GREEN COMPUTINGSustainability

and ICT Products

Maziar Goudarzi

Outline

• Introduction• Life-Cycle of ICT products• Eco-labeling and standards

Acknowledgements: Some slides/parts from http://www.ida.liu.se/~TDDD50/

Introduction

• Green IT is “...the study and practice of designing, manufacturing, using, and disposing computers, servers, and associated subsystems efficiently and effectively with minimal or no impact to the environment.”

Murugesan 2008.

S. Murugesan, "Harnessing Green IT: Principles and Practices," IT Professional, vol.10, no.1, pp.24-33, Jan.-Feb. 2008

Introduction

Green of IT• Minimize environmental

impact of ICT products• The 3R’s:

Reduce, Reuse, Recycle

Green by IT• Use ICT products to

reduce environmental impact of other products, services, equipment, etc.

Outline

• Introduction• Life-Cycle of ICT products• Eco-labelling and standards

Life-Cycle of ICT Products

Lorenz M. Hilty. Information Technology and Sustainability: Essays on the Relationship between Information Technology and Sustainable Development, Books on Demand, 2008 ISBN: 978-3837019704

ICT Production vs. Usage

• Comparison of phases in Desktop PCs– Production in China consumes 2.4 GJ– One year usage consumes 0.8 GJ

• Usage phase countervail production after 3 years– This raises to 6 years if other environmental

aspects defined in the Eco-Indicator '99 methodology are aggregated

– Dependant of electricity supply mix

مثال

تمرین اضافی

1390

ذغال سنگنفتگازبرق آبی

گزارشی از منابع تولید برق •کشور تهیه کنید.

به تفکیک سالهای مختلف )هرچه –بیشتر بهتر(

رشد حجم تولید )مگاوات(–ذکر دقیق مراجع مورد استفاده–تحلیل–میزان کاهش آلودگی محیط –

زیست بازای هر کیلووات ساعت کاهش مصرف انرژی

ICT Production vs. Usage

• Length of usage phase is a very relevant parameter– Discuss: short vs. long software innovation cycle,

benefiting from new better hardware

– Short software innovation cycles with increasing hardware requirements are ecologically disastrous

– Usage phase should be extended• Trade-off extension vs. reduced consumption of new devices

ICT End-of-life

• Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment (e-Waste)

– e-Waste has become a serious problem– Total annual global volume around 40 million tones– Treatment is a challenge, recycling is the key

• Recycling metals can save up 20-25% production costs

ICT End-of-life

• Informal recycling– Informal industry in emerging economies– Health and environmental impacts not considered

• None or poor safety measures used for manipulation• High levels of contaminants in the activity areas

– Air, bottom ash, dust, soil, waters...

Life-Cycle Assessment (LCA)

• Life-Cycle Assessment (LCA)– Environmental impact of a product in entire life-cycle– Materials, energy and infrastructure have their own life-cycles– Recursive study of them

• All phases of the chain must be considered– Consume material and energy– Use some infrastructure

• LCA analysis performed with– LCA tools: LISA, SimaPro, Umberto...– Life-cycle inventory database: Ecoinvent...

Outline

• Introduction• Life-Cycle of ICT products• Eco-labeling and standards

Sustainability

• Sustainability of products depends on several factors– Energy consumption– Materials used for construction– Disposal of the products

Eco-labeling

• Eco-labeling facilitates product selection– Easy identification of sustainable products– Easy comparison of sustainable products

تمرین اضافی

گزارشی از استانداردهای زیست محیطی اجباری •کشور در زمینه تجهیزات فاوا

معاهدات بین المللی که کشور عضو آنهاست–استانداردهای اجباری رایانه های رومیزی، لپ تاپها، –

سرورها، دیگر تجهیزات(Data centersاستانداردهای مربوط به مراکز داده )–

رعایت قواعد ارائه مطالب!•

Standards

• Standards, directives and product databases– ENERGY STAR– TCO– RoHS– EPEAT and IEEE P1680

