gross morbid pathology of various avian species

Gross Morbid Pathology of Selected Avian Species

C. L. Davis Foundation “Gross Morbid Pathology of Animals”March 19-23, 2007, A.F.I.P., Bethesda, MD

1. Rob Porter, D.V.M., Ph.D., Diplomate American College of Veterinary Pathologists, Diplomate American College of Poultry VeterinariansWisconsin Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory and University of Wisconsin School of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Pathobiological Sciences, 6101 Mineral Point Road, Madison, WI 53705Tel: (608) 262-5432 Fax: (608) 262-5005 [email protected]

2. Intro Slide: “Not all avian pathology is enlarged liver and spleens and fibrin-covered air sacs…only about 40% is!”

3. Acknowledgements for contribution of photographs.John Barnes, North Carolina State UniversityJohn King, Cornell UniversityPurdue University, ADDLUniversity of Wisconsin, Department of Pathobiological Sciences

4. Poultry IndustryBroiler: Progeny of broiler breeders, indoor confinement/litter bedding, marketed at 5-7 weeks of age; feed efficiency <2.0.

Turkey: progeny of turkey breeders; poult = young turkey; indoor confinement or range rearing, hens marketed at 15 weeks and toms at 24-30 weeks (30-45 pounds)

Layer: Mostly cage layers; pullet = immature laying hen; lay for approximately 40 weeks, then molted at 60+ weeks of age, used for second cycle for another 30 weeks. Hen produces 250+ eggs in a lifetime (2 years).

Duck: White Pekin duck; raised on litter or plastic grating; feed efficiency <2.0, processed at 6 weeks of age (4.5 lbs).

5. Oultine: systemic, Lymphohematopoietic, Musculoskeletal, Respiratory, Integumentary, Nervous, Cardiovascular, Digestive, Urogenital, Neoplasia.

Virus Taxonomy, Classification and Nomenclature of Viruses. C.M. Fauquet et al., eds. Elsevier Press, 2005.

Attendees receive interpretative summaries of significant avian pathology articles from Avian Diseases (2002-2006), Avian Pathology (2002-2006), Veterinary Pathology (2000-2006)

__________________________________________________________________________SYSTEMIC DISEASES

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mailto:[email protected]

Tissue/bird Morphologic/Etiologic Diagnosis Etiology/Disease__________________________________________________________________________

6. Head, chicken Cyanosis/ edema wattle and comb Highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI)

7. Ventral neck, chicken Edema HPAI8. Legs, chicken Mf cutaneous hemorrhage HPAI 9. Proventriculus, chicken Mf hemorrhagic proventriculitis HPAI

10. Peritoneum, chicken Mf peritoneal hemorrhage HPAI11. Trachea, chicken Hemorrhagic tracheitis HPAI

Family Orthomyxoviridae, Genus Influenzavirus A, Species Influenza A virus: negative stranded ssRNA virus

AI viruses have total of 15 HA and 9 NA. Pathogenicity determined by chick inoculation or by amino acid sequence at HA cleavage site. Most HPAI has been H5 or H7. Italy H5N2 and H7N1. Hong Kong H5N1 = “bird flu” with potential to directly infect humans. Virus replicates in endothelium, myofibers, renal tubules, pancreatic acinar cells. Lesions of coagulative necrosis and vascular thrombosis/ischemia.

DDX: END, ILT, IBV, END, bacterial sepsis

12. Eggs, turkey Shell thinning, wrinkling and depigmentation Low path AI

DDX: NDV, avian pneumovirus__________________________________________________________________________

13. Yolk sac/heart, chick Fibrinous pericarditis/yolk sacculitis Escherichia coli 14. Heart, chicken Fibrinous pericarditis E. coli15. Liver, chick Fibrinous perihepatitis E. coli 16. Peritoneum, chicken Fibrinous peritonitis, “egg yolk” E coli 17. Oviduct, hen Fibrinous salpingitis/peritonitis E. coli 18. Liver, intestine, hen MF granulomatous (coligranuloma) E. coli

Most common poultry serotypes are O1, O2, O35, O78, and many are untypeable.

DDX, pericarditis: E coli, Chlamydophila, MG, P. multocida DDX, granulomas: Mycobacteriosis, LL, Leukosis/sarcoma complexDDX, egg yolk peritonitis: P. multocida, HPAI, Salmonella__________________________________________________________________________

19. Head, chicken Facial edema Exotic Newcastle Disease20. Proventriculus, chicken Annular mucosal hemorrhage END21. Ovary, hen Mf hemorrhagic oophoritis END22. Intestine, chicken Necrohemorrhagic enterotyphlitis/tonsillar necrosis END23. Esophagus, rooster Mf necrohemorrhagic esophagitis/pharyngitis END24. Trachea, chicken Hemorrhagic tracheitis END

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Family Paramyxoviridae, Subfam Paramyxovirinae, Genus Avulavirus, Species Newcastle disease virus, negative stranded ssRNA virus

Exotic (Velogenic) Newcastle disease (END); also lentogenic (mild) and mesogenic (moderate) pathogenicity. Usu. lentogens in U.S. END usually introduced by birds that are more resistant to disease.

DDX, tracheitis: HPAI, ILT, IBVDDX, enteritis: HPAI, erysipelas, DVE, acute FCDDX, esophagitis: Trichomoniasis, HPAI, DVE__________________________________________________________________________

25. Head, turkey Cutaneous infarction Erysipelas rhusiopathiae

Causes swine erysipelas and erysipeloid of humans. Lesions of sepsis with bacterial emboli, thrombosis, necrosis and hemorrhage (closely resembles colibacillosis of broiler chickens). Hemorrhagic hepatitis/myocarditis, Necrohemorrhagic splenitis

DDX: P. multocida, Salmonella, E. coli, HPAI and END.__________________________________________________________________________

26. Oviduct, turkey Fibrinoheterophilic salpingitis Pasteurella multocida 27. Wattle, rooster BB Fibrinoheterophilic cellulitis P. multocida 28. Lung, turkey Necr. fibrinohet. pleuropneumonia P. multocida 29. Spleen air sac, turkey Fibrinous airsacculitis and necr. splenitis P. multocida 30. Heart, turkey Fibrinoheterophilic pericarditis P. multocida

“Fowl cholera,” Sepsis of both domestic and wild birds. Sixteen serotypes- 1, 3 and 4 are most common isolates. Lesions of bacterial embolism, thrombosis, necrosis and disseminated intravascular coagulation.

DDX: Ornithobacterium, E. coli, chlamydiosis, Staph.aureus__________________________________________________________________________

31. Spleen, air sac, duckling Fibrinous airsacculitis/necr. splenitis Riemerella

anatipestifer32. Brain, duckling Purulent meningoencephalitis R. anatipestifer 33. Heart, liver, duckling Fibrinous pericarditis/perihepatitis R. anatipestifer34. Oviduct, duckling Fibrinoheterophilic salpingitis R.

anatipestifer

“New duck disease.” Closely related to Ornithobacterium rhinotracheale. Lesions of septicemia closely resemble colibacillosis of broiler chickens.

DDX: E. coli, chlamydiosis, P. multocida__________________________________________________________________________

35. Liver, poult Mf necrotizing hepatitis Salmonella pullorum36. Heart, broilers Mf granulomatous myocarditis Salmonella pullorum37. Heart, spleen, chick Mf necrohemorrhagic splenitis Salmonella pullorum38. Cecum, poult Fibrinonecrotic typhlitis Salmonella pullorum

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New designation of “Salmonella enterica subspecies enterica serovar Gallinarum-Pullorum” represents combination of S. pullorum and S. gallinarum. S.gallinarum causes ovarian degeneration and sepsis in adult birds in contrast to S. pullorum. Nonmotile Salmonella: possess few flagella.

