Krashens 5 Hypotheses

Krashens Monitor Model: The 5 HypothesesBy: Jennifer Cobos, Rachael McKinley, and Chelsea Bryant

Professor Emeritus at the University of Southern CaliforniaLinguist, educational researcher, and activistHas published more than 350 papers and booksIntroduced the concept of 5 learning hypothsesKrashen Biography

The 5 hypotheses are about the learning of a second languageThe 5 hypotheses are as follows:Acquisition Learning HypothesisNatural Order HypothesisInput HypothesisMonitor HypothesisAffective Filter HypothesisThe 5 Hypotheses

Two Methods to Learning a second language:LearningAcquisitionThe Acquisition-Learning Hypothesis

Conscious study of the languageAccording to Krashen, this does not lead to fluent speaking

Ex: In China after multiple hours of studying English grammar, students were unable to engage in meaningful conversation

Learning

Picking up language the way children naturally doSubconscious

Ex: Picking up language through meaningful conversations that they observe and eventually engage in

Acquisition

The point of Krashens Acquisition Learning hypothesis is to show that though alone neither learning or acquisition are successful, when used together they can produce real results in English proficiency What does this mean?

Conscious learning is available only as a "Monitor," which can alter the output of the acquired system before or after the utterance is actually spoken or written. It is the acquired system which initiates normal, fluent speech utterances.

Internal grammar editor, or MonitorImplies that the ELL thinks about what they say or write, and has the ability to self-correct

The Monitor Hypothesis

Example of the Monitor Hypothesis I goed to the storeI mean.I went to the store.

The Monitor HypothesisKeys to Effective Monitoring

TimeAn ELL must have sufficient time to think about and use rules consciouslyFocus on grammatical formEven with ample time, one may be so involved in what theyre saying they dont think about how theyre saying itKnowledge of rulesComplex

The Monitor HypothesisTypes of Monitor Users

Under-userHave not learnedOr, prefer not to use knowledgeOver-userConstantly monitoringNo fluencyOptimal UserUses Monitor when appropriateUses learning as a supplement to acquisition

Language learners acquire (rather than learn) the rules of a language in a predictable sequenceAcquisition of grammatical structures follows a natural order

Natural Order Hypothesis

Be aware that certain structures of a language are easier to acquire than othersStart by introducing language concepts that are relatively easy for learners to acquire and then use scaffolding to introduce more difficult concepts

Teacher Application

Second language acquisition is the direct result of learners understanding the target language in natural communication situations

Input Hypothesis

learners progress in their knowledge of the language when they comprehend language input that is slightly more advanced than their current leveli is the language input+1 is the next stage of language acquisition

Input Hypothesis cont.

Relates to acquisition, not learningWe acquire by understanding language that contains structure beyond our current level of competenceWhen communication is successful, when the input is understood and there is enough of it, i+1 will be provided automatically Production ability emerges. It is not taught directly.

Four Parts to the Input Hypothesis

People acquire second languages when they obtain comprehensible input and when their affective filters are low enough to allow the input in [to the language acquisition device].

Addresses the relationship between social-emotional variables and second language acquisitionThe goal is to have a weak affective filter (low anxiety).

The Affective Filter Hypothesis

The Affective Filter HypothesisLow-anxiety learning environmentMotivation to learn languageSelf-confidenceSelf-esteem

Most Important Affective Variables

Lowering the Affective FilterGet to know your studentsLots of praiseEncourage all expressions of EnglishIncentivesInteresting topics

How do you think a high-stress environment affects an ELL trying to acquire a second language?How do you think the population of other ELL students (high versus low) affects the learning of English in schools?Can you describe three activities that promote second language acquisition?

Questions

Krashens Monitor Model and 5 hypotheses are all a model of teaching for the learning of a second languageThey are all based off of the natural way a first language is learned Conclusion

Fortin, Katherine. (2009, Nov. 13) Teaching Foreign Languages: Make Your Students Feel At Ease. Retrieved from http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-B0B0KWqGMIKrashen, S.D. (1981) Second Language Acquisition and Second Language Learning, Pergamon Press, Inc. Retrieved from http://sdkrashen.com/content/books/sl_acquisition_and_learning.pdfKrashen, S.D. (1982) Principles and Practice in Second Language Acquisition, Pergamon Press, Inc. Retrived from http://www.sdkrashen.com/content/books/principles_and_practice.pdfPeregoy, S. & Boyle, O. (2013) Reading, Writing, and Learning in ESL: A Resource Book for Teaching K-12 English Learners (6th Ed). Upper Saddle River, NY: Pearson Education, Inc.Works Cited