group 3
TRANSCRIPT
In vivo and in vitro study of Tamarindus indica L. extract and its potential on obese-
induced rats
Salmah Mohamed GS20250Halimatun Saadiah Hafid GS20261Norasyidah Hairuldin GS20023Khairunnuur Fairuz Azman GS19555Fatemeh Mahdavi GS19585
Research Methodology BBS5901
Group 3
INTRODUCTION
Recently, the obesity prevalence has increased at an alarming rate and hasbecome a major worldwide health problem.
Current situation in Malaysia .Based on ethnicity, the prevalence of overweight or obese was highest amongIndians followed by Malays and Chinese.
Tamarind
Tamarind fruits (Tamarindus indica L.) -Leguminosae, caesalpiniaceae family-local name ‘asam jawa’ -local traditional healer, food ingredients and beverage. -contain antioxidative due to the polyphenolic compound that rich in them (Muhammad & Mustafa, 1994). -potential nutraceutical and therapeutical application -alternative herbal medicine-economically viable
Objectives
1. To induce obesity in male Sprague-Dawley rats through diet modification (high-fat diet).
2. To determine the effects of high-fat diet on body and organ weights and several biochemical parameters in diet-induced obese rats.
3. To determine the effects of T. indica seed and pulp aqueous extract on body and organ weights and several biochemical parameters in diet-induced obese rats .
Literature review• Obesity : accumulation of excess body fat, to an extent that may impair health.
(WHO)
• Malaysia Health Minister said “Being fat is no longer a sign of wealth and prosperity. It is an open door to chronic diseases like heart ailments, diabetes and stroke” (New Straits Times Online, 13 June 2007)
• T. indica - used in post-partum medication and treatment of earache, throat irritation, cough, dandruff, and stomach pains associated with pregnancy (Grosvenor, 1995).
• Tamarind pulp - treatment of alleviation of sunstroke, intoxicating effects of alcohol and ‘ganja’ (Cannabis sativa L.), malarial fever (Timyan, 1996) and is reported to have anti-fungal and anti-bacterial properties (Bibitha et al., 2002; Metwali, 2003; John et al., 2004).
• Aqueous extracts of seeds - anti-diabetic effect (Maiti et al., 2004) and antioxidative activity (Osawa et al., 1994).
Hypothesis• High-fat diet will increase the levels of plasma leptin, glycerol, LDL, TC, TG,
FBG, liver enzymes, MDA, FAS, organs and adipose tissue weight and body weight.
• High-fat diet will reduce the levels of insulin, antioxidant enzymes and HDL in diet-induced obese rats.
• High-fat diet will worsen the histology of liver in diet-induced obese rats.
• T. indica pulp and seed aqueous extract is able to reduce the levels of plasma leptin, glycerol, LDL, TC, TG, FBG, liver enzymes, MDA, FAS, organs and adipose tissue weight and body weight.
• T. indica pulp and seed aqueous extract will increase the levels of insulin, antioxidant enzymes and HDL in diet-induced obese rats.
• T. indica pulp and seed aqeuous extract are able to improve the histological changes of liver in diet-induced obese rats.
