grassland ecology. world grasslands north american grasslands reflect weather patterns
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GRASSLAND ECOLOGYGRASSLAND ECOLOGY
WORLD GRASSLANDSWORLD GRASSLANDS
NORTH AMERICAN GRASSLANDS REFLECTNORTH AMERICAN GRASSLANDS REFLECTWEATHER PATTERNSWEATHER PATTERNS
PRECIPITATION IS IMPORTANTPRECIPITATION IS IMPORTANT
DIFFERENTDIFFERENTGRASSLANDSGRASSLANDS
WITHWITHDIFFERENTDIFFERENT
PRECIPITATIONPRECIPITATION
GRASSLAND NET PRIMARY PRODUCTIONGRASSLAND NET PRIMARY PRODUCTION(NPP) DEPENDS ON MOISTURE(NPP) DEPENDS ON MOISTURE
SOIL TYPES CAN BE IMPORTANTSOIL TYPES CAN BE IMPORTANTWHY?WHY?
SEASONALITY OF MOISTURE ALSO IMPORTANTSEASONALITY OF MOISTURE ALSO IMPORTANT
SEASONALITY LEADS TOSEASONALITY LEADS TODIFFERENT GRASS PHOTOSYNTHETICDIFFERENT GRASS PHOTOSYNTHETIC
PATHWAYSPATHWAYS
NOT JUST WATER,NOT JUST WATER,MOISTUREMOISTUREAFFECTSAFFECTS
NITROGENNITROGENAVAILABILITYAVAILABILITY
PRODUCTION AT BISON RANGE IS NITROGEN LIMITED
Schmitz (1992) found that N - fertilization increased plantproduction more than water supplementation.
Plant production depends on soil N availability (resin bags)at microsites.
-3.0 -2.0 -1.0 0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0
-3.0
-2.0
-1.0
0.0
1.0
2.0
3.0
NITROGEN DEVIATIONFROM CONTROL (mg/bag)
BIO
MA
SS
DEV
IATIO
NFR
OM
CO
NTR
OL (
g-d
ry/c
ag
e)
r = 0.64, N = 21, P < 0.002
GRASSLAND:GRASSLAND:LAND OF COMMONLAND OF COMMON
DISTURBANCEDISTURBANCE
ANNUAL VARIATION IN MOISTUREANNUAL VARIATION IN MOISTURE(great)(great)
DRYNESS ANDDRYNESS ANDLIGHTNINGLIGHTNING
HERBIVORYHERBIVORY
HERBIVORY CAN BE GREATHERBIVORY CAN BE GREATIN GRASSLANDSIN GRASSLANDS
BISON RANGE HERBIVORESBISON RANGE HERBIVORES
2.5 g/m2 5.0 g/m2
Each unit of consumption = 1.25 – 1.67 units eaten
(Pre-Columbian on Great Plainsno more than 5 g/m2)
WHY?
1994
CONTRO
L
CORPSE
FRASS
HOPPER
0255075
100125
1996
CONTRO
L
CORPSE
FRASS
HOPPER
0255075
100125
1994
CONTRO
L
CORPSE
FRASS
HOPPER
0255075
100125
1996
CONTRO
L
CORPSE
FRASS
HOPPER
0255075
100125
TREATMENT
PLA
NT B
IOM
AS
S (
g/m
2)
ADDED WATER
NATURAL PRECIPITATION
TRADITIONAL VIEW OF GRASSHOPPERS
*
**
*
GRASSHOPPERS AND THE NITROGEN CYCLE
Drought Year (grasshoppers decrease plants by 43% - P < 0.03)
Normal Precipitation Year (grasshoppers do not decrease plants - P < 0.5)
LITTER POOL2.2 g/m2
LITTER POOL1.7g/m2
AVAILABLE SOIL NUTRIENT POOL1.0 g/m2
AVAILABLE SOIL NUTRIENT POOL1.7 g/m2
1.1 g/m2
0.9 g/m20.6 g/m2
0.6 g/m2
FAST CYCLE35%
SLOW CYCLE65%
FAST CYCLE50%
SLOW CYCLE50%
0.5 g/m2
0.5 g/m2
0.4 g/m2
0.5 g/m2
PLANTS(0.9 g/m2)
frass & carcasses
PLANTS(1.5 g/m2)
frass & carcasses
1994
CONTROL
CORPSE
FRASS
HOPPER02468
101996
CONTROL
CORPSE
FRASS
HOPPER02468
10
1994
CONTROL
CORPSE
FRASS
HOPPER02468
101996
CONTROL
CORPSE
FRASS
HOPPER02468
10
TREATMENT
PLA
NT –
GR
OW
ING
SEA
SO
N N
ITR
OG
EN
(mg
/g o
f re
xyn
)
A NITROGEN PERSPECTIVE FOR GRASSHOPPERS
**
**
* *
**
DENIZENS OF THE SOILDENIZENS OF THE SOILDRIVE NUTRIENT DYNAMICSDRIVE NUTRIENT DYNAMICS
Change with plant spp.Change with herbivoryChange with fireChange with drought
Different microbes = different dynamics
VERY COMPLEX DYNAMICSVERY COMPLEX DYNAMICS
HUMAN DISTURBANCEHUMAN DISTURBANCE(fire suppression, overgrazing, exotics)(fire suppression, overgrazing, exotics)