DDX: E. coli, Mycoplasma synoviae, viral arthritis-reovirus, paratyphoid salmonellae__________________________________________________________________________

39. Eye, poult Hypopyon Salmonella arizona 40. Brain, poult Purulent meningoencephalitis Salmonella arizona 41. Air sac, poult Fibrinous airsacculitis Salmonella arizona42. Cecum, chick Necrohemorrhagic typhlitis Paratyphoid Sal.43. Liver, pigeon Mf necrotizing hepatitis Paratyphoid Sal.

Salmonella arizona; biochemically distinct from paratyphoid Salmonella but cause similar clinical disease and lesions. Paratyphoid salmonellae refers to the motile serotypes (approximately 2400), and does not include S. pullorum and S. gallinarum.

DDX: paratyphoid Salmonella, E. coli, pullorum-typhoid__________________________________________________________________________

44. Head, hen Fibrinoheterophilic cellulitis Staphylococcus aureus

45. Tibiotarsus, hen Fibrinoheterophilic osteomyelitis Staphylococcus aureus

46. Leg, turkey Fibrinoheterophilic arthritis Staphylococcus aureus47. Foot, duck Plantar pododermatitis Staphylococcus

aureus48. Liver, hen Mf to coalesc. necrotizing hepatitis Staphylococcus

aureus

S. aureus requires skin penetration. Coagulase positive strains are the most pathogenic.

DDX: other systemic bacteria, esp. P. multocida and E. coli

__________________________________________________________________________LYMPHOHEMATOPOIETIC


49. Wing, chick Necrohemorrhagic dermatitis Necrotic dermatitis50. Bursa of Fabricius, broiler Cloacal bursal atrophy Chicken infectious anemia 51. Thymus. chick Thymic atrophy Chicken infectious anemia52. Femur, chick Bone marrow aplasia Chicken infectious anemia

Family Circoviridae, Genus Circovirus, Species Chicken anemia virus, ssDNA virus

Chicken infectious anemia virus: circovirus replicates in hematopoietic cells and T lymphocytes anemia and immunosuppression. Circovirus immunosupression promotes Staphylococcus

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aureus/Clostridium infection in skin. Had been referred to as “blue wing disease,” but is actually necrotic dermatitis. DDX: exudative diathesis

DDX: IBDV, trichothecene mycotoxins__________________________________________________________________________

53. Cloacal bursa, broiler Necrohemorrhagic cloacal bursitis Infectious bursal disease 54. Leg, broiler Intramuscular hemorrhage Infectious bursal disease

Family Birnaviridae, Genus Avibirnavirus, Species Infectious bursal disease virus; dsRNA virus

Replicates in bursa of Fabricius lymphocytes of young chickens, followed by spread to other lymphoid sites cytolysis and immunosuppression. Classic serotype 1, variant serotype 1 and serotype 2 viruses.

DDX: ionophore toxicosis, chicken infectious anemia, trichothecene mycotoxins, exudative diathesis (vitamin E deficiency)__________________________________________________________________________

55. Liver, bursa, WL hen Hepatic/bursal lymphoma Lymphoid leukosis 56. Liver, WL hen Mf hepatic lymphoma Lymphoid leukosis 57. Liver, WL hen Diffuse hepatic lymphoma Lymphoid leukosis

Family Retroviridae, Subfamily Orthoretrovirinae, Genus Alpharetrovirus, Species Avian leukosis virus; DNA/RNA Reverse Transcribing virus

Retrovirus of leukosis/sarcoma complex. Chicken genome contains endogenous viral loci (ev). Exogenous virus subgroup A transmitted vertically and horizontally. Exogenous virus induces neoplastic transformation of B lymphocytes. Subgroups A-D avian leukosis viruses can produce lymphoid leukosis. ALV Subgroup J produces myelocytomatosis.__________________________________________________________________________

58. Lung, spleen, pheasant Splenomegaly/pulmonary edema Marble spleen disease

Family Adenoviridae, Genus Siadenovirus, Species Turkey adenovirus A (Marble spleen disease virus), ds DNA virus

Type II adenovirus (old terminology) related to hemorrhagic enteritis virus of turkeys; pheasants 3 – 12 months, IgM-positive B cells and macrophages are primary viral targets. Death from pulmonary edema/hemorrhage (uncertain pathogenesis) or secondary infection.

DDX: Salmonella, erysipelas__________________________________________________________________________

59. Body, pullet Marek’s disease paralysis Marek’s disease 60. Pelvic nerves, broiler Neural lymphoma Marek’s disease61. Liver, spleen Hepatic/splenic lymphoma Marek’s disease 62. Pectoral muscle, broiler Muscular lymphoma Marek’s

disease63. Kidney, pullet Renal lymphoma Marek’s disease 64. Eye, broiler Ocular/iridial lymphoma Marek’s disease

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65. Body, processed broiler Cutaneous lymphoma Marek’s disease

Family Herpesviridae, Subfamily Alphaherpesvirnae, Genus Mardivirus, Species Gallid herpesvirus 2 (Marek’s Disease virus type 1)

MD serotype 1 (oncogenic) strain. Productive infection (viral replication) in feather follicle epithelium and transmitted in dander. Neoplastic transforming infection and latent infection in T lymphocytes. Lesions observed as early as 4 weeks.

DDX: Mycobacteriosis, coligranuloma, lymphoid leukosis in older birds__________________________________________________________________________

66. Subcutis, Macaw Mf subcutaneous hemorrhage Avian polyomavirus67. Heart, liver, Macaw Anemia, epicardial hemorrhage, hepatomegaly Avian

polyomavirus

Family Polyomaviridae, Genus Polyomavirus, Species Budgerigar fledgling disease polyomavirus (Avian polyomavirus), dsDNA virus

Originally identified as budgerigar fledgling disease/French molt. Papovaviridae contains papillomavirus and polyomavirus families. I have diagnosed in Macaw, Electus parrot, Budgerigar, Lovebird and Conure. Intranuclear inclusion bodies in spleen, kidney mesangial cells and liver Kupffer cells.

__________________________________________________________________________MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM


68. Foot, parakeet Articular gout69. Leg, chicken Articular gout

Mostly males, occurs with or without visceral/renal gout; high protein in diet promotes hyperuricemia, possible genetic predisposition; occurs with or without renal disease or renal gout. Not as common as visceral gout.__________________________________________________________________________

70. Body, turkey Nonambulatory poult Ionophore toxicosis 71. Leg, turkey Muscular necrosis/degeneration Ionophore toxicosis:

Polyether ionophores: Promote movement of mono and divalent cations across cell membrane. Toxicosis causes cellular loss of K+ and gain of Ca+2 into mitochrondria cell death. Myocytolysis with proliferation of satellite and myocyte nuclei.

DDX: Infectious bursal disease, chicken infectious anemia, exudative diathesis, injection site myopathy__________________________________________________________________________

72. Hock joint, broiler Serofibrinous arthritis Mycoplasma synoviae

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73. Leg, broiler Tenosynovitis Mycoplasma synoviae

“Infectious tenosynovitis.” Chicken, turkey and guinea fowl. Usu. colonizes subclinical upper respiratory tract, but can invade synovial membranes to cause tenosynovitis and sternal bursitis. Vertical and horizontal transmission. Lameness is primary sign with occasional airsacculitis.