METHODOLOGY
PART 1: NUTRIENT COMPOSITION OF Tamarindus indica
1. Proximate analysis (protein, carbohydrate, moisture, ash, fat, energy)
3. Mineral analysis (iron, calcium, magnesium, potassium, sodium, phosphorus, copper, zinc)
Association of Official Analytical Chemists
Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS)
2. Total dietary fiber, insoluble dietary fiber, soluble dietary fiber
Method of determination
Constituent Pulp * Seed #
Moisture 15.00-30.00 9.4-11.3
Protein 2.00-9.10 13.3-26.9
Fat/oil 0.50-3.10 4.5-16.2
Crude fibre 2.20-18.30 7.4-8.8
Carbohydrates 56.7-82.6 50.0-57.0
Total Ash 2.10-3.30 1.60-4.2
Total sugar 41.20-58.7 11.3-25.3
Reducing sugars 25.00-45.00 7.4
Starch 5.70 33.1
Proximate composition of dried pulp and seed of tamarind fruit per 100g dry weight
* Source: Meillon (1974); Anon (1976); Duke (1981); Ishola et al. (1990); Parvez et al. (2003)# Source: Anon (1976), Morad et al. (1978); Ishola et al. (1990); Bhattacharyya et al. (1994)
63 male Sprague-Dawley rats
200-250g
Negative control High-fat diet treatment
PHASE 1
14 weeks
Treatment 3
(Hydroxycitric acid)
G9
Treatment 2
(T. Indica seed)
Treatment 1
(T. Indica pulp)
Positive control
G2
250 mg/kg
G3
1000 mg/kg
G8
500 mg/kg
G7
250 mg/kg
G6
1000 mg/kg
G5
500 mg/kg
G4
PHASE 2
Negative control
G1
14 weeks
PART 2: Animal trial on the T. indica pulp and seed supplementation
DATA COLLECTION
Samples
Blood Body weight Organs
(kidneys, liver, pancreas, heart)
Leptin
Insulin
Glycerol
Lipid profile (total cholesterol, HDL,LDL,triglyceride)
Fasting blood glucose
Liver function test (ALT,AST,ALP)
MDA
Fatty acid synthase
Weight Histology
Antioxidant enzymes (SOD,GPx)
DATA ANALYSIS
Data analysis
Statistical analysis
(one-way ANOVA)
Observation
Blood biochemical parameters
Body and organs weights
Organs histology
Expected results
1- Tamarind will reduce the weights of obese rats during the experimental periods 50% more effective than HCA.
2- The tamarind seeds will be more effective than pulp.
GANTT CHART
REFERENCES• Anon (1976) Tamarindus indica L. In The Wealth of India (Raw Materials Series) Vol.X: 144-122. Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, New
Delhi.
• Bhattacharya, S., Bal, S., Mukherjee, R.K. and Bhattacharya, S. (1991) Rheological behaviour of tamarind seed. Journal of Food Engineering, 13(2): 151-158.
• Bibitha, B., Jisha, V.K., Salitha, C.V., Mohan, S. & Valsa, A.K. 2002. Antibacterial activity of different plant extracts. Indian Journal of Microbiology. 42(4): 361-363.
• Duke, J.A. (1981) Handbook of Legumes of World Economic Importance. Plenum Press, New York: 228-230.
• Ishola, M.M., Agbaji, E.B. and Agbaji, A.S. (1990) A chemical study of Tamarindus indica (Tsamiya) fruits grown in Nigeria. Journal of Science, Food and Agriculture, 51: 141-143.
• John, J., Joy, M. & Abhilash, E.K. 2004. Inhibitory effects of tamarind (Tamarindus indica L.) on polypathogenic fungi. Allelopathy Journal. 14(1): 43-49.
• Maiti, R., Jana, D., Das, U.K. & Ghosh, D. 2004. Antidiabetic effect of aqueous extract of seed of Tamarindus indica in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats, Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 92(1): 85-91.
• Meillon, S. (1974) Process for making drinks, syrups, juice and liquor and solid extracts based on tamarind products thus obtained. French Patent No. 2231322 (English Summary).
• Metwali, M.R. 2003. Study of antimicrobial potencies of some Yemeni medicinal plants. Egyptian Journal of Microbiology. 38(1): 105-114.
• Morad, M.M., El Magoli, S.B. and Sedky, K.A. (1978) Physico-chemical properties of Egyptian tamarind seed oil. Fette Seifen Anstrichmittel, 80:357-359.
• Muhammad, Z. & Mustafa, A. M. 1994. In: Traditional malay medicinal plants. Fajar Bakti, Kuala Lumpur.
• Osawa, T., Tsuda, T., Watanabe, M., Ohshima, K. & Yamamoto, A. 1994. Antioxidative components isolated from the seeds of tamarind (Tamarindus indica L). Journal of Agriculture and Food Chemistry. 42(12): 2671-2674.
• Parvez, S.S., Parvez, M.M., Nishihara, E., Gemma, H. and Fujii, Y. (2003) Tamarindus indica L. leaf is a source of allelopathic substance. Plant Growth Regulation, 40(2)107-115.
• Timyan, J. 1996. Important Trees in Haiti. Southeast Consortium for International Development, 1634, 1 Street N.W. Suite 702, Washington DC 20006.