NATIONAL BISON RANGE,NATIONAL BISON RANGE,OUR LABORATORYOUR LABORATORY
MEASURING PRIMARY PRODUCTIONMEASURING PRIMARY PRODUCTION
CLIPPING TO MEASURE BIOMASS --Must separate current year’s growth from past (how?)Why dry the vegetation?Timing, plot size, number of plots?
SPECTRAL CHARACTERISTICS OF LIGHT REFLECTANCE –Why does vegetation look green?What wavelengths do chlorophyll absorb?Radiometer measures ratio of infrared to red (why?).What do you have to control for?How do you calibrate measures to biomass?Remote sensing (plane and satellite).Timing, area measured (height), number of areas?
MEASURING SPECIES COMPOSITIONMEASURING SPECIES COMPOSITION(bare ground)(bare ground)
TOE POINT AND POINT FRAME –Incidence.What is missing?Timing and how many points?
CLIPPING –Same issues as biomass measures.What does this consider?
REMOTE SENSING –Different species absorb slightly different
wavelengths.Calibration and sensitivity.Timing and how many points?
MEASURING HERBIVORYMEASURING HERBIVORYPLANT PERSPECTIVE (exclosures) –
Measure primary production with andwithout herbivores.
How large an area and how many areas?How to ensure adequate matching of exclosures
and outside areas?Does the exclosure affect plant production?
PLANT PERSPECTIVE (measure damage) –Absolute measure or index?How to calibrate to make it an absolute measure?What might you fail to consider?
ANIMAL PERSPECTIVE (compute consumption) –How many herbivores and how much does each eat?Precision?What might you fail to consider?
ANIMAL PERSPECTIVE (estimate abundance) –Index of abundance
MEASURING ABIOTIC FACTORSMEASURING ABIOTIC FACTORSSOIL TYPES –
Organic matter, sand, clay.
SOIL MOISTURE AND COMPACTION –Conductance or actual moisture?Force to penetrate?Timing and number of sites?
TEMPERATURE AND WIND –Why important?Timing?
NUTRIENTS –Measure in soil? Problem?Capture from plants? Problem?Which nutrients?Timing?
MISCELLANEOUSMISCELLANEOUS
SEED BANK –See what germinates. Problem?Flotation methods. Problem?
SOIL MICROBES –Why important?Measure activity (in situ vs. in vitro)?Identify participants (molecular techniques)?
CRYPTOPHYTES –Why important?Incidence and activity?
FIRE AND DROUGHT –How to measure (frequency and intensity)?
TOUR OF BISON RANGETOUR OF BISON RANGE
Purpose: To see what is there to help you indesigning the two class projects.
FIRST PROJECTFIRST PROJECT
Problem: Compare two adjacent sites, one with cattle andthe other without.
Goal: Learn methods. Assess sampling intensity necessaryto be confident in primary production,species composition and abiotic measures.
Product: Single group presentation, including statisticalanalysis.
Value: How much to sample at each site in thesecond exercise?
SECOND PROJECTSECOND PROJECT
Problem: Assess what might determine the presence ofdifferent plant communities at different sites.
Goal: Learn about what creates different grasslands.How to sample to address a comparative communityecology study. Apply more advanced statistics.
Product: Two group presentations (including statisticalanalysis). Can different communities be identified?How do communities differ?
Value: Learn about comparative ecology and whyplant communities may differ.