Grounded In The Present, Aware Of The Past, And Looking To The Future

This pose helps develop a sense of determination and perseverance.  Being a true warrior rarely if

ever means displaying aggression openly or proclaiming your strength by proving others

weaker.  This is the trust of a warrior, the ability to release

the need to control in order to create openness and authenticity.

Virabhadrasana II

Warrior II

University of Edinburgh College of Medicine & Veterinary Medicine

Faculty of Medicine was founded in 1726 on models established at the University of Padua in the 16th century

boost the economy of the city by attracting foreign students rather than send Scots to the continent

in 1720, Alexander Monro appointed Chair in Anatomy. 3 generations of Monro’s continued for 128 years

In 1726, 4 additional chairs added to new Faculty of Medicine

200 Bed Royal Infirmary in 1738

http://www.mvm.ed.ac.uk/history/note4.htm

Early Medical Education in US

1st medical school in the colonies was founded in 1765 at the University of Pennsylvania, then known as College of Philadelphia, by Dr. John Morgan, a graduate of Edinburgh.

Department of Medicine Surgeons' Hall 1765 -

1801

http://www.archives.upenn.edu/histy/features/1700s/people/morgan_john.html

http://hdl.library.upenn.edu/1017.6/20040114013

Roots in Edinburgh and London

With Edinburgh as their model, they built the school within institution of higher learning

With their experience in London, they emphasized the need to have bedside teaching at Pennsylvania Hospital founded by Ben Franklin and chartered in 1751http://www.uphs.upenn.edu/paharc/collections/gallery/artifacts/

Cast_2.htmlhttp://www.uphs.upenn.edu/paharc/collections/gallery/artifacts/Admission.html

Cast of Pregnant Woman During Autopsy

Request To Admit Bearer Signed By Ben Franklin in 1753

Early Curriculum Medical education included formal

lectures for a semester or two and several years of apprenticeship.

The first lectures were in anatomy and the theory and practice of “physik”

There was no formal tuition, no prerequisite academic preparation, and written exams were not mandatory

Harvard Started Lectures in 1782

The 1st professors included John Warren of anatomy and surgery, Benjamin Waterhouse of the theory and practice of physic, and Aaron Dexter of chemistry and materia medica

In 1809 John Warren's son, John Collins, Warren John Gorham and James Jackson joined the faculty

http://countway.med.harvard.edu/rarebooks/exhibits/broad_foundation/broad_foundation2.htmlAnnual Circular 1810

Education at Harvard

Engraving of Holden Chapel Used for classes 1800 – 1810 after

basement of Harvard Hall considered, "unhealthy, inconvenient, and

disgraceful,"

Admission Ticket for Ichabod Tucker to the Lectures of

Aaron Dexter on October 14, 1790

http://countway.med.harvard.edu/rarebooks/exhibits/broad_foundation/index.html.htm

Medical Jurisprudence 1821 Medical Skill Applied In Aid of Judiciary

Deaths by violence, poisons, suicide

Rape Infanticide Legitimacy of

children Abortion Venereal disease Insanity

Courtesy of Jill Newmark, National Library of Medicine

Notes by Thomas A. Brayton from lectures by Amos Eaton Berkshire Medical Institution, Pittsfield, MA, 1821-1822

The Cause of Female Medical Education – Female Medical College of Pennsylvania

Established by Quaker businessmen, clergy and physicians in 1850

“Practice of midwifery by males is itself an innovation upon ancient and legitimate practice”

Females should have physicians of their own sex to attend to “their many peculiar maladies”

A woman is the best physician for all diseases of women and children

Means of gaining an honorable and independent subsistence

3rd Annual Announcement of the Female Medical College of Pennsylvania

Completed ordinary education

3 years of study including 2 under supervision of a physician

Attended 2 full courses of lectures

Write a thesis 6 scholarship students 52 students in 1852

http://archives.drexelmed.edu/womanmd/item.php?object_id=001143

Council on Medical Education

In 1904, AMA created the Council on Medical Education (CME) to promote restructuring of US medical education.

CME outlined its 2 major reform initiatives: standardization of preliminary education

requirements “ideal” medical curriculum consisting of 2 years of

training in laboratory sciences followed by 2 years of clinical rotations

Abraham Flexner, a pioneer of active, learner-centered education, hired by Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching

Beck AH, The Flexner Report and the Standardization of American Medical Education. JAMA, 291:2139-2140, 2004

Flexner’s Approach to Evaluating Medical Education

Reform had been promoted as means to status

The business ethic that governed profit-seeking medical schools was incompatible with values necessary for a socially useful medical education.

Flexner’s unique contribution was to promote educational reform as a public health measure. “The overwhelming importance of preventive medicine, sanitation, and public health indicates that in modern life the medical profession is an organ differentiated by society for its highest

purposes, not a business to be exploited.”Beck AH, The Flexner Report and the Standardization of American Medical Education. JAMA, 291:2139-2140, 2004

Flexner Report Examined 5 principle areas: entrance

requirements, size and training of faculty, endowment and tuition, quality of laboratories, and availability of a teaching hospital

Flexner’s unique contribution was to promote educational reform as a public health measure

State government is proper instrument for regulating medical education, because social welfare is inextricably linked to the quality of the nation’s physicians

State licensing boards began to force schools to implement heightened admission standards and stricter curriculum requirements according to CME guidelines

Beck AH, The Flexner Report and the Standardization of American Medical Education. JAMA, 291:2139-2140, 2004