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Greek Folk Literature, Poetry, FolkSongs and the Library of Congress PA(Supplement) ScheduleAnestis Sitas aa Medieval and Modern Greek Studies Department , Aristotle Universityof Thessaloniki, Greece , Thessaloniki, Greece , 54006 E-mail:Published online: 24 Oct 2008.

To cite this article: Anestis Sitas (2000) Greek Folk Literature, Poetry, Folk Songs and the Library ofCongress PA (Supplement) Schedule, Cataloging & Classification Quarterly, 28:1, 53-68, DOI: 10.1300/J104v28n01_06

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Greek Folk Literature, Poetry, Folk Songsand the Library of CongressPA (Supplement) Schedule

Anestis Sitas

ABSTRACT. This paper aims to explore, analyze, and assess the Li-brary of Congress PA (Supplement) Schedule as it pertains to Greekfolk (laiki) literature, Modern Greek poetry and Greek folk (dimotika)songs in particular. The notions folk literature, poetry and folk songsare discussed and elaborated upon. Particular effort is made to analyzethe case of Byzantine folk (dimodi) literature. Last, in order to make theuse of LC classification schedules more effective and accurate, clarifi-cations and suggestions are made for the classification of folk literature.[Article copies available for a fee from The Haworth Document Delivery Service:1-800-342-9678. E-mail address: getinfo@haworthpressinc.com <Website:http://www.haworthpressinc.com>]

KEYWORDS. Classification, LC PA (supplement) schedule, folk liter-ature, Greek folk literature, Greek poetry, Greek songs, folk songs

INTRODUCTION

Very little has been written about the classification of topics such asancient Greek (classical), Byzantine, and Modern Greek literature aswell as about the other schedules relevant to issues of Greek interest.According to those who have dealt with the classification of the afore-mentioned topics (Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, University ofCrete, University of Cincinnati, etc.), there is wide consensus that

Anestis Sitas is Cataloger, Medieval and Modern Greek Studies Department,Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece, 54006 Thessaloniki, Greece (Email:sitas@ipatia.ccf.auth.gr).

Cataloging & Classification Quarterly, Vol. 28(1) 1999E 1999 by The Haworth Press, Inc. All rights reserved. 53

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many issues remain unresolved and it is essential to confront andanalyze those problem areas in detail.

In the LC (Library of Congress) classification, classical literaturehas been dealt with more extensively but that does not imply that allquestions in this area are resolved. In the case of Byzantine literature,there are more serious problems of classification at least as far as textswith no clear literary content are concerned. Perhaps, the solutionwould be to handle them in the way we have dealt with classicalliterature, that is to disregard whether they are literary texts and togroup them as ‘‘classical Byzantine texts.’’ This way we are treatingByzantine texts in exactly the same way we are treating ancient Greekand Latin texts. So far the analysis of Byzantine texts has been extem-poraneous, dispersed, and incomplete. Although this paper will not tryto solve all the problems related to the application of classificationschedules to Byzantine literature, some explanations about Byzantineliterature are necessary to understand the problems of Modern Greekliterature and folk songs.

SCOPE

The intent of this study is not to create problems for libraries that havedecided to apply the pertinent LC’s schedules nor to totally reconsider theschedules of Modern Greek literature. The goal is to clarify questionsabout Greek folk literature, Greek folk songs, legends and fairy tales andto decide how to resolve those issues through the existing classificationschedules. It is imperative to apply an Addition in order to create a morecomplete and comprehensive tabulation of Modern Greek literature simi-lar to the ones that exist for other national literatures.

What follows are necessary explanations about the content and use ofschedules as well as some suggestions on the more effective use of them.

PERIODS OF GREEK LITERATURE

The Library of Congress categorizes Greek literature in the followingareas:1

Classical literature to ca. 600 A. D.Byzantine literature (700 A. D.-1600)Modern Greek literature (1600-1960)Contemporary Greek literature (1961- )

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It is important to point to some discrepancies in the above catego-rization. In the case of the first period of classical literature, the sched-ule’s Outline suggests the year 600 A. D. as the end of the period.Later, in Individual authors, is suggested the year 700 A. D. What canbe made clear here is that the purpose of the schedule is to point to thereign of Justinian I, who died in 565 A. D., as the end of the classicaland the beginning of the Byzantine period.2

As for the beginning of the Modern Greek literature, K. Krumbach-er3 and L. Politis4 point to the year 1669 (fall of Crete to Ottomanrule) which implies that we should perceive as rather flexible the date1600 A. D., that is the LC suggested starting point of Modern Greekliterature.

