green synthesis and characterization of zero valent iron...

International Journal of Engineering Technology, Management and Applied Sciences

www.ijetmas.com April 2017, Volume 5 Issue 4, ISSN 2349-4476

12 Satarupa Sahu, Chandrakant Thakur, S.Noyel Victoria

GREEN SYNTHESIS AND CHARACTERIZATION OF

ZERO VALENT IRON NANO PARTICLES FROM THE

PEEL EXTRACT OF MUSACEAE (BANANA)

Satarupa Sahu

M-tech Scholar

Dept of Chemical Engineering

N.I.T, Raipur, Chhatisgarh

Chandrakant Thakur

Assistant Professor



S.Noyel Victoria

Assistant Professor



ABSTRACT Recently, the research trend is centralised towards the green synthesis of nano particles involving plant extract with

minimal impact and cost. In this presented research work, a novel route for synthesis of iron nano particles using the

peel extract of banana has discovered. Characterization of synthesized nano particles was done using XRD, FTIR, EDX

and SEM techniques. The change of colour from brown to black was significant for synthesis of nano particles. From this

present study, it is confirmed that the nano particle synthesised from banana peel extract is very eco-friendly as well as

cost effective and thus can be used as effective alternative for the large scale production of iron nano particles.

Keywords

Iron nano particle; Banana peel; Green chemistry; Nano technology; Characterization

INTRODUCTION

Nanotechnology implies the manipulation of matter at the atomic, molecular level by the utilization of

materials, devices and systems in order to have nano meter-length products [5]. Nano particles because of its

specific physicochemical characteristics such as smaller size, higher surface area to volume ratio, higher

reactivity are highly implemented in various fields of biotechnology, sensors, medical treatment, catalysis

reactions, optical devices, DNA labelling, drug manufacturing [9].

Although the manufactured nano particles by lithography, UV irradiation, laser ablation, ultrasonic

fields, aerosol technologies and photochemical reduction techniques have produced excellent results, still they

are expensive for production and involvement of the hazardous chemicals leads to environmental concern.

Hence, research trend is shifting towards the evolution of eco-friendly and reasonable methods for production

of zero valent iron nano particles [7] with minimal toxicity level of the synthesised product, manageable

environmental impact of the by-products and also the cost of production [8].

To achieve this goal, anti toxic solvents (mostly water), air tide reacting vessals and green techniques

without contact of reaction media and air (hydrothermal, magnetic, ultrasonic, microwave, biological

methods), and lower temperatures can be employed [4].The technique of manufacturing nano particles from

naturally occurring products and by-products such as various plant extracts, soil, sand, biodegradable

polymers, waste and microorganisms is called green synthesis of nano particle [6]. Green chemistry aims to

reduce pollution at source and to prevent waste than to treat or clean up waste after it is formed. Green

synthesis offer better manipulation and control of crystal growth over physical and chemical methods. This

technique has opened a novel synthetic route in research to have better control of shape and size for various

nano technological applications [10].

The present research work has demonstrated a greener route for synthesis of zero valent iron nano

particles (ZVINP) using the peel extract of banana. Reaction between aqueous Ferric Chloride solution and

banana peel extract, led to rapid formation of highly stable, crystalline zero valent iron nano particles. The

production rate was very high that it justifies implication of green technology over physical method in the

synthesis of metal nano particles to be cheeper and safer. In the following sections, the synthesis of iron

nanoparticles based upon the change in color and its characterization by SEM, XRD, FTIR and EDX are

described. Figure 1 showing banana peel.




Plant Description:

Bionomial Name: Musa paradisiaca

Common Name: Banana peel

Plant part taken: peel

Family Name: Musaceae

Figure 1. Banana peel

2. EXPERIMENTAL METHODS

2.1 Reagents

All chemicals (sodium borohydride, nitric acid and ferric chloride hexa hydrate) used in this work were

purchased from Kasliwala Brothers, Raipur. Banana peels were collected from local market, homes. All

Borosil lined glass wares were purchased from Kasliwala Brothers, Raipur. Before conducting experiments,

all glass wares should be washed with dilute nitric acid and distilled water.

2.2 Preparation of Banana peel Extract To prepare the banana peel extract; banana peels were collected from homes, markets, etc. About 75

percent of the weight of a banana is water. Banana peel contains various components and minerals as follows

in Table 1.

Table 1.Component present in banana peel

Components Percentage

present

Minerals Amount present

Lipids 1.7 Potassium 78.10mg/g

Proteins 0.9 Manganese 76.20mg/g

Crude fiber 31 Sodium 24.30mg/g

Carbohydrate 59 Calcium 19.20mg/g

The collected peels were washed with tap water followed by distilled water many times in order to

remove contaminants. The banana peels were cut in to small pieces of size (3-5) cm and dried in an air oven at

1000C for 24 hours. The moisture content was reduced to a higher extent after 24 hours which can be observed

from the significant color change i.e from yellowish to brownish black [1]. The oven dried peels were

crushed in mixture and screened through 125μm ASTM sieve.

