mexico andSouth America Spain signed the Adams-OniacutesTreaty in 1819 Spain gave East Florida to theUnited States and abandoned all claims to WestFlorida In return the United States gave up itsclaims to Spanish Texas and took over responsi-bility for paying the $5 million that Americancitizens claimed Spain owed them for damages
The two countries also agreed on a borderbetween the United States and Spanish posses-sions in the West The border extended north-west from the Gulf of Mexico to the 42ndparallel and then west to the Pacific giving theUnited States a large piece of territory in thePacific Northwest America had become atranscontinental power
Identifying What areas did theUnited States obtain from Spain
Latin American RepublicsWhile the Spanish were settling territorial dis-
putes with the United States they faced a seriesof challenges within their empire In the early
326 CHAPTER 10 Growth and Expansion
Miguel Hidalgo
AJ-326
null
20872311
The Monroe DoctrineIn 1822 Spain had
asked France AustriaRussia and Prussiamdashthe Quadruple Alliancemdashfor help in its fightagainst revolutionaryforces in South Amer-ica The possibility ofincreased European involvement in North Amer-ica led President Monroe to take action
The president issued a statement later knownas the Monroe Doctrine on December 2 1823While the United States would not interfere withany existing European colonies in the AmericasMonroe declared it would oppose any newones North and South America ldquoare henceforthnot to be considered as subjects for future colo-nization by any European powersrdquo
In 1823 the United States did not have the mil-itary power to enforce the Monroe Doctrine TheMonroe Doctrine nevertheless became an impor-tant element in American foreign policy and hasremained so for more than 170 years (See page
988 of the Appendix for an excerpt from the Monroe Doctrine)
Evaluating How did the MonroeDoctrine affect foreign policy
1800s Spain controlled a vast colonial empirethat included what is now the southwesternUnited States Mexico and Central America andall of South America except Brazil
In the fall of 1810 a priest Miguel Hidalgo(eebull DAHLbull goh) led a rebellion against theSpanish government of Mexico Hidalgo calledfor racial equality and the redistribution of landThe Spanish defeated the revolutionary forcesand executed Hidalgo In 1821 Mexico gained itsindependence but independence did not bringsocial and economic change
Boliacutevar and San MartiacutenIndependence in South America came largely
as a result of the efforts of two men Simoacuten Boliacute-var also known as ldquothe Liberatorrdquo led themovement that won freedom for the present-day countries of Venezuela Colombia PanamaBolivia and Ecuador Joseacute de San Martiacuten suc-cessfully achieved independence for Chile andPeru By 1824 the revolutionariesrsquo military vic-tory was complete and most of South Americahad liberated itself from Spain Portugalrsquos largecolony of Brazil gained its independence peace-fully in 1822 Spainrsquos empire in the Americashad shrunk to Cuba Puerto Rico and a fewother islands in the Caribbean
Checking for Understanding1 Key Terms Write a short paragraph
in which you use the following keyterms sectionalism internalimprovements American Systemdisarmament demilitarize
2 Reviewing Facts Describe the dis-agreement between the North andSouth that resulted in the MissouriCompromise
Reviewing Themes3 Individual Action What action did
Daniel Webster take that shows heplaced his concerns for the nationabove his sectional interests
Critical Thinking4 Identifying Central Issues Explain
the debate involved in Gibbons vOgden and the final decision
5 Determining Cause and EffectDescribe the chain of events in LatinAmerica and Europe that led to theadoption of the Monroe DoctrineShow your answers in a diagram likethe one below
Analyzing Visuals6 Geography Skills Use the map on
page 323 to answer these questionsWhich parallel did the Missouri Com-promise line follow How many slavestates were there in 1820 Howmany free states
CHAPTER 10 Growth and Expansion 327
Art Design a flag to representeither the North South or Westduring the early 1800s Use photossymbols or mottoes that mighthave been popular with the peoplewho lived in these regions
event event eventMonroeDoctrine
HISTORY