The beginning of contemporary Greek literature (authors whostarted publishing about 1950 and flourished after 1960)5 is anotherpoint of contention. According to scholars in the field of ModernGreek literature, it would be more appropriate to set the starting timeof contemporary literature right after the generation of the 1930’s.That generation consists a group of monumental importance in thefield of Greek literature that includes Nobel laureates such as G.Seferis and O. Elytis.6 Thus the suggestion is that the beginning ofcontemporary Greek literature should be identified with the generationthat began publishing after the end of World War II, so that the genera-tion of the 1930’s is not included. Such chronological delineationwould help categorize the different periods of Greek literature moredistinctively.

CLARIFICATIONS ON FOLK LITERATURE

First, a definition of the term is in order: ‘‘Folk literature is anintegral part of folk tradition (folklore) [ . . . ]. It consists [ . . . ] asmuch of prose as of narratives in verse, poems, songs, legends, andtheatrical plays [ . . . ].’’7

The materials which fall under the category of ‘‘folk literature’’should be described more analytically. The following types of materi-als are relevant to folk literature:

1. Collection of texts (verses) or studies on folk literature2. Collection of texts (verses) or studies on folk literature of specif-

ic region, province or city

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3. Collection of texts (verses) or studies on folk literature accordingto subject

4. Studies or collections of fairy tales5. Studies or collections of proverbs6. Books on folk songs with verses and scores7. Tapes, LPs, CDs with the music of folk songs8. Folk songs accompanied by corresponding dances, traditions,

customs, etc., from the areas of origin (folklore studies)

Here we will examine only the first four categories in detail. Forproverbs (category 5 above) LC prefers schedule PN 6400+.8 Musico-logical studies (categories 6, 7, 8 above) are classified under the classM (Music). For works on the origin, traditional beliefs and meaningconnected with mythical characters, fairies, etc., LC prefers GR (Folk-lore), BL (Mythology, Cults, etc.) and BF (Metapsychology, Occultsciences, etc.).9 For popular stories and legends it suggests the sched-ule GR but at the same time proposes that they can be grouped as partof every national literature.10

Dimotika and Laika or Rebetika Songs

From this point on, references to folk literature and folk songsimply Greek folk literature and Greek folk songs. The task of pin-pointing the chronological origins of folk songs is not easy at all. Asignificant number of scholars who study folk songs seek their originsin Greek antiquity but all of them treat them as part of Modern Greekliterature. It should be emphasized that folk songs and folk literature,in general, are materials that are included in Modern Greek and not inByzantine literature.

Greek folk songs ‘‘constitute a particular component of ModernGreek poetry, very rich and, in many respects, very important. Theyrepresent the component with the longest tradition since some variantsof folk songs are chronologically placed among the first examples ofModern Greek literature [ . . . ].’’ In the context of Greek poetictradition, folk poetry encompasses two basic categories, which arequite apart from each other in many respects. The first includes songs,which we label ‘‘dimotika,’’ and which are expressions of rural,agrarian communities. The other category encompasses songs that areknown as ‘‘laika’’ or ‘‘rebetika,’’ songs out of urban settings. Thecategory that is considered original folk poetry, under the strict defini-

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tion of the term, are only the dimotika songs.’’11 That is why in thispaper the term ‘‘Greek folk songs’’ means the dimotika songs.

SCHEDULES

‘‘When the schedule for Greek and Latin literature was printed in1928 as part of the volume P-PA, Philology, Linguistics, ClassicalPhilology, Classical Literature, it included the classification of Byzan-tine and Modern Greek literature and of medieval and Modern Latinliterature only in skeleton form in the synopsis which came at thebeginning of the volume [ . . . ]. They were completed in 1933 andmade available in typewritten form to the staff and, by interlibraryloan, to classifiers in other libraries.’’12

However, its first publication appeared only in 1968 although theprefatory note in that edition by the Librarian of Congress is dated in1941. Since then Cumulations of Additions and Changes appeared in1983, 1984, 1992 and also there exists a complete edition in theCataloger’s Desktop/Classification Plus of 1998.

