Español 3 Grammar Book

Mateo YarbroughPeriod 3

Tema PaginaTitle Page 1

Table of Contents 2

Preterite Tense 3

Preterite Trigger Words 4

Car/ Gar/ Zar Verbs 5

Spock Verbs 6

Cucaracha Verbs 7

Snake/ Snakey Verbs 8

Imperfect Tense 9

Imperfect Trigger Words 10

Imperfect Irregulars 11

Preterite Vs. Imperfect 12

Ser vs. Estar 13-14

Verbs like Gustar 15

Comparatives and Superlatives

16

Transition Words 17

Future Tense 18

Trigger Words in the Future

19

Future Tense Irregulars 20

Table of ContentsTema PaginaPor 21

Para 22

Conditional Form and Irregulars

23

Perfect Tense: Present 24

Perfect Tense: Past 25

Perfect Tense: Future 26

Present Perfect Irregulars 27

Subjunctive Perfect 28

Tanto vs. Tan 29

Impersonal “se” 30

Saber vs. Conocer 31

Los Mandatos 32

Affirmative Commands 33

Negative Commands 34

Irregular Commands 35

DOP and IOP Placement 36

Nosotros Command: Mono 37

Table of Contents (Cont.)

Tema PaginaSubjunctive Tense 38

Irregulars 39

Impersonal Expressions 40

Expressions of Emotion 41

Conjugations of time 42

Demonstrative Adjectives and Pronouns

43

Preterite Tense

EndingsAR Verbs Er Verbs

-é -í

-aste -iste

-ó -ió

-amos -imos

-aron -ieron

•Preterite is used for past actions that are seen as completed

Examples:•No hice las tareas por la tarde•Me acosté a las once•¿ A qué hora terminaste tus tareas?

Preterite

El día anterior (the day before)

Ayer (yesterday)

Anoche (last night

La semana pasada (last week)

El lunes pasado (last Monday)

Una vez (one time)

Preterite Trigger Words

These are the words which will tell you when to use the preterite rather than other tenses such as the present or imperfect tense.

Examples yo jugué (jugar) yo busqué (buscar) yo almorcé (almorzar)

Car/Gar/Zar Verbs

In the yo form, verbs that end in…

-car -gar -zar

Change to…

qué gué cé

-gar -car -zar

cegar aparcar almorzar

colgar buscar autorizar

jugar clarificar cazar

llegar clasificar comenzar

pagar destacar cruzar

Common Verbs

Spock Verbs

Ser/ Ir Dar Hacer Ver

Fui Di Hice Vi

Fuiste Diste Hiciste Viste

Fue Dio Hizo Vio

Fuimos Dimos Hicimos Vimos

Fuisteis Disteis Hicisteis Visteis

Fueron Dieron Hicieron Vistieron

Ir

VerDar

Ser

Hace

r

Spock Verbs!!!

Andar: Anduv- Estar: Estuv- Poner: Pus- Poder: Pud- Querer: Quis- Saber: Sup- Tener: Tuv- Venir: Vin- Decir: Dij- Traer: Traj- Conducir: Conduj-

Cucaracha Verbs

Verbs Ending in –uir change in 3rd person change to yó and yeron

All –ir stem changing verbs in the present tense change from e-i or o-u in the 3rd person

Endings

-é

-iste

-ó

-imos

-ieron

Other Irregulars

ir stem-changing verbs do change in the preterite (e:i and o:u third person singular and plural)

preferir dormir

preferí dormí

preferiste dormiste

prefirió durmió

preferimos dormimos

preferisteis dormisteis

prefirieron durmieron

Snake/Snakey Verbs

Examples:

yo -í nosotros, nosotras

-ímos *

tú -íste * vosotros, vosotras

-ísteis *

él, ella, Usted

-yó ellos, ellas, Ustedes

-yeron

• ER & IR verbs whose stems end in a vowel need a

strong Y to replace the I in 3rd person forms.

Leer- Leyó/ Leyeron

Examples:

Imperfect Tense

Ar Er/Ir

Aba Ia

Abas Ias

Aba Ia

Abamos Iamos

Abais Iais

aban ian

Conjugations

Use for actions that were in the past but not completed

Examples•Yo trabajaba en la oficina.•Ellos comían los tacos.•Tú dormías

These are the words which will tell you when to use imperfect tense instead of a tense such as the present or preterite.

Trigger Words

Imperfect

Siempre (always)

Cada dia (every day)

Todos los dias ( every day)

Nunca (never)

A veces (sometimes)

Todos los martes (Every Tuesday)

Ser Ir Ver

Era Iba Veía

Eras Ibas Veías

Era Iba Veía

Éramos Ibamos Veíamos

Erais Ibais Veíais

Eran Iban Veían

Irregulars in the Imperfect Tense

There are only three real irregulars in this tense and are conjugated below.

Examples• Juan iba a la iglesia los

domingos.• Tú eras un alumno inteligente.

• Nosotros veíamos la tele.

Expressing actions that are complete

Expressing ending or beginning of an action in the past

Tell a series of event in the past or a specific time

Tell of an action still ongoing

Tell of events that were habitual

Tell of a state both physical or emotional as well as characteristics

Simultaneous event occurring

Preterite vs. Imperfect

When to use: When to use:

ExamplesExamples

•Yo trabajé en la oficina ayer.•Yo tomé la medicina.

•Yo hablaba mucho cuando era niño.•Yo corría en la calle cuando era niña.