DDX: Staph. aureus, viral arthritis, salmonellae__________________________________________________________________________

74. Pectoral muscle, turkey Deep pectoral m. infarction Deep pectoral myopathy

“Green muscle disease,” turkeys (esp. breeder hens during artificial insemination) and meat-type chickens with vigorous exercise swelling of deep pectoral muscle within fascial sheath ischemic necrosis of muscle. Usually found at processing.

DDX: ionophore toxicosis, injection site myopathy__________________________________________________________________________

75. Skull, crested polish chicken Open fontanelle, skull Common in crested polish

76. Skull, crested polish chicken Open fontanelle, melanosis__________________________________________________________________________

77. Vert. column, turkey Fibrinoheteophilic osteomyelitis Staph., P. multocida and E. coli__________________________________________________________________________

78. Leg, Rooster Osteopetrosis/periosteal hyperostosis Leukosis/sarcoma virus79. Leg, rooster Osteopetrosis ALV

Retrovirus: many of the avian leukosis viruses causing lymphoid leukosis can also induce osteopetrosis. Infected osteoblasts proliferate and produce periosteal and some endosteal bone. Lesions begin in tibiotarsus and tarsometatarsus, but can spread to other long bones, pelvis and ribs.__________________________________________________________________________

80. Pectoral muscle, layer breeder Granulomatous myositis/cellulitis Killed vaccine injection__________________________________________________________________________

81. Body, Chicken Gastroc. Tendon rupture, bilateral Viral arthritis82. Leg, chicken Gastroc. Tendon rupture with hemorrhage Viral arthritis83. Leg, chicken Gastroc. Tendon rupture with hemorrhage Viral arthritis

Family Reoviridae, Genus Orthoreovirus, Species Avian orthoreovirus, dsRNA virus

Avian reovirus is transmitted both vertically and horizontally. Cause tenosynovitis + rupture and hemorrhage of gastrocnemius tendon (tendon tensile strength pullet > broiler). Often associated with heterophilic infiltrates in the myocardium.

DDX tenosynovitis: Staph.aureus, Mycoplasma synoviae, trauma__________________________________________________________________________

84. Leg, WL hen Acute femoral fracture Osteomalacia85. Keelbone, WL hen Osteomalacia Osteomalacia

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86. Thorax, WL hen Osteomalacia Osteomalacia87. Ribs, chick Medial deviation ribs, rickets Rickets 88. Head, chick Pliable beak, rickets Rickets 89. Ribs, chick Rib fractures, Rickets Rickets

Laying hen mobilizes 10% of skeletal calcium into egg shell each day. Deficiencies of calcium, phosphorus and vitamin D3 (cholecalciferol) can promote osteoclastic resorption of bone without sufficient osteoblast activity.__________________________________________________________________________

90. Body, broiler Spondylolisthesis Spondylolisthesis91. Vertebral column, broiler Dorsal deviation T6, S/C compression

Spondylolisthesis=“kinky back” of 3-6 week broilers. Deviation of T6 vertebral body resulting in spinal cord compression. Conformation defect (genetic trait) complicated by rapid growth rate of broiler.__________________________________________________________________________

92. Tibia, broiler Tibial dyschondroplasia93. Tibia, turkey Osteochondrosis/ Tibial dyschondroplasia

Core of avascular cartilage in proximal tibiotarsus (metaphysic) or tarsometatarsus + bowing of bone and lameness. Failure of blood vessels to invade zone of cartilage hypertrophy in growth plate. Promoted by genetic line of broiler and marginal deficiency of calcium or a Ca/P imbalance. Experimentally induced by Fusarium roseum toxin.

__________________________________________________________________________94. Leg, turkey Curvature of tibiotarsus Mycoplasma meleagridis

Turkey syndrome 65 chondrodystrophy: inadequate linear bone growth at physis while appositional growth remains normal; associated with MM infection (impaired vascular invasion) and genetic predisposition (autosomal recessive inheritance).

DDX: tibial dyschondroplasia, rickets; Chickens, turkeys, ratites: lateral rotation of 90-180 degrees is multifactorial; rapid growth rate with early nutritional deficiency (Ca, P, Vit D3, protein) complicated by poor traction.

__________________________________________________________________________RESPIRATORY SYSTEM


95. Body, chick Chick-respiratory distress Tracheal obstruction96. Trachea, chickFocal granulomatous bronchitisAspergillus fumigatus/flavus97. Lung, poult Mf granulomatous pneumonia/airsacculitis Aspergillosis98. Lung, chicken Granulomatous airsacculitis Aspergillosis

__________________________________________________________________________99. Spleen, air sac, parrot Necrotizing splenitis Chlamydophila psittaci

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Genus Chlamydophila includes C. psittaci, C. abortus, C. felis, C. caviae, C. pneumoniae and C. pecorum. Obligate intracellular parasite. Systemic inflammation characterized by necrosis and fibrinous exudates, hepatosplenomegaly.

Turkeys, pigeons, ducks and psittacine birds. Eight serovars (A-H): A = psittacine, B/E = pigeons, B/D = turkey. Obligate intracellular parasite.

DDX: P. multocida, Erysipelothrix, Pacheco’s disease, Staphylococcus, Salmonella

_________________________________________________________________________100. Oral cavity, poult Catarrhal rhinitis/blepharitis Cryptosporidium

baileyi

Cryptosporidium baileyi: chicken, turkey, duck- respiratory epithelium, bursa of Fabricius, cloaca; C. meleagridis- turkey and quail small intestine. Host specific and do not infect mammals.

DDX: Bordetella avium__________________________________________________________________________

101. Lung, poult Mf granulomatous pneumonia Dactylaria gallopava; 102. Air sac, poult Focal granulomatous airsacculitis Dactylaria gallopava

Contaminant in hard wood shavings; translucent to grey lesions in tissue compared to Aspergillus. Dematiaceous fungus with hyphae observed in H&E. Neurologic disease is most common clinical sign in chicks and poults. Lesions in eye, brain, lung and air sac.

DDX: Aspergillosis__________________________________________________________________________

103. Body, pullet Respiratory distress Infectious laryngotracheitis104. Trachea, pullet Fibrinohemorrhagic tracheitis ILT105. Trachea, WL hen Fibrinonecrotic tracheitis with occlusion ILT106. Trachea, WL hen Fibrinonecrotic tracheitis with glottis occlusion ILT

Family Herpesviridae, Subfamily Alphaherpesvirnae, Genus Iltovirus, Species Gallid herpesvirus 1, (infectious laryngotracheitis virus), dsDNA virus

Propagated on chorioallantoic membrane of embryonated eggs. Cytolytic for respiratory epithelium of nasal sinus, conjunctiva, air sacs and trachea. No evidence of viremia. Trigeminal ganglion is site of viral latency.

DDX: fowl pox, infectious bronchitis, END, HPAI__________________________________________________________________________

107. Air sac, chick Serous airsacculitis Infectious bronchitis108. Kidney, broiler Urolithiasis/hydroureter IB, nephrotropic

strain

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Family Coronaviridae, Genus Coronavirus, Species Infectious bronchitis virus (Group 3 species), Positive sense ssRNA virus

Coronavirus of chickens that causes respiratory signs, decreased egg production and wrinkled egg shells in layers. Nephrotropic strains can cause urolithiasis and visceral gout.__________________________________________________________________________

109. Head, WL hen Marked exudative sinusitis/conjunctivitis Haemophilus paragallinarum

“Infectious coryza,” Chickens are the natural hosts of H. paragallinarum. Usually begins as catarrhal infection with facial edema later complicated by other bacteria fibrinous to caseous inflammation.