All the changes that took place up until 1998 are included in theschedule that follows.

SCHEDULE PA (SUPPLEMENT)Byzantine and Modern Greek Literature

PA5000-5075 History and Criticism-Collections.

Special periods.Medieval. Byzantine.History and criticism.

5101 Periodicals and societies.Collections.

5103 Several authors.5105 Individual authors.5107 Study and teaching.5109 Biography of critics, historians, etc., A-Z.5110 General works.5115 General special.5120 Outlines, tables, etc.

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5125 Addresses, essays, lectures.5130 Special topics, A-Z.5135 Special countries, A-Z.5140 Biography (Collected).

Special forms.Poetry.

5150 General works.5151 Historical.5152 Political.5153 Religious.5154 Epic.5155 Popular. Folk literature.

Drama.5160 General works.5163 Religious.5165 Prose. Fiction. Romances.5166 Letters.5167 Wit. Humor. Satire.

Collections.General.

5170 Early to 1800.5171 1801-5172 Minor.

Translations, by language.Prefer PA 5180-5198.

5173 English.5174 Other, A-Z.

Special subjects.5175 Religion and magic.5176 Other, A-Z.

Special countries or regions.5178 Crete.5179 Other, A-Z.

Special forms, including translations.Poetry.

5180 General.5183 Religious.5185 Popular. Folk songs, ballads, etc.5187 School and college verse.

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Translations.5188.9 Polyglot.5189 By language, A-Z.

Drama.5190 General.5193 Religious.5194 Translations, by language, A-Z.

Prose. Romance. Fiction.5195 General.5196 Translations, by language, A-Z.

Wit. Humor. Satire.5197 General.5198 Translations, by language, A-Z.5201-5298 Modern, including Renaissance.

(Divided like PA5101-5198)For local literature of Modern Greece, seePA4639+

For Modern Greek literature outside of Greece,see PA5640+

5269 Juvenile literature (General).For special genres see the genre

5301-5395 Individual authors or works (Medieval andByzantine period).Modern, 1600-1960 (XL).

5609 Anonymous works, by title, A-Z.5610 Individual authors or works (1600-1960).PA 5611-5637 Individual authors, 1961- (XL).

Local literature of Greece.5639 By region, province, island, or island group,

etc., A-Z (XXVI)..5 By city, A-Z (XXVI).

Modern Greek literature outside of Greece.Cyprus (XXIV).

5640-5649 History-Collections-Individual authors orworks.

5649 Folk literature.13

.2 History and criticism.

.3 Collections.United States. Canada.

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.5 History.5650 Collections.5655 Individual authors, A-Z (XL).5660 Other regions or countries, A-Z.

Under each:.x History and criticism..x2 Collections..x3 Individual authors.

If libraries whose Byzantine and Modern Greek literature collec-tions are small adopt schedule PA (Supplement)-5000-5660, then theproblems are not very evident. However, in the case of specializedlibraries whose holdings consist to a great extent of such studies as thesubject of folk songs, it is not only classified under various categories,but it is also mixed and confused with other subjects. The scheduledoes not contain appropriate demarcations for the classification of folksongs. As a result, it allows for the listing of folk songs under alldifferent series of class numbers which confuses both catalogers andpatrons.

In the Library of Congress schedule on folk literature of all Euro-pean ethnic literatures there is a special provision with a separate partin every ethnic literature, for example PQ781-841 for French folkliterature, PR951-975 for English folk literature, PT881-951 for Ger-man folk literature, etc. Unfortunately, the Library of Congress has notcreated a similar complete distinction for folk literature of Greece.However, in A Cumulation of Additions and Changes through 1983,such class numbers are assigned, but they are applied only to ModernGreek literature outside of Greece, for folk Cypriot literature in partic-ular (PA5649.2-5649.3), which is not part of folk literature of Greece.

