group 2 economics,
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Group 2 Mrs. Tess Sagadraca members: Abigail villanueva Paulo Erfe Carmela rosoroso Michelle Barrientos Kristea CarpioTRANSCRIPT
Prepared By :
Kristea Carpio
Lesson1: Private Vs. Public
Economy
Private EconomyBenefit of Business
& IndustryDetermines How
much spends according to needs use labor and capital effectively.
Public Economy ServiceBudget is allocated
based on previous.
Concerned with a collective sytem of economy
Reason to study:
To be aware in numerous functions of the government.
The Theory Of Public Finance
Governance The physical exercise of management power
and policyFiscal AdministrationHow public budgets operatePublic incomeHow wealth is produced, distributed and
preservedTaxationOther sources of government IncomeEx. Individual Income Tax
Topics:
Taxes Biggest source of government funds.
Lesson2: Sources and uses of Public Funds
Two Collecting Tax AgenciesAgency of Department of Finance
The Bureau of Internal RevenueInternal revenue taxesfees and chargesenforcement of all forfeiturespenalties and finespresently headed by Deputy Commissioner
Lilian Hefti.
The Bureau of Custom In charge of imports exports and foreign trade.presently headed by Commissioner Napoleon
Morales
Income taxes of individualsBusiness property taxesResidence taxesImport taxesInheritance taxesGift taxesOther specific taxes
Types Of Taxes
Collection of fines and feesLicenses and registration chargesCommercial revenueProfits earned by government- operated and
controlled corporations.
Non-Tax Revenues
Political reluctance to raise taxesGovernment- sponsored capital improvementsTo stimulate the economy
The Government Tends to borrow for Three reason:
Internal SourcesEx. Central Bank
External SourcesEx. Foreign Governments
Types of Sources:
Functional Classification of Public Expenditures
By: Paulo
Is the duty of the Government to provide its children with the rudiments of at least a Primary Education.
Education
state is to provide for its National Defense, thus, protection against the foreign aggression or even domestic terrorism.
National Defense, Peace and Order
public welfare cover a wide range. The term is used to include expenditures for society indigents, the infirm, and the aged.
Health and Welfare
Another priority of the government. Priority projects include infrastructure, agro-industrial production, both for export and domestic consumption.
Economic Development
is the act of laying a tax. It is the process or means by which the sovereign through its law-making body raises income to defray the necessary expenses of the government.
Taxation
1) The primary purpose is to raise income for government needs and this is identified as the revenue purpose.
2) The secondary purposes of taxation are:
Purposes of taxation
A) Compensatory Purposes• To reduce excessive inequalities of wealth • To maintain high level of employment• To control inflation
B) Sumptuary or Regulatory Purposes• To implement the police power of the state
which in charge in the promotion of general welfare
Theory and Basis of Taxation
• The power of taxation proceeds upon the theory that the existence of government is a necessity and that it cannot continue without the means of pay its expenses.
• The state collects taxes from the subjects of taxation in order that it may be able to perform the functions.
• The lifeblood Theory means that taxes are the lifeblood of the government and their prompt and certain availability are an imperious( expecting obedience) need.
TAXATION & TAXESBY; MICHELLE
Taxation Taxation is the process of tax collection.
Taxes are most important source of government
revenues.
2 GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF TAXATION
1. Benefit Received Principle
holds that an individual's tax burden should be proportional to the amount of "benefit" that the individual receives from the resource .
2. Ability to pay Principles
underlies the system of progressive income taxation the richer pay a higher percentage of income tax
2 DIMENSIONS OF ABILITY TO PAY PRINCIPLES:
1.Horizontal Equity implies that we give the same treatment to people in an identical
situation.
2.Vertical Equity Implies that people with higher
incomes should pay more tax.
The Cost of Service Theory Satisfy the idea of equity or justice in
taxation
Fiscal Adequacy The source of revenue should be sufficient to the demands of public
expenditures.
The tax should be adequate for future revenues.
PROPORTIONATE PRINCIPLE
Taxes are levied in proportion to the income of individuals
The Principles of Certainty, Convenience,
and Economy
By: Carmela
Certainty
A good tax ought to be certain, not arbitrary
Convenience
Tax paid should be the least annoying
Economy
no tax should be imposed which is not capable of efficient and economical administration
Tax Incidence
it does not depend on where the revenue is collected, but on the price elasticity of demand and the price elasticity supply
Canons of taxation
Fiscal Adequacy Equality or theoretical justice Administrative feasibility
Characteristics or nature of the state’s power to tax
It is inherent in sovereignty It is legislative in character It is subject to constitutional and
inherent limitations
Processes included in taxation
Levying or imposition of tax Collection of the tax
Essential characteristic of tax
Enforced contribution Levied pursuant to legislative authority Proportionate in character Payable in money
Essential characteristic of tax
Levied upon persons and property with in the jurisdiction of the state
Levied and collected for the purpose of raising revenue to be used for public purpose
Essential characteristic of tax
Required to be paid at regular intervals
Classification of Taxes
A.
Direct – is demanded from the person who shoulders the burden of tax
Classification of Taxes
Indirect- tax which can be passed on by the seller to the buyer
Classification of Taxes
B. According to the rate or gradation
Proportional Regressive Progressive
Classification of Taxes
C. According to economic stages
Acquisition Exchange consumption
Classification of Taxes
D. According to mode of levy
Personal Impersonal Mixed
Classification of Taxes
E. As to authority imposing the tax or scope
National Municipal
Classification of Taxes
F. As to determination of amount
Specific Ad valorem
Classification of Taxes
G. As to purpose
General, fiscal, or revenue Specific or Regulatory
By: Abigail
Taxes and Government Borrowing
TAX
from the Latin taxo "I estimate“
~ is to impose a financial charge or other toll upon a taxpayer (an individual or legal entity)
Continuation…..
~ by a state or the functional equivalent of a state such that failure to pay is punishable by law.
Types of Taxes
~ Direct~ Indirect
~ "pecuniary burden laid upon individuals or property owners to support the government a payment exacted by legislative authority.“
~ is the system by which the government takes money from people and spends it on things such as education, health and defense.
-Black Law’s Dictionary
Government Borrowing
~ is the debt owed by a central government.
~ the total amount of money that a country's central government has borrowed to fund its spending on public services and benefits.
Money borrowed by the government through issuance of securities, bonds and bills. The government borrows money to make up the difference between revenues and expenditures. The money comes from lenders within the country and from foreign lenders.
Stabilization
~ involves the effort by the government to achieve “full employment with low inflation” or an “acceptable unemployment and inflation”.
The graph below shows historical exchange rates between the Philippine Peso (PHP) and the US Dollar (USD)between 8/6/2012 and 9/4/2012
Fiscal Policy
~ measures are frequently used in tandem with monetary policy to achieve certain goals."
Tariff
~ is a tax or duty levied on the import of goods.
~ is a tax that a government collects on good coming into a country.
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