grammer book final
TRANSCRIPT
BY: Alfonsina Deane BY: Alfonsina Deane
Table Of Contents 1. Preterite2. Preterite trigger
words3. Car, Gar, Zars4. Spock5. Snake & Snakey6. Cucaracha7. Imperfect8. Imperfect trigger
words9. Imperfect irregulars10. Preterite vs. Imperfect11. Ser vs. Estar 12. Verbs Like Gustar13. Comparititves &
Superlatives14. Transition Words 15. Future
16. Future Irregular17. Future Trigger Words18. Por19. Para20. Conditional + irregulars21. Present Perfect22. Present perfect irregulars23. Past Perfect24. Subjunctive perfect25. tanto y tan26. Impersonal ‘se’27. Saber vs. Conocer28. Los Mandatos
Informal/FormalAffirmativeNegativeIrregular
29. DOP + IOP placement30. Nosotros command31. mono verbs
32. Subjunctive + irregulars33. Trigger phrases
•Impersonal expressions•Expressions of emotion•Conjunctions of time
34. Demonstrative Adjectives + Pronouns
é, í, aste, iste, ó, ió, amos, imos, aron, ieron
A definite time in the pastHas a beginning and/or ending
Hablar = habléHablasteHablóHablamosHablaron
1. Preterite Smart-Art
-car, -gar, -zarChanges in the ‘yo’ form-car = -que -gar = -gué-zar = -cé
Tocar = toqueJugar = juguéComenzar = comencé
Change only in the 3rd person
o-u: dormir, morir
e-i: venir, servir, competir, repetir, preferir, sentir,
pedir
Changes only in the 3rd person
e-y: leer, creer
i-y: oir
Andar anduv-
Estar estuv-
Poder pud- Querer quis- Saber sup- Tener tuv- Venir vin-
•Decir dij-•Traer traj-•Conducirconduj-•Producir produj-•Traducir tradujo-
Usamos imperfecto para el pasado muy distante
Indica una acción que contínuaEndings:
-ar Aba Abas Aba Ábamos Aban
•-er/-ir•Ía•Ías•Ía•Íamos•ían
A vecesSometimesSiempre
AlwaysMuchas veces
Often A menuda
OftenFrecuentamente
frequently
IRIbaIbasIbaÍbamosIban
•SER•Era•Eras•Era•Éramos•Eran
•VER•Veía•Veías•Veía•Veíamos•Veían
10. PRETERITE vs. IMPERFECTPreterite:
Foreground/focus eventAcheivementSequential developmentRepeated eventsSpecific time references
Imperfect:Background processDuration, nonachievmentSimultaneous developmentHabitual eventGeneral time reference
11. Ser vs. EstarSoy, eres, es, somos, sonEstoy, estás, está, estamos, estánSer: orgin, identification, characteristics,
telling time and date, time and place of event, with the preposition ‘de’
Estar: location, conditions, opinions“how you feel and where you are always take
the verb estar”
11. Ser vs Estar– to be› SER
D escription O rigin C haracteristics T ime O ccupation R elationship P ossession E vents D ates
- ESTAR•H ealth•E motions•L ocation/ Condition•P resent Condition (hoy)•I•N -ar = ando•G -er = iziendo
12. Verbs Like GustarAbburir, encantar, faltar, facinar, importar, interesar, molestar, quedar, caer, doler, disgustar, faltar, preocupar, sorprender, apretecer
When gustar is followed by 1 or more verbs in the infinitive, the singular form of gustar is always used
Gustar is often used in the conditionalAdd a personal “a” when addressing people
La casa es grande.La casa es más grande que la otra.La casa es el más grande de todos.
La casa es grande.La casa es menos grande que la otra.La casa es menos grande del mundo.
Irregulars:Bueno MejorMalo PeorViejo MayorJoven Menor
14. Connector WordsAunque = Even thoughTambién = AlsoMientras = WhileA pesar de = In spite ofPero = ButPor lo tanto = ThereforeSin embargo/No obstante = Nevertheless
15. El FuturoInfinitive + -é, -ás, -á, -emos, -ánFor all verbs, -ar, -er, or –irHe will run:
CorrerCorrer + ending (á)Correrá
15. FuturoInstead of meaning will.. It can also mean could/would/should
Just use these endings instead:
-ía, - ías, - ía, - íamos, ían
15. Can also be ‘probably’Que hora serà? What time will it be? Serà la una: can be it will be one a clock or it
is probably is one a clock.Llegarà el tren pronto? Si, llegarà pronto.Will the train arrive on time? Yes, it probably
will.
16. Irregular Futuro Infinitive future
stem Decir dir- Hacer har- Poner pondr- Salir saldr- Tener tendr- Valer valdr- Venir vendr- Poder podr- Querer querr- Saber sabr-
Example:DiráHaráPondrá
17. Future Trigger WordsFor the Future:
mañanaEn (tres, quatro…)
(DIAS, SEMANAS, HORAS, ANOS)El proximo
(DIA, SEMANA, HORA, ANO)
18. PORPassing throughAn exchangeGeneral rather than specific locationHow long something lastsAlways goes with numbers and timeThe cause of somethingDoing something in place of or instead of someone
elseA means of transportation
19. PARAFor whom something is doneTo contrast or compareTo express an opinionDestinationThe purpose for which something is
doneTo express ideas of deadline
20. Conditional + Irregulars
21. Present PerfectWhen to use?
21. Present PerfectEndingsEndingsAR AR ADO ADOIR IR IDO IDOER ER IDO IDO
HABER
He Hemoes
Has ---------
Ha Han
22. Present perfect irregularsIrregulars
Abrir- abiertoCubrir-
cubiertoDecir- dichoEscribir-
escritoHacer- hechoMorir- muerto
•Poner- puesto•Resolver- resuelto•Romper- roto•Ver- visto•Volver- vuelto•Ir -ido
23. Past Perfectcombine the auxiliary verb "had" combine the auxiliary verb "had"
with the past participlewith the past participleBecause the past perfect is a Because the past perfect is a
compound tense, two verbs are compound tense, two verbs are required: the required: the mainmain verb and the verb and the auxiliaryauxiliary verb. verb.