DDX: P.multocida, E. coli, Staph. aureus, vitamin A deficiency, pox.__________________________________________________________________________

110. Head, turkey Serous/catarrhal infraorbital sinusitis Avian pneumovirus

Family Paramyxoviridae, Genus Metapneumovirus, Species Avian Metapneumovirus, negative sense ssRNA virus

Can also cause malformation of oviduct with misshapen eggs/poor shell quality. Associated with “swollen head syndrome” in chickens- fibrinpurulent exudates in subcutis of head, neck and wattles.

DDX: Mycoplasma gallisepticum, respiratory cryptosporidiosis (C. baileyi). __________________________________________________________________________

111. Head, turkey Infraorbital sinusitis Mycoplasma gallisepticum 112. Head, turkey Serous/catarrhal infraorbital sinusitis MG113. Air sac, poult Mild acute serofibrinous airsacculitis MG 114. Lung, liver, chicken Fibrinous pericarditis and perihepatitis MG/E. coli

“Chronic respiratory disease of chickens” and “infectious sinusitis of turkeys;” usually young birds. Can cause decreased egg production in adults. MG occurs naturally in galliformes, especially chicken and turkey, but also isolated from gamebirds. Transmitted both vertically and horizontally. Infected birds remain carriers. Mycoplasma is extracellular parasite that causes degeneration of epithelial cells.

DDX: Cryptosporidiosis, avian pneumovirus__________________________________________________________________________

115. Air sac, poult Mild, acute serofibrinous airsacculitis Mycoplasma meleagridis

Specific pathogen of turkeys in which primary lesion is airsacculitis of 1-4-week-old poults. Referred to as veneral disease of Tom turkeys. DDX: Mycoplasma synoviae, gallisepticum or iowae, Newcastle disease.__________________________________________________________________________

116. Air sac; poult Serous airsacculitis Newcastle disease (lentogen).

DDX: acute MG, MM, ORT, pneumovirus__________________________________________________________________________

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117. Lung, heart, turkey Necrofibrinohet. pericarditis/pleuropneumoniaOrnithobacterium

rhinotracheale

Affects turkeys, chickens and many other galliformes. Airsacculitis and unilateral pneumonia in chickens; pneumonia/hepatosplenomegaly in turkeys. Fibrinopurulent arthritis and osteomyelitis in older turkeys and chickens.

DDX: P. multocida and E. coli. __________________________________________________________________________

118. Lung, pheasant Acute, diffuse hemorrhagic pneumonia Avian paramyxovirus-3

Family Paramyxoviridae, Genus Avulavirus, Species Avian Paramyxovirus 3, negative sense ssRNA virus

Avian paramyxovirus-3; AMPV-1, 2, 3, 6 and 7 are known to cause disease in poultry. APMV-2 and 3 cause mild respiratory signs and decreased egg production in turkey breeders. APMV-3 is subclinical or causes neurologic signs in psittacine birds.__________________________________________________________________________

119. Trachea, bobwhite quail Fibrinonecrotic tracheitis Quail bronchitis

Family Adenoviridae, Genus Aviadenovirus, Species Quail bronchitis virus, dsDNA virus Type 1 adenovirus causes high mortality in young bobwhite quail. Also causes multifocal necrotizing hepatitis, splenitis and pancreatitis.

DDX: Aspergillosis, Salmonella, E. coli__________________________________________________________________________

120. Trachea, chicken Tracheal nematodiasis Syngamus trachea

121. Trachea, peahen Mf granulomatous tracheitis with nematodes Syngamus trachea

Direct or indirect (earthworms) life cycle. Affects most galliformes. Form granulomas at site of attachment to tracheal mucosa.

DDX, tracheal nodules: granulomatous nodules can resemble Marek’s disease lymphoma, ALV-induced myelocytoma or aspergillosis.__________________________________________________________________________

122. Air sac, chicken Air sac acariasis Cytodites nudus

Cytodites nudus = air sac mite of galliformes; lives in bronchi, lungs, air sac, and bone cavitiesStenostoma tracheacolum: tracheal mite of passerines-finches, canaries__________________________________________________________________________

123. Head, poult Serous blepharitis, submand. edema Bordetella avium (acute)124. Body, poult Fibrinous blepharitis B. avium (subacute)

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125. Trachea, turkey Tracheitis w/chrondrolysis/ luminal collapse B. avium

“Turkey coryza,” 2 to 6-week-old poults (and occasionally broilers) causing blepharitis and submandibular edema. Often concomitant infections. Colonizes apices of repiratory epithelium and produces cytotoxin that causes chondrolysis of tracheal rings.

DDX: Respiratory cryptosporidiosis, mycoplasmosis, chlamydiosis can mimic or complicate infection.

__________________________________________________________________________INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM


126. Head, Mollucan CockatooFeather alopecia and dystrophy Beak and Feather Dis127. Body, Mollucan Cockatoo Feather alopecia Beak and Feather Dis

Circovirus causing feather dystrophy and immunosuppression. Necrosis, fracture, bending or hemorrhage, or dystrophic feathers that emerge from follicle and cease growing after each successive molt. Flank contour feathers in most feather tracts primary and secondary feathers of wings, tail and crest. Occasionally see progressive distortion of beak. Death caused by secondary infections.__________________________________________________________________________

128. Beak, chicken Normal beak amputation Beak normal129. Beak, chicken Exuberant granulation tissue Beak inadequate trim

__________________________________________________________________________130. Body, processed turkey Sternal bursitis with hemorrhage “Breast blister

“131. Body, turkey Sternal bursitis

Most common in heavy tom turkeys: Conformation and pressure effects; no cutaneous pterylae over sternal bursa friction of bursa against litter bursal edema and hemorrhage fibrosis and occasional rupture.

132. Sternal keel, processed turkey Multifocal ulcerative dermatitis “Breast button”

Contact dermatitis; contact/friction of sternal skin (keel) with coarse, moist, contaminated litter. Breast buttons and breast blisters do not necessarily occur together.__________________________________________________________________________

133. Foot, chicken Chronic, granulomatous plantar pododermatitis Staph. aureus

Usually. moist environment or constant pressure on foot.__________________________________________________________________________

134. Body, broiler Necrohemorrhagic dermatitis/alopecia Cannibalism135. Cloaca, Layer Multifocal ulcerative cloacitis Prolapse/cannibalism

__________________________________________________________________________136. Body, processed broiler Fibrinoheterophilic cellulitis E. coli

cellulitis

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Referred to as “inflammatory process” at processing plant. Usu. caseous to fibrinous exudate in subcutis of abomen or flank initiated by skin trauma. Usu. found at processing to cause carcass downgrade. Management problem- incidence increased by poor feather coverage, crowding, coarse, most litter, aggressive strains of birds.__________________________________________________________________________

137. Body, pullet chick Hemorrhagic omphalitis Bacterial infection of navel often

progresses to yolk sac infection.