LC’S PRACTICE OF BYZANTINEAND MODERN GREEK POETRY

In the way LC treats the Byzantine, the Modern Greek poetry aswell as Greek folk literature, it appears that folk literature is dividedinto two periods, the Byzantine folk (PA5155, PA5185) which actuallyrefers to the folk (dimodi) Byzantine literature and the Modern Greekfolk literature (PA5255, PA5285) which refers to dimotika and laika orrebetika. LC uses the same term ‘‘folk literature’’ for both periods.

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This kind of division is not clear in the LC schedules. Greek folkliterature and folk songs are integral parts of one and the same period,the Modern Greek period.14

Folk (Dimodi) Byzantine Literature

In the case of Byzantine literature the LC designation for poetryPA5150-5155, is both appropriate and helpful. Specialists in this fielddivide it into logia (secular PA5150 and religious PA5153)15 anddimodi (folk literature PA5155).16 The class numbers PA5151 histori-cal poetry, PA5152 political poetry and PA5154 epic poetry, can beboth secular and folk literature. ‘‘Popular, Folk literature’’ in the con-text of Byzantine literature is poetry written in popular (dimodi) andnot formal language (logia). Thus in Byzantine literature ‘‘popular’’does not imply folk songs. Consequently, the terms ‘‘folk songs’’(dimotika) and ‘‘folk literature’’ which constitute part of the ModernGreek literature should not be confused with the Byzantine literaturewritten in ‘‘dimodi’’ language.

It should be emphasized that the works of folk literature are notcreations of specific individuals. Instead, they are collective composi-tions that have come down to us from the oral tradition.17 On thecontrary, the folk literature of Byzantium consists of works by individ-ual authors even if specific works appear anonymous (unsigned).Therefore works of folk Byzantine literature can be classified underthe class numbers PA5101-5198, which are available under the LCschedules.

Folk Literature (Laika and Rebetika) and Folk Songs

Books relevant to folk literature can be found all too often under theclass numbers of Modern Greek literature. That means that they areclassified under PA5201-5298 and not PA5101-5198 which provesthat sometimes folk literature is correctly placed in the Modern Greekperiod and that the term folk poetry during the Byzantine period refersnot to folk literature but to works written in popular dialect (dimodilanguage). Unfortunately, this correct classification is not applied uni-formly. Many libraries, including LC, perpetuate the incorrect listingand the serious misunderstanding.

Also, according to the definitions given above, the listing of folk

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songs (dimotika), on the one hand, and the laika or rebetika, on theother, should be clearly distinguished. Thus monographs on or collec-tions of laika and rebetika songs, which are a separate category ofModern Greek literature, should be classified under PA5255 andPA5285 (popular poetry, ballads).

Special Countries

The LC schedules use the numbers PA5035, 5135, 5178 andPA5235, 5278, 5279. The class number PA5035 is used correctlybecause it refers to materials of both the Byzantine and Modern Greekperiods. In regard to Byzantine literature, numbers corresponding tocountries can be used since the Byzantine Empire encompassed landsfar beyond mainland Greece. However, in the category of ModernGreek literature the above numbers are useful for particular regions orcities but not for countries since the territory of Modern Greece isalready defined. Nonetheless, for Greek literature outside of Greecethe special LC numbers should be used:

Modern Greek literature outside of Greece PA5640-5660

PROPOSAL FOR A NEW ADDITIONTO THE PA (SUPPLEMENT) SCHEDULE

LC suggests the class numbers:

Local literature of Greece.

PA 5639 By region, province, island, or island group,etc., A-Z (XXVI).

.5 By city, A-Z (XXVI).

Greece is a small country of approximately 10 million people. It isan exaggeration to use those numbers for studies on different regionsand cities of Greece. Besides, as was mentioned earlier, LC has pro-posed for those cases the numbers PA5235, 5278, 5279. Thus classnumbers reserved for the Local Greek literature can be redefined andused in the classification of Folk literature of Modern Greece.

In fact, since the numbers PA5638 and PA5639.5-5639.8 have not

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been put into use, they can be analyzed and applied in the classifica-tion of folk songs and folk literature. With that modification in mind,we can analyze the specific part of the schedule in the following way:

FOLK LITERATURE OF GREECE

PA 5638-5639.7Folk songs.History and criticism.