Student Web ActivityVisit tajglencoecom andclick on Chapter 10mdashStudent Web Activitiesfor an activity on the democratic movements in the Americas
AJ-327
null
15328586
328
Growth and Expansion1790bull Samuel Slater builds first
cotton mill in America
1793bull Eli Whitney invents the
cotton gin
1801bull John Marshall is appointed
chief justice of the SupremeCourt
1807bull Robert Fulton builds the
Clermont
1811bull National Road is begun
1816bull James Monroe elected president
bull Second National Bank is chartered
1817bull Rush-Bagot Treaty is signed
1818bull Convention of 1818 agreement is
signed
1819bull Adams-Oniacutes Treaty is signed
bull Supreme Court rules on McCulloch vMaryland
1820bull Missouri Compromise is adopted
1823bull Monroe Doctrine is
announced
1825bull Erie Canal is opened
Reviewing Key TermsOn a sheet of paper create a crossword puzzle using thefollowing terms Use the termsrsquo definitions as your cross-word clues1 Industrial Revolution 4 disarmament2 factory system 5 demilitarize3 sectionalism 6 court-martial
Reviewing Key Facts7 What problems did cities face as a result of rapid
growth during the Industrial Revolution8 How did the landscape of New England affect
how and where people lived in the late 1700s and early 1800s
9 How did canals boost the economy of the Great Lakesregion
10 How did North and South differ on the issue of tariffs11 What had happened to the Federalist Party by the
time James Monroe became president12 What was the American System13 Explain the debate involved in McCulloch v Maryland
and the final decision in the case Why was the deci-sion significant
14 Describe the provisions of the Monroe Doctrine
Critical Thinking15 Analyzing Themes Economic Factors How did the
Industrial Revolution help to make the United Statesmore economically independent in the early 1800s
16 Analyzing Themes Global Connections Why didSecretary of State John Quincy Adams allow GeneralJacksonrsquos invasion into Spanish East Florida in 1818
17 Determining Cause and Effect How did the develop-ment of roads boost the growth of the United StatesUse a diagram like the one shown to organize youranswer
Roads
Geography and History ActivityIn 1819 Spain ceded Florida to the United States in theAdams-Oniacutes Treaty The Spanish had established colonies inFlorida beginning in the 1500s Study the map and answerthe questions that follow
18 Region When was the largest portion of Florida acquiredfrom Spain
19 Location What body of water blocked further expansionof Florida to the west
20 Movement In what direction did the United Statesacquire the various parts of Florida
Practicing SkillsReading a Diagram Study the diagram of the textile mill onpage 307 Use the diagram to answer these questions21 What is the first step in the production of textiles22 At what stage does the thread become cloth23 What process turns the yarn into thread24 When would a cotton gin be necessary in this process25 Now choose one of the inventions mentioned in the
chapter Prepare a diagram that traces the developmentof that invention to a similar device in use today Forexample you might diagram the development of a mod-ern cruise ship showing all the improvements made fromstart to finish
Self-Check QuizVisit tajglencoecom and click on Chapter 10mdashSelf-Check Quizzes to prepare for the chapter test
HISTORY
CHAPTER 10 Growth and Expansion 329
Directions Choose the bestanswer to the following question
The South opposed protective tariffs for which reason
A They thought tariffs would not workB They had very little industry to protectC They thought foreign goods were betterD Their main business was smuggling
Test-Taking TipEliminate answers that do not make sense
For example it is not realistic that the main business for the entire South was smuggling Therefore answer
D cannot be correct
Standardized Test Practice
St AugustinePensacola
New Orleans
BatonRouge
Natchez
Ceded bySpain 1819
Annexed byUS 1812
Annexed byUS 1810
Mis
sR
GEORGIA
MISSISSIPPIALABAMA 80degW
90degW
30degN
Gulf of
Mexico
200 kilometers
200 miles0
0Albers Conic Equal-Areaprojection
N
S
EW
Acquisition of Florida 1819
Citizenship Cooperative Activity26 Exploring Your Communityrsquos Past Working with two