DDX: Salmonella, E. coli, Pseudomonas, Enterococcus__________________________________________________________________________

138. Feet, pullet chicks Cutaneous dehydration Dehydration/water deprivation

DDX: Frostbite, contact dermatitis with disinfectant (quat, cresol, phenol)__________________________________________________________________________

139. Cloaca, layer Cloaca normal 140. Cloaca, layer Cloaca after egg lay 141. Cloaca, layer Necrohemorrhagic cloacitis with prolapse

Cloacal prolapse complicated by trauma/cannibalism. DDX: HPAI, END__________________________________________________________________________

142. Head, chick Serous blepharitis with edema Conjunctivitis vaccine rxn

DDX: field challenge with respiratory virus- ILT, IBV, NDV, ammonia toxicosis__________________________________________________________________________

143. Head, chick Granulomatous cellulitis Contaminated MD vaccine__________________________________________________________________________

144. Head, turkey Serous blepharitis Cryptosporidium baileyi

DDX: avian pneumovirus, NDV, acute Bordetella infection. __________________________________________________________________________

145. Foot, turkey hen Digit amputation turkey Normal in turkey hens__________________________________________________________________________

146. Body, cockatiel nestling Emphysema Secondary to primary respiratory disease__________________________________________________________________________

147. Wing, Broiler chick Hemorrhagic dermatitis Vitamin E deficiency

Exudative diathesis = vitamin E and selenium-responsive dermal hemorrhage; oxidative damage to endothelial cells extravasation of blood and edema fluid through capillaries

DDX: necrotic dermatitis__________________________________________________________________________

148. Head, WL hen Chronic blepharitis with cleft formation Eyelid notch syndrome

Probably primary eyelid trauma or bacterial infection with ulceration of lid and cleft formation.__________________________________________________________________________

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149. Head, chicken Proliferative dermatitis (dermatophytosis) Favus

Microsporum gallinae; chicken, turkey, duck, quail, canary__________________________________________________________________________

150. Vent, chicken Cutaneous acariasis Ornithonyssus sylviarium Ornithonyssus sylviarium = northern fowl mite; entire life cycle spent on chickenDermanyssus gallinae = red chicken mite; feed on chickens at night and reside in litter, nests, crevices during the day__________________________________________________________________________

151. Head, pullet Proliferative blepharitis and dermatitis Fowl pox152. Uropygial gland, poult Proliferative dermatitis/adenitis of uropygial gland Fowl

pox

Family Poxviridae, Subfamily Chordopoxvirinae, Genus Avipoxvirus, Species Fowl pox virus, dsDNA virus

Avian poxviruses are antigenically and immunologically distinguishable from one another: fowl, turkey, pigeon, canary, junco, mynah, psittacine, quail, sparrow, crow, peacock, penguin, alala, apapane, condor, starling. Mechanical transmission through injured skin; can be spread by mites and mosquitoes to skin, conjunctiva and mouth.

DDX: Pecking trauma/cannibalism, squamous cell carcinoma, bacterial/fungal conjunctivitis__________________________________________________________________________

153. Head, budgerigar Proliferative dermatitis Knemidocoptes pilae154. Feet, chicken Proliferative pododermatitis Knemidocoptes mutans

Scaley-leg mite, inhabits nonfeathered sites- beak, legs. DDX: Vitamin B6, Zn deficiency, biotin deficiency

155. Body, chicken Cutaneous pediculosis Various chewing lice- Order Mallophaga

Chicken: Cuclogaster (head louse), Goniocotes (fluff louse), Menacanthus (body louse)Turkey: Menacanthus, Chelopistes, OxylipeurusDuck and goose: Anaticola, TrinotonPigeon: Columbicola, Campanulotes__________________________________________________________________________

156. Body, broiler Fibrinous sternal bursitis Staph. aureus, Mycoplasma synoviae__________________________________________________________________________

157. Body, broiler Necrohemorrhagic dermatitis Necrotic dermatitis 158. Body, processed broiler Focally extensive necrohemorrhagic dermatitis

Usu. sudden death in 4-8-week-old broilers, but also turkeys. Caused by Clostridium perfringens type A, Clostridium septicum and Staphylococcus aureus, often complicated by immunosuppression from infectious bursal disease, chicken infectious anemia, reticuloendotheliosis virus. Associated with edema, hemorrhage and gas-production in subcutis of breast, wings, flank.

DDX: Cutaneous aspergillosis, candidiasis, E. coli cellulitis (inflammatory process).

14

__________________________________________________________________________159. Body, Macaw Acute, Mf subcutaneous hemorrhage Polyomavirus

DDX: bacterial sepsis, disseminated intravascular coagulation, coagulopathy secondary to liver disease, anticoagulant rodenticides__________________________________________________________________________

160. Body, chicken Xanthomatosis Idiopathic

Yellow, subcutaneous nodules (granulomatous inflammation of fat) in galliformes and psittacine birds. Sometimes associated with obesity and lipomas. Classic poultry lesion described in 1950’s.

__________________________________________________________________________NERVOUS SYSTEM


161. Eye, BB hen Ulcerative keratitis Ammonia toxicosis

Aerosolized ammonia above 25ppm impairs ciliary apparatus of trachea/sinus and direct toxic effect on corneal epithelium.__________________________________________________________________________

162. Body, chicks Ataxia Avian encephalomyelitis 163. Proventriculus, chick Mf lymphocytic proventriculitis AE164. Eye, chicken Cataract AE

Family Picornaviridae, Genus Hepatovirus, Species Avian encephalomyelitis(-like) virus, Positive sense ssRNA virus

Infects chicken, turkey, quail, pheasant; enterotropic virus with both horizontal and vertical transmission. Sudden decrease in egg production in adults.

DDX, proventricular lesion: Marek’s disease, vitamin E deficiencyDDX, cataracts: congenital cataracts, nutritional deficiency, induced by artificial light, old age.__________________________________________________________________________

165. Body, mallard duck Flaccid paralysis Clostridium botulinum type C toxin

Prevents release of acetylcholine from neuronal presynaptic vesicles “limberneck.” = flaccid paralysis of wings, neck, legs and eyelids. Wide variety of birds affected.

DDX: organophosphate, lead toxicosis__________________________________________________________________________

166. Eye, poult Hypopyon Dactylaria gallopava

167. Brain, poult Necrotizing encephalitis Dactylaria gallopava

DDX: Aspergillus, coliforms, Salmonella, Vitamin E deficiency (brain lesion)__________________________________________________________________________

15

168. Eye, chick Fibrinous panophthalmitis E. coli

DDX: Aspergillus, Staph. aureus__________________________________________________________________________

169. Brain, Black australorp Melanosis Increased melanin accumulation in variety of tissues is a breed trait.

__________________________________________________________________________170. Body, pigeon Ataxia Avian paramyxovirus-1

Family Paramyxoviridae, Genus Avulavirus, Species Avian Paramyxovirus-1/Newcastle disease virus, negative sense ssRNA virus

APMV-1 virtually identical to Newcastle disease virus; primarily nonsuppurative encephalitis in pigeons. There are no diagnostic gross lesions.

DDX: head trauma, lead toxicosis, vitamin E deficiency. __________________________________________________________________________

171. Body, broiler Ataxia Vitamin E deficiency172. Brain, Turkey Encephalomalacia and hemorrhage Vitamin E deficiency

Brain lesions are not responsive to selenium supplementation, unlike muscle and skin lesions.

DDX: aspergillosis, dactylariosis, avian encephalomyelitis (body position)

__________________________________________________________________________CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM


173. Heart, parrot Aortic atherosclerosis

Most often observed in aged blue-front Amazon, African grey parrots and macaws. Accumulation of lipid/macrophages/fibrous connective tissue in media of aorta subclinical or decreased blood supply to brain and pectoral muscle death__________________________________________________________________________

174. Head, turkey Hematochezia Aortic rupture175. Peritoneal cavity, turkey Hemoperitoneum Aortic rupture176. Peritoneal cavity, turkey Aortic rupture: 12-16 weeks, M>F, rupture between

external iliac and ischiatic arteries

177. Peritoneum, turkey Perirenal hemorrhage Males, 8-14 weeks, probablya variant of aortic rupture of

turkeys

DDX: trauma, cannibalism, anticoagulant rodenticides__________________________________________________________________________

178. Body, broiler Ascites179. Peritoneum, broiler Ascites

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180. Peritoneum, broiler Ascites 181. Heart, broiler Right ventricular dilatation182. Heart, broiler Left atrioventricular endocardiosis

Ascites syndrome of broilers and ducklings: right-sided congestive heart failure promoted by rapid growth rate hypoxemia polycythemia, increased blood viscosity, decreased erythrocyte deformability pulmonary hypertension, increased cardiac workload right-sided cardiac failure and ascites.