2.3 Synthesis of Zero Valent Iron Nano particles

Zero valent iron nano particle (ZVINP) was prepared by reduction method using peel extract, two main

chemicals which were FeCl3 and NaBH4 followed by the method proposed by [2] .In the experiment, 0.05gm

of peel extract, equal volume of 0.94M sodium boro-hydride (NaBH4) and 0.18M of ferric chloride (FeCl3)

were added to a 250ml beaker and NP particles were synthesized in the laboratory via the following reaction:

4Fe3+

(aq)+3BH-4+9H2O → 4Fe

0(s)↓+ 3H2BO3+12H

+(aq)+ 6H2(g) (1)

The borohydride solution was added in drop wise manner into the iron chloride with intense mixing in

ultra sonicator. Mixing for a period of a 15–20 min produces the maximum yield of black iron nano particles

coated banana peel (NBP). Particles were then separated from the solution by using What-mann filter paper




(0.2 mm). The solid particles were washed many times with absolute ethanol to remove all water and dried in

oven. Figure 2 showing particles of ZVINP.

Figure .2 ZVINP powder

3. RESULT AND DISCUSSION

3.1 Characterization of banana peel and ZVINP

SEM plots of the two adsorbents synthesized reveal that both contain the morphological properties that

should be necessary for metal adsorption to take place. Figure 3 shows heterogenous porous surface of banana

peel with a mean particle diameter of 10μm. Figure 4 is showing a much smoother surface of ZVINP with a

mean particle diameter of 1μm.

Figure 3. Schematic diagram showing the SEM plot of banana peel

Sharp peaks were not observed in XRD plot of the ZVINP which indicated that the product is of amorphous

nature (Figure 6). The diffraction patterns of banana peel (Figure 5) at 26.110, 50.3068

0 and 68.11

0 values

correspond to inter layer distances of 3.067, 1.770 and 1.252Å respectively. The average particle size‘d’ of the

banana peel was estimated to be 2.02 Å by using the standard Debye–Scherrer equation.

𝑑 =𝑘λ

β cos θ (2)

where d is the particles size, k is the Debye–Scherrer constant (0.89),λ is the X-ray wavelength (0.15406 nm)

and β is the full width at half maximum, θ is the Bragg angle.

Figure 4. Schematic diagram showing the SEM plot of ZVINP




Figure 5. Schematic diagram showing the XRD plot of banana peel

FTIR plot of banana peel(Figure 7) shows presence of functional groups such as –OH group, C-H group, C-H

group, N-H group, OH group, and aromatic ether group, epoxy group at 3411, 2926, 2880, 2289, 1619,

1399.1258, and 1035 respectively. FTIR plot of ZVINP(Figure8) shows presence of functional groups such as

primary amine, C=C group ,-OH group, -C-O- group, epoxy group at 3464, 1635, 1405, 1022, 913

respectively.

Figure 6. Schematic diagram showing the XRD plot of ZVINP

EDS plot shows that banana peel (Figure 9) contains higher percentage of carbon, silicon i.e 53.51, 39.79

respectively where as ZVINP(Figure 10) contains higher percentage of iron i.e 55.91.

Figure 7.Schematic diagram showing the FTIR plot of banana peel




Figure 8.Schematic diagram showing the FTIR plot of ZVINP

Figure 9.Schematic diagram showing the EDX plot of banana peel

Figure 10.Schematic diagram showing the EDX plot of ZVINP




4. CONCLUSION

The extract of banana peel is capable of producing zero valent iron nano particle. The color change

was very prominent when ferric chloride was added to reducing agent i.e peel extract. The rapid rate of nano

particle formation by green technology justifies implication of green technology over physical method in the

biosynthesis of metal nano particles to be cheeper and safer. SEM plot and XRD of ZVINP show amorphous

nature. FTIR plot of ZVINP shows presence of functional groups such as primary amine, C=C group,-OH

group, -C-O- group, epoxy group. EDS plot shows that banana peel contains higher percentage of carbon,

silicon where as NBP contains higher percentage of iron.

REFERENCES

[1] Darge, A., 2015, Treatment of Industrial Wastewater by using Banana Peels and Fish Scales, International Journal of

Science and Research (IJSR) ISSN (Online): 2319-7064

[2] Azzam, A.M., 2016, Removal of Pb, Cd, Cu and Ni from aqueous solution using nano scale zero valent iron particles,

Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering 4 (2016) 2196–2206.

[3] Al-Saadi, A., Yu, C.H., Shih, S., Qiu, L., Tam, K.Y., S.C. Tsang, S.C., 2009, Immobilization of BSA on silica coated

magnetic iron nano particle, Journal of Physics. Chem. C-113 (2009) 537–543.

[4] Carma, R.S., 2012, Greener approach to nanomaterials and their sustainable applications. Curr. Opin. Chem. Eng. 1,

123–128

[5] Chiu, D.T., 2010, Interfacing droplet micro fluidics with chemical separation for cellular analysis, Anal Bioanal

Chem., 397, 3179-83.

[6] Iravani, S., 2011, Green synthesis of metal nanoparticles using plants. Green Chem. 13, 2638–2650

[7] Narayanan, K.B., and Sakthivel, N., 2010, Biological synthesis of metal nanoparticles by microbes. Adv. Colloid

Interface Sci. 156, 1–137

[8] Sanchez-Mendieta, V., and Vilchis-Nestor, A.R., 2012, Green synthesis of noble metal (Au, Ag, Pt) nanoparticles,

assisted by plant-extracts. In Noble Metals (Yen-Hsun, S., ed.), pp. 391–408, INTECH

[9] Yasin, S., Lin Liu, L., andYao,J.,2013, Biosynthesis of Silver nanoparticles by Bamboo Leaves Extract and Their

Antimicrobial Activity, Journal of Fibre Bioengineering and Informatics Vol. 6:1, 77-84.

[10] Oxana, V.K.,2013, The greener synthesis of nanoparticles Trends in Biotechnology April 2013, Vol. 31, No. 4

green synthesis and characterization of zero valent iron...

Documents