other students contact a local historical society to learnabout your communityrsquos history Then interview people inyour neighborhood to learn about their roots in the com-munity Find out when their families first settled thereWrite a history of the community and give a copy of it tothe historical society
Economics Activity27 Using the Internet Research on the Internet some of the
products manufactured during the Industrial RevolutionDetermine their value to Americans in the 1800s
Alternative Assessment28 Portfolio Writing Activity Review Section 2 of the chap-
ter for information about what it was like to live in theWest in the early 1800s Record your notes in your jour-nal Use your notes to write a postcard to a frienddescribing your social life
Geography and History ActivityIn 1819 Spain ceded Florida to the United States in theAdams-Oniacutes Treaty The Spanish had established colonies inFlorida beginning in the 1500s Study the map and answerthe questions that follow
18 Region When was the largest portion of Florida acquiredfrom Spain
19 Location What body of water blocked further expansionof Florida to the west
20 Movement In what direction did the United Statesacquire the various parts of Florida
Practicing SkillsReading a Diagram Study the diagram of the textile mill onpage 307 Use the diagram to answer these questions21 What is the first step in the production of textiles22 At what stage does the thread become cloth23 What process turns the yarn into thread24 When would a cotton gin be necessary in this process25 Now choose one of the inventions mentioned in the
chapter Prepare a diagram that traces the developmentof that invention to a similar device in use today Forexample you might diagram the development of a mod-ern cruise ship showing all the improvements made fromstart to finish
Self-Check QuizVisit tajglencoecom and click on Chapter 10mdashSelf-Check Quizzes to prepare for the chapter test
HISTORY
CHAPTER 10 Growth and Expansion 329
Directions Choose the bestanswer to the following question
The South opposed protective tariffs for which reason
A They thought tariffs would not workB They had very little industry to protectC They thought foreign goods were betterD Their main business was smuggling
Test-Taking TipEliminate answers that do not make sense
For example it is not realistic that the main business for the entire South was smuggling Therefore answer
D cannot be correct
Standardized Test Practice
St AugustinePensacola
New Orleans
BatonRouge
Natchez
Ceded bySpain 1819
Annexed byUS 1812
Annexed byUS 1810
Mis
sR
GEORGIA
MISSISSIPPIALABAMA 80degW
90degW
30degN
Gulf of
Mexico
200 kilometers
200 miles0
0Albers Conic Equal-Areaprojection
N
S
EW
Acquisition of Florida 1819
Citizenship Cooperative Activity26 Exploring Your Communityrsquos Past Working with two
other students contact a local historical society to learnabout your communityrsquos history Then interview people inyour neighborhood to learn about their roots in the com-munity Find out when their families first settled thereWrite a history of the community and give a copy of it tothe historical society
Economics Activity27 Using the Internet Research on the Internet some of the
products manufactured during the Industrial RevolutionDetermine their value to Americans in the 1800s
Alternative Assessment28 Portfolio Writing Activity Review Section 2 of the chap-
ter for information about what it was like to live in theWest in the early 1800s Record your notes in your jour-nal Use your notes to write a postcard to a frienddescribing your social life
- The American JourneymdashIllinois Edition
-
- Illinois Learning Standards for Social Science
- How Does The American Journey Help Me Learn the Standards
- How Does The American Journey Help Me Test My Knowledge of Social Science
- The Illinois Constitution A Summary
- Table of Contents
-
- Previewing Your Textbook
- Scavenger Hunt
- How Do I Study History
- The Structure of Illinois Government
- Constitution Test Practice
- Reading Skills Handbook
-
- Identifying Words and Building Vocabulary
- Reading for a Reason
- Understanding What You Read
- Thinking About Your Reading
- Understanding Text Structure
- Reading for Research
-
- National Geographic Reference Atlas
-
- United States Political
- United States Physical
- United States Territorial Growth
- North America Physical
- North America Political
- Middle East PhysicalPolitical