DDX: Cardiomyopathy, salt toxicosis, liver disease__________________________________________________________________________

183. Heart, broiler Vegetative valvular endocarditis, RV Enterococcus

DDX: Erysipelothrix, E. coli, Salmonella, Staphylococcus aureus__________________________________________________________________________

184. Heart, Macaw Anemia, Mf myocardial hemorrhage Avian polyomavirus185. Heart, parrot Hydropericardium Avian polyomavirus

DDX, hydropericardium: salt toxicosis, avian viral serositis; EEE, West Nile virus__________________________________________________________________________

186. Heart, poult Cardiomegaly Dilated cardiomyopathy187. Heart, turkey Left and right ventricular dilatation Dilated cardiomyopathy

Dilated cardiomyopathy (Round heart disease), poults 2-3 weeks old, cause unknown, but possible genetic predisposition complicated by hypoxia in incubator with pathogenesis similar to ascites syndrome of broilers.

DDX: salt/sodium toxicosis if ascites present

__________________________________________________________________________DIGESTIVE SYSTEM


188. Intestine, chicken Intestinal ascariasis

Ascaridia galli (chicken, turkey); A. dissimilis (turkey); A. columbae (pigeon)__________________________________________________________________________

189. Crop, pullet Beak trim injury190. Crop, pullet Choanal and ingluvial hemorrhage Beak trim injury- hemorrhage

__________________________________________________________________________191. Crop, turkey poult Proliferative ingluvitis Candida

albicans192. Oral cavity, chicken Proliferative stomatitis Candida albicans

Candida albicans = crop mycosis; ubiquitous yeast colonizes mucosal surfaces when normal bacterial microflora is altered by or antibiotics or other diseases.

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DDX: capilliariasis, poxvirus, trichomoniasis__________________________________________________________________________

193. Crop, Bobwhite quail Proliferative ingluvitis Capillariasis

Capillaria contorta (direct), C. annulata (earthworm intermediate host). Eggs shed in feces and larvae develop in 10-15 days, consumed by bird or earthworm. Larvae hatch and burrow into wall of crop and upper esophagus. Mature after additional 15-25 days.

Capillaria obsignata (direct life cycle) resides in small intestine of birds and can cause decreased egg production in layer and broiler breeders.

DDX: candidiasis, vitamin A deficiency, trichomoniasis__________________________________________________________________________

194. Yolk sac, chick Chick normal yolk sac195. Yolk sac, chick Hemorrhagic yolk sacculitis196. Peritoneum, chick Fibrinous peritonitis

Coliforms, Salmonella, Enterococcus. Peritonitis often secondary to yolk sac infection and rupture__________________________________________________________________________

197. Liver, chick Gall bladder distension Inanition, 198. Gizzard, poult Foreign body- litter impaction Litter impaction

Gall bladder enlarges with inanition (“starve out”). Litter consumption indicative of discomfort of digestive tract (e.g., viral enteritis) or poor adaptation to brooder.__________________________________________________________________________

199. Duodenum, broiler Mf necrotizing enteritis Eimeria acervulina: schizogony and gametogony in prox. small intestine

200. Jejunum, broiler Mf necrotizing enteritis E necatrix: schizogony in intestine

and gametogony in cecum201. Cecum, chicken Necrohemorrhagic typhlitis E. tenella: schizogony and

gametogony in cecum202. Ileum, broiler Necrotizing enteritis Eimeria brunetti: schizogony in

prox. small intestine andgametogony in distal

S.I.

203. Cecum, turkey Catarrhal typhlitis/coccidiosis Eimeria adenoeides

Turkey: Eimeria adenoeides-cecum, E. dispersa-small intestine, E. gallopavonis- ileum and colon; E. meleagrimitis- duodenum/jejunum __________________________________________________________________________

204. Cecum, pheasant Fibrinonecrotic typhlitis Eimeria cholchici

Coccidia in pheasants are Eimeria colchici (cecal cores); E. duodenalis and E. phasiani.

DDX: Salmonella_________________________________________________________________________

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205. Intestine, duck Necrohemorrhagic enteritis Duck viral enteritis (DVE)206. Esophagus, duck Fibrinonecrotic esophagitis Duck viral enteritis

Family Herpesviridae, Subfamily Alphaherpesvirus, Species Anatid herpesvirus 1 (duck plague herpesvirus), dsDNA virus

DVE =“Duck plague.” Susceptibility limited to family anatidae-ducks, geese and swans. Transmitted by secretions/direct contact with rapid, high mortality. Probable carrier state in wild ducks. Lesions of vasculitis and necrosis: petechial hemorrhage and multifocal necrosis of heart, liver, pancreas, kidney. Intestines and gizzard filled with blood. Necrohemorrhagic to fibrinonecrotic membranes in esophagus

DDX: END, P. multocida, necrotic enteritis __________________________________________________________________________

207. Liver, WL hen Hepatic lipidosis/hemorrhage Fatty liver disease

Most common in caged layers due to high calorie rations and minimal exercise. Also occurs in turkey breeder hens early in egg production.

208. Liver, cockatiel Hepatic lipidosis

Fatty liver DDX: bacterial sepsis, Pacheco’s disease, chlamydiosis__________________________________________________________________________

209. Gizzard, duckling Ventricular (gizzard) myodegeneration Vitamin E deficiency

Vitamin E is natural antioxidant in alcoholic form. Selenium (co-factor for glutathione peroxidase) supplementation can reduce lesions in duck, turkey and chicken. Breast muscle similarly affected. Muscle lesions of Vit E deficiency are partially selenium responsive.

DDX: furazolidone toxicosis, lymphoma__________________________________________________________________________

210. Liver, Mynah bird Hepatic hemochromatosis and pulmonary edema

Excessive iron storage is disease of mynahs, toucans, birds of paradise. Hemochromatosis; enhanced intestinal iron absorption compared to other birds and mammals, with inability to down-regulate iron absorption when fed iron rich ration. Ascites often occurs from hepatic disease or heart failure. Hepatomegaly, golden brown with scattered dark foci (Kupffer cells packed with hemosiderin).__________________________________________________________________________

211. Body, turkey Cloacal hemorrhage HE of turkeys212. Intestine, spleen, turkey Hemorrhagic enteritis/necrotizing splenitis HE of turkeys

Family Adenoviridae, Genus Siadenovirus, Species Turkey adenovirus 3 (Turkey hemorrhagic enteritis virus), dsDNA virus

Hemorrhagic enteritis of turkeys = subgroup II adenovirus infecting turkeys 4 weeks of age or older; causes immunosuppression of turkeys by cytopathic effects on IgM-positive B cells and

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macrophages. Serologically related to marble spleen disease virus of pheasants and avian adenovirus splenomegaly virus of broiler breeders. DDX: Cannibalism; END, HPAI__________________________________________________________________________

213. Cecum, pheasant Cecal nematodiasis Heterakis gallinarum

H. gallinarum infects variety of galliformes. Severe infections can form granulomas in cecal wall. Paratenic host (ova) for Histomonas meleagridis protozoa. __________________________________________________________________________