5638 General..2 Special topics, A-Z..3 Special regions or cities, A-Z.

Collections.5638.4 General..5 Special topics, A-Z..6 Special regions or cities, A-Z..7 Translations, by language. A-Z.

Legends. Fairy tales.History and criticism.

5639 General..2 Special topics, A-Z..3 Special regions or cities, A-Z.

Collections.5639.4 General..5 Special topics, A-Z..6 Special regions or cities, A-Z..7 Translations, by language. A-Z.PA 5639.8-5660 Modern Greek literature outside of Greece.

Specific bibliographic records that serve as examples are provided inthe Appendix.

CONCLUSION

The following observations are in line about the way LC classifica-tion schedules handle Byzantine and Modern Greek literature andpoetry:

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1. The classification of Byzantine literature is, in general, correctand appropriate as long as it is done carefully so that all fields ofByzantine literature are being identified.

2. The classification of Byzantine poetry as well as that of popular-folk literature of the Byzantine period is correct, but those cate-gories can not and should not be confused and applied to ModernGreek folk literature.

3. The application of schedules that pertain to Modern and contem-porary Greek literature create problems. For that reason if wetake into consideration the suggestions and modifications men-tioned earlier:a. We can avoid dispersal in classification of folk songs, folk lit-

erature (dimotika), and other fields of Modern Greek literature.b. We can avoid confusion between Byzantine literature written

in popular (dimodi) dialect and folk Modern Greek literature.c. We can incorporate legends and fairy tales into the folk literature.d. Finally, we can have a separate and complete subdivision in

the LC classification schedules for Greek folk literature, as isthe case with the folk literatures of other countries.

Received: July, 1998Accepted: November, 1998

NOTES

1. From the schedules PA and PA (Supplement) of LC.2. George F. Johnston, The literature of classical antiquity and the PA Schedule

in: Languages of the World: Cataloging Issues and Problems (ed. Martin D. Joa-chim) (New York: The Haworth Press Inc., 1993).

3. Karl Krumbacher, Geschichte der byzantinischen Literatur von Justinian biszum Ende des Ostromischen Reiches (527-1453) (New York: Burt Franklin, 1958).

4. Linos Politis, A history of Modern Greek literature (Oxford: Clarendon Press,1975), p.3.

5. See note in Schedule PA (Supplement) for the numbers PA5611-5635.6. Mario Vitti, I genia tou trianda: ideologia kai morfi [Generation of 30’s: ideol-

ogy and form] (Athina: Ermis, 1989).7. ‘‘Laiki logotechnia,’’ vol. 39 of Egkyklopaideia Papyros Larous Britannica

(Athina: Papyros, 1983-1994), p.95.8. See schedule PN, p.20.9. See schedule PQ, p.12 and PT, p.18.

10. See schedule PN, pp.15, 19, and 20.11. Eratosthenis Kapsomenos, Dimotiko tragoudi: mia alli prosengisi [Folk song:

another approach] (Athina: Arsenidis, 1990), p.15-16.

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12. Class P. Subclass PA. Supplement. Byzantine and Modern Greek literature, me-dieval and Modern Latin literature (Washington: Library of Congress, 1968), p.iii.

13. LC numbers PA5649.2 and PA5649.3 appeared only in the Additions andChanges through 1983. Since then they have not appeared in any other edition of LCschedules, but also are not canceled either.

14. Krumbacher, ‘‘Geschichte der byzantinischen,’’ and Politis, ‘‘A history of Modern.’’15. Hunger Herbert, Die hochsprachliche Profane Literatur der Byzantiner (Mun-

chen: C.H. Beck, 1978).16. Hans-Georg Beck, Geschichte der byzantinischen Volksliteratur (Munchen: C.

H. Beck, 1971).17. Dimitris S. Loukatos, Eisagogi stin eliniki laografia [Introduction to the Greek

folklore]. 2nd ed. (Athina: Morfotiko Idrima Ethnikis Trapezis, 1978), p.93.

APPENDIX

FIGURE 1. Folk Songs. History and Criticism, General

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FIGURE 2. Folk Songs. History and Criticism, Special Topics

FIGURE 3. Folk Songs. Collections, Special Regions or Cities

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FIGURE 4. Legends. Fairy Tales. Collections, Special Regions or Cities

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