- World Political
- United States Facts
-
- Geography Handbook
-
- What Is Geography
- How Do I Study Geography
- How Do I Use Maps
- How Does Geography Influence History
- Geographic Dictionary
-
- Be an Active Reader
- Unit 1 Different Worlds Meet Beginnings to 1625
-
- Chapter 1 The First Americans Prehistory to 1492
-
- Section 1 Early Peoples
- Section 2 Cities and Empires
- Section 3 North American Peoples
- Chapter 1 Assessment and Activities
-
- Chapter 2 Exploring the Americas 1400ndash1625
-
- Section 1 A Changing World
- Section 2 Early Exploration
- Section 3 Spain in America
- Section 4 Exploring North America
- Chapter 2 Assessment and Activities
-
- Unit 2 Colonial Settlement 1587ndash1770
-
- Chapter 3 Colonial America 1587ndash1770
-
- Section 1 Early English Settlements
- Section 2 New England Colonies
- Section 3 Middle Colonies
- Section 4 Southern Colonies
- Chapter 3 Assessment and Activities
-
- Chapter 4 The Colonies Grow 1607ndash1770
-
- Section 1 Life in the Colonies
- Section 2 Government Religion and Culture
- Section 3 France and Britain Clash
- Section 4 The French and Indian War
- Chapter 4 Assessment and Activities
-
- Unit 3 Creating a Nation 1763ndash1791
-
- Chapter 5 Road to Independence 1763ndash1776
-
- Section 1 Taxation Without Representation
- Section 2 Building Colonial Unity
- Section 3 A Call to Arms
- Section 4 Moving Toward Independence
- The Declaration of Independence
- Chapter 5 Assessment and Activities
-
- Chapter 6 The American Revolution 1776ndash1783
-
- Section 1 The Early Years
- Section 2 The War Continues
- Section 3 The War Moves West and South
- Section 4 The War Is Won
- Chapter 6 Assessment and Activities
-
- Chapter 7 A More Perfect Union 1777ndash1790
-
- Section 1 The Articles of Confederation
- Section 2 Convention and Compromise
- Section 3 A New Plan of Government
- Chapter 7 Assessment and Activities
-
- Civics in Action A Citizenship Handbook
-
- Section 1 The Constitution
- Section 2 The Federal Government
- Section 3 Citizens Rights and Responsibilities
- Handbook Assessment
-
- The Constitution of the United States
-
- Unit 4 The New Republic 1789ndash1825
-
- Chapter 8 A New Nation 1789ndash1800
-
- Section 1 The First President
- Section 2 Early Challenges
- Section 3 The First Political Parties
- Chapter 8 Assessment and Activities
-
- Chapter 9 The Jefferson Era 1800ndash1816
-
- Section 1 The Republicans Take Power
- Section 2 The Louisiana Purchase
- Section 3 A Time of Conflict
- Section 4 The War of 1812
- Chapter 9 Assessment and Activities
-
- Chapter 10 Growth and Expansion 1790ndash1825
-
- Section 1 Economic Growth
- Section 2 Westward Bound
- Section 3 Unity and Sectionalism
- Chapter 10 Assessment and Activities
-
- Unit 5 The Growing Nation 1820ndash1860
-
- Chapter 11 The Jackson Era 1824ndash1845
-
- Section 1 Jacksonian Democracy
- Section 2 Conflicts Over Land
- Section 3 Jackson and the Bank
- Chapter 11 Assessment and Activities
-
- Chapter 12 Manifest Destiny 1818ndash1853
-
- Section 1 The Oregon Country
- Section 2 Independence for Texas
- Section 3 War with Mexico
- Section 4 New Settlers in California and Utah
- Chapter 12 Assessment and Activities
-
- Chapter 13 North and South 1820ndash1860
-
- Section 1 The Norths Economy
- Section 2 The Norths People
- Section 3 Southern Cotton Kingdom
- Section 4 The Souths People
- Chapter 13 Assessment and Activities
-
- Chapter 14 The Age of Reform 1820ndash1860
-
- Section 1 Social Reform
- Section 2 The Abolitionists
- Section 3 The Womens Movement
- Chapter 14 Assessment and Activities
-
- Unit 6 Civil War and Reconstruction 1846ndash1896
-
- Chapter 15 Road to Civil War 1820ndash1861
-
- Section 1 Slavery and the West
- Section 2 A Nation Dividing
- Section 3 Challenges to Slavery
- Section 4 Secession and War
- Chapter 15 Assessment and Activities
-
- Chapter 16 The Civil War 1861ndash1865
-
- Section 1 The Two Sides
- Section 2 Early Years of the War
- Section 3 A Call for Freedom
- Section 4 Life During the Civil War
- Section 5 The Way to Victory
- Chapter 16 Assessment and Activities
-
- Chapter 17 Reconstruction and Its Aftermath 1865ndash1896
-
- Section 1 Reconstruction Plans
- Section 2 Radicals in Control
- Section 3 The South During Reconstruction
- Section 4 Change in the South