214. Cecum, liver, turkey Mf necr. hepatitis/fibrinonecr. typhlitis Histomonas

meleagridis

DDX: Salmonella__________________________________________________________________________

215. Oral cavity, WL hen Focal ulcerative stomatitis

DDX: Idiopathic, trichothecene mycotoxin, disinfectant contact necrosis

216. Oral cavity, chicken Granulomatous stomatitis/cellulitis with impacted feed__________________________________________________________________________

217. Liver, chicken Multifocal necrohemorrhagic hepatitis Inclusion body hepatitis

Described in a variety of birds and often associated with adenovirus infection. Generic term for necrotizing hepatitis with basophilic to eosinophilic intranuclear inclusions in hepatocytes; occurs with every serotype of adenovirus and infection often predisposed by immunosuppression from infectious bursal disease or chicken infectious anemia. Aplastic anemia may also be present.__________________________________________________________________________

218. Esophagus, goose Focal esophageal dilatation/impaction Lead toxicosis219. Gizzard, vulture Erosive ventriculitis with bile staining Lead toxicosis

Chickens and turkeys more resistant than waterfowl. Acid-fast intranuclear inclusions in renal tubule epithelium, basophilic stippling of erythrocytes and myonecrosis of heart.__________________________________________________________________________

220. Body, chicken Pectoral muscle atrophy, emaciation Mycobacteriosis221. Viscera, chicken Mf granulomatous enteritis, hepatitis and splenitis

Mycobacteriosis

Mycobacterium avium subspecies avium, serovars 1, 2, 3. Observed most often in psittacine birds rather than galliformes, usually adult poultry.

DDX: Coligranuloma; Marek’s disease, lymphoid leukosis, carcinomatosis__________________________________________________________________________

222. Intestine, broiler Fibinonecrotic enteritis Necrotic enteritis

20

Clostridium perfringens toxin types A and C. Overgrowth often preceded by coccidiosis or ascariasis, immunosuppression (IBD), wheat products in ration.

DDX: coccidiosis, ulcerative enteritis (C. colinum)

__________________________________________________________________________223. Peritoneum, parrot Splenomegaly and mesenteric edema Pacheco’s

herpesvirus224. Liver, parrot Necrotizing hepatitis Pacheco’s herpesvirus

Family Herpesviridae, Subfamily Alphaherpesvirinae, Unassigned Genus, Species Psittacid herpesvirus 1, (Parrot herpesvirus), dsDNA virus

DDX: Chlamydiosis, polyomavirus; Salmonella__________________________________________________________________________

225. Cloaca, parrot Cloacal papilloma Idiopathic

No virus consistently isolated. Can be associated with hepatic or biliary carcinoma.__________________________________________________________________________

226. Proventriculus, Af. Grey Normal 227. Proventriculus, Af. Grey Proventricular dilatation disease

Myenteric ganglioneuritis, Macaw wasting disease. Diagnosis: lymphoplasmacytic inflammation of myenteric plexus of tunica muscularis of ventriculus and proventriculus, as well as small intestine and crop. Nonsuppurative encephalitis present in some instances. Viral particles associated with the disease (Gough RE, et al., Vet Rec, 139:24, 1996), but remain unidentified.

DDX: Gastric foreign body or other obstruction__________________________________________________________________________

228. Intestine, cecum, poult Poult enteritis/mortality syndrome (PEMS)229. Intestine, poult Peritoneal distension, intestinal dilatation PEMS

Multifactorial transmissible disease 1-3 week-old poults with diarrhea, growth depression or death. Complex of enteric viruses (astrovirus, coronavirus), Cryptosporidium meleagridis and bacteria (enteropathogenic E. coli). __________________________________________________________________________

230. Body, poult Crop dilatation/Pendulous crop

Cause uncertain in turkey and chicken; often rapid water consumption in hot weather, other dietary influences such as high fat or starch in ration

DDX: Impaction, foreign body__________________________________________________________________________

231. Oral cavity, WL hen Fibrinonecrotic stomatitis Quaternary ammonium

Quaternary ammonium disinfectants: direct toxic insult to mucosa

21

DDX: pox, vitamin A deficiency, trichothecene mycotoxins

__________________________________________________________________________232. Peritoneum, poult Ascites Salt toxicosis: Greater than 2%

sodium in ration or 4g/kg body weight visceral hemorrhages and ascites

__________________________________________________________________________

233. Cecum, rhea Fibrinonecrotic typhlitis Intestinal spirochetosis

Brachyspira hyodysenteriae: Four pathotypes; inhabit the cecum, ileum and rectum or rheas. Spirochetes not identified in ostrich and emu. Necrotizing typhlitis with high mortality in rheas.

Brachyspira intermedia: chickens- typhlitis and diarrhea, no mortality; Brachyspira alvinipulli: chickens-typhlitis, reduced growth rate and reduced egg production; Brachyspira pilosicoli: chickens- diarrhea and decreased egg production.__________________________________________________________________________

234. Intestine, chicken Intestinal cestodiasis

Chicken: Genus: Raillietina, Davainea, Amoebotania, Choanotaenia and Hymenolepsis; Turkey: Raillietina, Metroliasthes; Ducks/geese: Hymenolepsis, Fimbrairia__________________________________________________________________________

235. Proventriculus, pigeon Proventricular parasitism Tetrameres americana

T. americana, a proventricular nematode, has grasshopper/cockroach intermediate host. Adult female embeds in proventricular glands. Often subclinical, but can lead to emaciation and anemia.T. crami- wild and domestic ducksT. fissispina- wild and domestic ducks__________________________________________________________________________

236. Macaw chick Fibrinous cellulitis Trauma: crop tube injury DDX: esophageal thermal burn, injection granuloma__________________________________________________________________________

237. Oral cavity, dove Fibrinonecrotic stomatitis Trichomonas gallinae

238. Esophagus, pigeon Fibrinonecrotic esophagitis Trichomonas gallinae

Pigeons (canker), falcons (frounce), flagellated protozoan that colonizes upper digestive tract mucosa to form multifocal to coalescing, punctate fibronecrotic lesions. Lesions can extend to crop/proventriculus and flagellates can occasionally invade liver (multifocal necrosis).

DDX: vitamin A deficiency, candidiasis, poxvirus__________________________________________________________________________

239. Oral cavity, broiler Mf ulcerative stomatitis and glossitis Trichothecene mycotoxicosis

22

Fusarium mold toxins: T-2, diacetoxyscirpenol (DAS) and deoxynivalenol (DON, vomitoxin), and nivalenol. Promote feed refusal and necrosis of oral mucosa and skin in contact with mold toxins., rapid necrosis/depletion of lymphoid and hematopoietic tissues.

DDX: quaternary ammonium exposure, wet pox, trichomoniasis.__________________________________________________________________________

240. Liver, duodenum, poult Mf necrotizing hepatitis and pancreatitis Turkey viral

hepatitis (TVH)

Virus causing TVH has not yet been identified, suspect picornavirus. Affects only turkeys; under 6 weeks; usu. sudden death with causing multifocal hepatic and pancreatic necrosis.__________________________________________________________________________

241. Int, Liver, Bobwhite quail Mf fibrinonecr enteritis, necr. hepatitis Ulcerative

enteritis

UE = “Quail disease.” Clostridium colinum: acute infection resulting in sudden death; quail most susceptible, but also turkey, chicken, pheasant, grouse, partridge, pigeon. Bird ingests feces, litter, water or feed contaminated with spores hemorrhagic to fibrinonecrotic enteritis + peritonitis and pale, necrotic foci in liver. Splenomegaly and hemorrhage also observed.