Había, habíamos, habías, había, habían
24. Subjunctive perfectused when a verb or expression requiring used when a verb or expression requiring
the subjunctive in the main clause is in the subjunctive in the main clause is in the present, future, or present perfect.the present, future, or present perfect.
The present subjunctive is used when the The present subjunctive is used when the dependent clause is in the present or dependent clause is in the present or future, while the present perfect future, while the present perfect subjunctive is used when the dependent subjunctive is used when the dependent clause is in the past.clause is in the past.
Example: Example: Dudo que lo hayas hecho.Dudo que lo hayas hecho.
25. Tanto y Tantan + adjective (adverb) + como
Example: El subjecto es tan bueno como el otro.
tanto(-a,-os,-as) + noun + comoExample: Mariana tiene tanto dinero como Diana.
26. Impersonal ‘se’Not specific to one specific person or
genderFor example:
Spanish is spoken here by someone:
Se habla español aquí.How does one say?Cómo se dice?
27. Saber vs. ConocerBoth mean ‘to know’ Saber:
sabes, sabe, sabemos, sabenFacts and information
Conocer:Conozco, conoces, conoce, conocemos, conocen
Person, place, thing, published work
28. Los MandatosChange to the yo formTake the last letter off the end of the
word.If it is an ‘er’ verb, add an a (for usted) or
an (for ustedes)If it is an ‘ar’ verb, add an e (for usted) or
en (for ustedes)Same form for negative and positive, just
add a ‘no’ before the command
28. Formal Commands Example:
› Tener› Tengo› Teng› Tenga› Or Tengan
› Or no Tenga
-Necesitar-Necesito-Necesit-Necesite-or Necesiten-or no necesiten
28. Irregular Formal Commands
Tener tenga(n)Vener venga(n)Dar dé(n)Ir vaya(n)Ser sea(n)Hacer haga(n)Estar esté(n)Sabersepa(n)
28. Los Mandatos-InformalAffirmative:
Conjugate in the ‘tú’ formDrop the ‘s’Add pronoun if necessaryFor example:
BañarBañasBañaOr báñate
16. Informal CommandsAffirmative Irregular
Di, haz, ve, pon, sal, se, ten, ven
Then, add pronoun if necessary
28. Informal CommandsNegative
Negative: Put it in the ‘yo’ form Change to opposite vowel Add an ‘s’ Place pronoun before verb For example: › Hablar› Hablo› Hable› hables
28. Informal CommandsIrregular Negativetvdishes: -Tengas
VengasDigas/des
VayasSeas
HagasEstésSepas
29. DOP + IOP placementCommands:Commands:
object pronouns: attached directly object pronouns: attached directly to the end of the verbto the end of the verb Example: Cómalo Example: Cómalo
If both direct and indirect object If both direct and indirect object pronouns are attached, the indirect pronouns are attached, the indirect object pronoun comes before the object pronoun comes before the direct object pronoundirect object pronoun
Example: CómameloExample: Cómamelo
29. Formal Commands with lo or la For affirmative commands, you can add
the lo/la to the end of the verb, but make sure to accent the 3rd to last sylable
For example: › Olvídelo
For negative formal commands, put the pronoun in between the ‘no’ and the verb
For example: › ‘No lo coma’
30. Nosotros Command & 31. MONO Verbs
32. Subjunctive + irregularsAttitudes, uncertain, hypotheticalIrregulars: Tener-tenga, Venir-
venga, Decir- diga Dar- dé, Ir- vaya, Ser- se, Hacer- haga Haber- haya, Estar- este, Saber- sepa
•COMO •COM
33. Trigger Phrases-Impersonal Expressions
33. Expressions of EmotionWhen there is not a change of subject, use the infinitive
Example: Temo llegar tarde.Expressions of Emotions:
Alegarse, esperar, sentir, soprender, temer, es triste, ojalá que
33. Expressions of Emotion, cont.
Main clause: hope, fear, joy, Main clause: hope, fear, joy, pity, and suprisepity, and suprise
Subordinante clause: Use Subordinante clause: Use SubjunctiveSubjunctive
Example: Nos alegramos que Example: Nos alegramos que te gustan las floras.te gustan las floras.
33. Conjunctions of Timetake the indicative when the action in the
subordinate clause is either habitual or in the past.
The subjunctive is used when the main clause is a command or in the future
Example: Comí hasta que mi abuelo me llamaron.I ate until my grandpa called.
así que, cuando, despues de que, en cuanto, hasta que, luego que, tan pronto como
34. Demonstrative AdjectivesAgrees in number and gender of the noun it is describing
This = este/estaThat = ese/esaThese = estos/estasThose = esos/esasThat over there = aquel/aquellaThose over there = aquellos/aquellasEsto = not feminine or masculine
34. Demonstrative Pronouns
This one = éste/ éstaThese (ones) = éstos/ éstasThat one = ése/ ésaThose (ones) = ésos/ ésasThat one over there = aquél/ aquéllaThose (ones) over there = aquéllos/
aquéllas