ENERGY STAR

• Set of energy performance specifications that qualified products must fulfill– Several categories: Computers, Servers, Battery chargers...,

even home appliance, Buildings

– Started in 1992, by Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and Department of Energy

– Australia, Canada, Japan, New Zealand, Taiwan and the European Union have adopted the program

– 20%–30% less energy than required by federal standards

ENERGY STAR

• ENERGY STAR Program Requirements for Computers 5.0

– Defines categories of computers• Desktop computers, integrated desktop computers, notebooks,

workstations, game consoles, small-scale servers, thin clients

– Defines operational modes• Off mode, sleep mode, idle mode, active mode

– Defines maximum annual consumption for each category• Tables with operational mode weighting (% time idle, sleep...)• Tables with maximum annual energy according to operational mode

weighting defined (Typical Energy Consumption - TEC)

– Defines test procedures to qualify products

ENERGY STAR for Computers ver. 5.0, link…

ENERGY STAR

• Example with desktop computer category B(2 cores, 2 GB)

• Poff, Psleep, and Pidle must be measured and fed into the formula that must give less or equal than 175 kWh to qualify the product

ENERGY STAR

• ENERGY STAR Program Requirements for Displays 5.0– Defines criteria for qualifying products

• Power source, television tuners, automatic brightness control, external power supply, power management requirements

– Defines operational mode requirements• Maximum consumption in OFF and sleep modes• Maximum consumption in ON mode

– Depends on size, resolution and brightness settings

– Defines test procedures to qualify products

• ENERGY STAR provides a database for qualified products– http://www.eu-energystar.org/en/database.htm

TCO Certificate

• Sustainability certification for IT products– Originally: user friendliness, safety, and eco-friendliness– Sweden → EU → Worldwide, voluntary– Since 1992– Broad series of criteria to ensure that manufacturing, use

and recycling is carried out with consideration for environmental, social and economic responsibility

– Key criteria• Energy Efficiency• Minimization of Hazardous Substances • Ergonomic, User-centered design• Corporate Social Responsibility• Electrical Safety, Emissions

TCO: Tjänstemännens Centralorganisation

RoHS - EU Directive 2002/95/EC

• Restriction of use of certain Hazardous Substances (RoHS)– In electrical and electronic equipment– To protect human health and environment– For products put on the market since 1st July of 2006

• Restricted substances– Lead– Mercury– Cadmium– Hexavalent chromium– Polybrominated biphenyls (PBB)– Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDE)

http://www.rohs.gov.uk/http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:02002L0095-20100925:EN:NOT

EPEAT / IEEE P1680

• EPEAT: Electronic Product Environmental Assessment Tool

– A method for consumers to evaluate the effect of a product on the environment

– Managed by the Green Electronics Council• A programme of the International Sustainability

Development Foundation (ISDF)

– Organization has signed an MOU (Memorandum of Understanding) with a group of technical and environmental assessment organizations

Ref: http://www.epeat.net/documents/purchaser-resources/EPEAT_Basics_Preso_12%200710.pdf

EPEAT / IEEE P1680

• Global registry of electronic products– Covers design, production, use, and disposal of products– Operation and criteria based on IEEE 1680 standards– 23 required criteria and 28 optional

• Products registered and declared by manufacturers– Independent verification of their claims– Fast product presence in the register

• Environmental product ranking– Bronze: Meets all 23 required criteria– Silver: Bronze plus 50% of the optional criteria– Gold: Bronze plus 75% of the optional criteria

EPEAT / IEEE P1680

• Criteria categories– Reduction/elimination of environmentally sensitive materials– Materials selection– Design for end of life– Product longevity / life cycle extension– Energy conservation– End of life management– Corporate performance– Packaging

• EPEAT enforces products to meet ENERGY STAR requirements + RoHS EU directive

http://www.epeat.net/Docs/Summary%20of%20EPEAT%20Criteria.pdf

Coming Next

• Power Consumption Basics– Energy metrics– Energy use in ICT equipments– Common/General energy reduction techniques