- Chapter 17 Assessment and Activities
-
- Unit 7 Reshaping the Nation 1858ndash1914
-
- Chapter 18 The Western Frontier 1858ndash1896
-
- Section 1 The Mining Booms
- Section 2 Ranchers and Farmers
- Section 3 Native American Struggles
- Section 4 Farmers in Protest
- Chapter 18 Assessment and Activities
-
- Chapter 19 The Growth of Industry 1865ndash1914
-
- Section 1 Railroads Lead the Way
- Section 2 Inventions
- Section 3 An Age of Big Business
- Section 4 Industrial Workers
- Chapter 19 Assessment and Activities
-
- Chapter 20 Toward an Urban America 1865ndash1914
-
- Section 1 The New Immigrants
- Section 2 Moving to the City
- Section 3 A Changing Culture
- Chapter 20 Assessment and Activities
-
- Unit 8 Reform Expansion and War 1865ndash1920
-
- Chapter 21 Progressive Reforms 1877ndash1920
-
- Section 1 The Progressive Movement
- Section 2 Women and Progressives
- Section 3 Progressive Presidents
- Section 4 Excluded from Reform
- Chapter 21 Assessment and Activities
-
- Chapter 22 Overseas Expansion 1865ndash1917
-
- Section 1 Expanding Horizons
- Section 2 Imperialism in the Pacific
- Section 3 Spanish-American War
- Section 4 Latin American Policies
- Chapter 22 Assessment and Activities
-
- Chapter 23 World War I 1914ndash1919
-
- Section 1 War in Europe
- Section 2 Americas Road to War
- Section 3 Americans Join the Allies
- Section 4 The War at Home
- Section 5 Searching for Peace
- Chapter 23 Assessment and Activities
-
- Unit 9 Turbulent Decades 1919ndash1945
-
- Chapter 24 The Jazz Age 1919ndash1929
-
- Section 1 Time of Turmoil
- Section 2 Desire for Normalcy
- Section 3 A Booming Economy
- Section 4 The Roaring Twenties
- Chapter 24 Assessment and Activities
-
- Chapter 25 The Depression and FDR 1929ndash1941
-
- Section 1 The Great Depression
- Section 2 Roosevelts New Deal
- Section 3 Life During the Depression
- Section 4 Effects of the New Deal
- Chapter 25 Assessment and Activities
-
- Chapter 26 World War II 1939ndash1945
-
- Section 1 Road to War
- Section 2 War Begins
- Section 3 On the Home Front
- Section 4 War in Europe and Africa
- Section 5 War in the Pacific
- Chapter 26 Assessment and Activities
-
- Unit 10 Turning Points 1945ndash1975
-
- Chapter 27 The Cold War Era 1945ndash1954
-
- Section 1 Cold War Origins
- Section 2 Postwar Politics
- Section 3 The Korean War
- Section 4 The Red Scare
- Chapter 27 Assessment and Activities
-
- Chapter 28 America in the 1950s 1953ndash1960
-
- Section 1 Eisenhower in the White House
- Section 2 1950s Prosperity
- Section 3 Problems in a Time of Plenty
- Chapter 28 Assessment and Activities
-
- Chapter 29 The Civil Rights Era 1954ndash1973
-
- Section 1 The Civil Rights Movement
- Section 2 Kennedy and Johnson
- Section 3 The Struggle Continues
- Section 4 Other Groups Seek Rights
- Chapter 29 Assessment and Activities
-
- Chapter 30 The Vietnam Era 1960ndash1975
-
- Section 1 Kennedys Foreign Policy
- Section 2 War in Vietnam
- Section 3 The Vietnam Years at Home
- Section 4 Nixon and Vietnam
- Chapter 30 Assessment and Activities
-
- Unit 11 Modern America 1968ndashPresent
-
- Chapter 31 Search for Stability 1968ndash1981
-
- Section 1 Nixons Foreign Policy
- Section 2 Nixon and Watergate
- Section 3 The Carter Presidency
- Chapter 31 Assessment and Activities
-
- Chapter 32 New Challenges 1981ndashPresent
-
- Section 1 The Reagan Presidency
- Section 2 The Bush Presidency
- Section 3 A New Century
- Section 4 The War on Terrorism
- Chapter 32 Assessment and Activities
-
- Appendix
-
- What Is an Appendix and How Do I Use One
- Primary Sources Library
- Presidents of the United States
- Documents of American History
- Supreme Court Case Summaries
- Gazetteer
- Glossary
- Spanish Glossary
- Index
- Acknowledgements and Photo Credits
-
- Feature Contents
-
- Primary Sources Library
- Documents of Americas Heritage
- More Abouthellip
- What Life Was Likehellip
- National Geographic Geography amp History
- Americas Literature
- Two Viewpoints
- Technology and History
- Linking Past amp Present
- What Ifhellip
- Hands-On History Lab Activity
- TIME Notebook
- Why It Matters
- Causes and Effects
- SkillBuilder
-
- Critical Thinking
- Social Studies
- Study amp Writing
- Technology
-
- People In History
- Fact Fiction Folklore
- Primary Source Quotes
- Charts amp Graphs
- Maps
-
- Student Workbooks