DDX: necrotic enteritis, coccidiosis, histomoniasis__________________________________________________________________________

242. Esophagus, chicken Proliferative esophagitis (hyperkeratosis) Vitamin A deficiency

Vitamin maintains epithelial structure/function and mucus production . Deficiency: decreased egg production, ocular discharge with eyelid pasting, hyperkeratosis caused by squamous metaplasia of mucous glands; renal tubular degeneration results in visceral gout. Signs in wide variety of birds.

DDX: candiasis, wet pox, trichomoniasis, capillariasis

__________________________________________________________________________UROGENITAL SYSTEM

Tissue/bird Morphologic/Etiologic Diagnosis Etiology/Disease__________________________________________________________________________Egg, chicken Egg membrane mycosis, Aspergillosis Aspergillus fumigatus

Common contaminant of ducts, vents of incubators.__________________________________________________________________________

243. Body, pullet chick Ureteral/cloacal urate accumulation Dehydration244. Kidney, pullet chick Visceral gout Dehydration

DDX: high calcium or vitamin D3 in ration, avian nephritis virus (astrovirus in Japan; affects only chicks).__________________________________________________________________________

23

245. Eggs, WL chicken Soft shell and shell-less eggs Egg drop syndrome

Family Adenoviridae, Genus Atadenovirus, Species Duck adenovirus A (Duck adenovirus 1 = egg drop syndrome virus)

Subgroup III adenovirus (old terminology); not documented in U.S., but in Europe an Asia causes egg production losses in otherwise laying hens. Histology: Lymphoplasmacytic inflammation of shell gland of oviduct.

DDX: low calcium in ration, NDV, IBV, incomplete molt__________________________________________________________________________

246. Oviduct, Bantam hen Egg-impacted oviduct Most common in small breeds __________________________________________________________________________

247. Kidney, WL hen Renal/visceral gout Water deprivation248. Peritoneum, WL hen Visceral gout249. Liver, heart, WL hen Visceral gout250. Kidney, chicken Urolithiasis with hydroureter and contralateral renomegaly IBV

DDX: Water deprivation, primary renal disease, nephrotropic IBV, high Ca or Vit D3 in ration, citrinin/ochratoxin/oosporein mycotoxins; vitamin A deficiency__________________________________________________________________________

251. Egg, WL chicken Malformed/wrinkled egg shells Infectious bronchitis (coronavirus)

DDX: Newcastle disease virus, abnormal calcium/phosphorus in ration__________________________________________________________________________

252. Egg, WL chicken Thinning of thin albumen layer Infectious bronchitis

DDX: Newcastle disease, nicarbazine (anticoccidial)__________________________________________________________________________

253. Peritoneum, WL hen Internal oviposition Oviduct obstruction/tumor /infection

Often idiopathic and may not affect long term productivity of hen__________________________________________________________________________

254. Oviduct, WL hen Cystic right oviduct Persistence of right Mullerian duct__________________________________________________________________________

255. Oviduct, chicken Fibrinoheterophilic salpingitis

DDX: E. coli, P. multocida, Riemerella anatipestifer (duck)

__________________________________________________________________________NEOPLASIA

Tissue/bird Morphologic/Etiologic Diagnosis Etiology/Disease__________________________________________________________________________Chicken neoplasms associated with infection by the leukosis/sarcoma group of retroviruses: Lymphoid leukosis, erythroblastosis, myeloblastosis, myelocytomatosis, fibrosarcoma,

24

myxosarcoma, histiocytic sarcoma, chondroma, osteosarcoma, nephroblastoma, renal carcinoma, ovarian carcinoma, hepatic carcinoma, pancreatic adenocarcinoma, hemangiosarcoma, mesothelioma, meningioma, glioma and benign counterparts.

Family Retroviridae, Subfamily Orthoretrovirinae, Genus Alpharetrovirus, Species Avian leukosis virus; DNA/RNA Reverse Transcribing virus

Retrovirus of leukosis/sarcoma complex. Chicken genome contains endogenous viral loci (ev). Exogenous virus subgroup A transmitted vertically and horizontally. Exogenous virus induces neoplastic transformation of B lymphocytes. Subgroups A-D avian leukosis viruses can produce lymphoid leukosis. ALV Subgroup J produces myelocytomatosis.__________________________________________________________________________

256. Pancreas, chicken Pancreatic adenocarcinoma__________________________________________________________________________

257. Ovary, WL hen Ovarian adenocarcinoma __________________________________________________________________________

258. Peritoneum, WL hen Metastatic carcinoma (Carcinomatosis)__________________________________________________________________________

259. Peritoneum, BB hen Metastatic carcinoma (Carcinomatosis)__________________________________________________________________________

260. Kidney, rooster Embryonal nephroma__________________________________________________________________________

261. Lung, chicken Hemangiosarcoma__________________________________________________________________________

262. Peritoneum, rooster Mesothelioma__________________________________________________________________________

263. Head, chicken Cranial myelocytoma ALV-J virus264. Liver, spine, chicken Hepatic/vertebral myelocytomas ALV-J virus265. Liver, chicken Mf hepatic myelocytomas ALV-J virus

Myelocytoma (myelocytic myeloid leukosis) develops from periosteum on flat bones of skull, ribs, pelvis, trachea, sternum__________________________________________________________________________

266. Body, processed broiler Squamous cell carcinoma

Usu. seen at processing and histologically resemble keratoacanthoma rather than carcinoma. Arise in feather follicle epithelium and can regress. __________________________________________________________________________

267. Liver, turkey Mf hepatic lymphoma Reticuloendotheliosis

Retrovirus structurally distinct from leukosis/sarcoma complex. Natural hosts are turkey, chicken, ducks, geese, pheasants, quail, peafowl. Both vertical and horizontal transmission.__________________________________________________________________________

268. Wing, lovebird Cutaneous fibroma

DDX: feather follicle cyst, poxvirus, squamous cell carcinoma__________________________________________________________________________

269. Kidney, budgerigar Renal adenocarcinoma__________________________________________________________________________

25

270. Beak, budgerigar Hemangiosarcoma __________________________________________________________________________

271. Subcutis, cockatiel Lipoma, subcutis __________________________________________________________________________

272. Liver, parrot Biliary carcinoma

REFERENCES1. Diseases of Poultry. M. Saif (ed.); Iowa State University Press, 20032. Poultry Production (13th Edition). R. Austic and C. Neshem, Lea & Febiger Publishers, 1990Avian Disease Manual (4th Edition). C. Whiteman and A. Bickford (eds.), Kendall Hunt Publishing, 19903. Isolation and Identification of Avian Pathogens, 4th Edition. Swayne et al. (eds). American Association of Avian Pathologists, 1998.4. Commercial Chicken Meat and Egg Production, 5th Edition. D. Bell and W.D. Weaver, Jr. (eds.), Kluwer Academic Publishers, 2002.5. Avian Histopathology, 2nd Edition. C. Riddell (ed). American Association of Avian Pathologists, 1996.6. Pathology of Pet and Aviary Birds. R.E. Schmidt, et al. (eds.), Iowa State Press, 2003.7. Pigeon Health and Disease. D. C. Tudor. Iowa State University Press, 1991.8. Ratite Management, Medicine and Surgery. T.N. Tully and S.M. Shane (eds.). Krieger Publishing Company, 1996.9. Poultry Metabolic Disorders and Mycotoxins. S. Leeson, G. Diaz and J.D. Summers. University Books, 1998.10. Color Atlas of Avian Histopathology. C. Randall and R. L. Reece. Mosby-Wolfe Publishers, 1996.

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gross morbid pathology of various avian species

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