VS.

estar ser

estoyestásestáestamosestáisestán

soyeresessomossoisson

Ser vs. EstarConjugations

Example

•Estar listo•Ser lista

•To be ready (state)•To be bright (defining quality)

•Estar aburrido•Ser aburrido

•To be bored (state)•To be boring (defining quality)In Spanish, both Ser and Estar translate to

mean “to be”. It can sometimes be tricky to decide which one to use so we turn to

DOCTOR PED and HELPING.

Description (Ella es baja.)

Occupation (Soy doctor.)

Characteristic (El es simpático.)

Time / Date (Son las nueve.)

Origin (Soy de Georgia.)

Relationship (El es mi padre.)

Possessions (Es mi mochilla.) Events (Mi cumpleanos es en mi

casa.) Dates (Hoy es el nueve de

junio )

Health (Ella esta enferma) Emotion (Ella esta feliz) Location (Esta en la

escuela) Present Condition I N G

DOCTOR PEDSer

Estar

Verbs ending in –ing• -ando• -yendo/endo

(Esta ayudando)

HELPING

Aburrir, Encantar, Faltar, fascinar, importar, interesar, molestar, quedar, caer bien/mal, doler, disgustar, hacer, faltar, preocupar, sorprender, apetecer

When followed by verbs in the infinitive, always use singular form

Often used in the conditional (me gustaría) to soften request

Verbs like Gustar

Examples:•Me gusta tu pelo.

•Nos faltan la escuela y tarea.

Me, Te, Le, Nos, Les

EX1. La casa es grande.2. El granero es mas grande

que la casa.3. El castillo es el mas grande

de todas.EX

4. Este dinosaurio es feroz.5. Este dinosaurio es menos

feroz que el otro.6. Este dinosaurio es el menos

feroz del mundo.

Irregulares Bueno- mejor Viejo- mayor Malo- Peor Joven- Menor

Números Hay mas de cinco elefantes. Hay menos de siete elefantes.

1. La manzana es bueno2. El plátano es mejor que la

manzana.3. Las cerezas son las mejores de

todos las frutas

Comparativos y Superlativos

Connecting Words Aunque- even though Tambien- also Mientras- while A resir de- in spite of Pero- but Por lo tanto- Therefore Sin embargo/ no obstante-

Nevertheless

These words can be used to link or connect different parts of a sentence.

Transition Words

To conjugate, simply take the infinitive of the verb and add the endings to the right on the end.

This tense is used to tell what "will" happen, or what "shall" happen.

It is also used to express wonder or probability in the present state.

The future tense is not used to express a willingness to do something.

Future Tense Endings

-é

-ás

-á

-emos

-éis

-án

Examples•El lunes iré al hospital. I'll go to the hospital on Monday.•Esta noche miramos la televisión.   Tonight we'll watch TV.•Serán las ocho. It must be 8:00.

Mañana, pasado mañana

Año que viene Año próximo Es un/dos/ tres

horas

Future Trigger Words

decer dir- to say

haber habr-

there to be [impersonal]; to have [helping verb]

hacer har- to make, do

poder podr- to be able

poner pondr-to put, place, set

querer querr- to want, love

decir sabr- to know [a fact], know how [+ infinitive]

salir saldr- to leave, go out

tener tendr- to have

valer valdr- to be worth

venir vendr- to come

These verbs have the same endings as the normal future tense

The future tense of the word hay is habrá: There will be

Future Tense Irregulars

Verbs Conjugation Meaning

Examples•Enrique nos dirá la verdad. Enrique will tell us the truth. •¿Quiénes vendrán conmigo? Who will come with me? •Pondré la mesa en seguida. I'll set the table right away.

Passing through- Portal General rather than

specific location- Portugal How long something lasts-

Porever The cause of something-

Porpuse An Exchange-

Import/Export Doing something in place

of or instead of someone else- I’m por, pay for me

A means of transportation- Transportation

Examples Viajamos por tres

semanas. Me caí por la nieve

Por

For whom something is done- Surprise Paraty

Destination- Paraguay The purpose for which

something is done- Parachute

To express an opinion- Paradon me, but…

To contrast of Compare- Compara

To express idea of deadline- Paramedic

Para

Would, Should, Could Often used with verbs such as

gustar Endings1. ía2. ías3. ía4. íamos5. ían

Conditional Form and Irregulars

Irregulars- Same as Future Tense

caberyo cabría

haberyo habría

poderyo podría

quereryo querría

saberyo sabría

deciryo diría

poneryo pondría

saliryo saldría

teneryo tendría

valeryo valdría

veniryo vendría

haceryo haría

Ex. 1. ¿Qué hora sería?

What time could it have been?2. Estaría en su casa.

He must have been at home.

Made by combining "has" or "have" with the past participle

Two verbs are required: the main verb and the auxiliary verb (Haber)

Haber: he has ha hemos habéis han

Present Perfect Tense

Ex.1. He comido.

I have eaten.2. He pagado la cuenta.

I have paid the bill.

Formed by combining the auxiliary verb "had" with the past participle.

Formed by using the imperfect tense of the auxiliary verb "haber" with the past participle.

Haber: había habías había habíamos habíais habían

Past Perfect Tense

Ex.1. Había vivido.

I had lived.2. Juan había abierto las puertas.

Juan had opened the doors.

The future perfect is formed by combining the auxiliary verb "haber" with the past participle. In this case, "haber" is conjugated in the future tense.

Used to describe what will have happened in the future before a different action takes place, or by a specific time.

Haber: habré habrás habrá habremos habréis habrán

Future Perfect Tense

Ex.1. Habrá pagado todas las

deudas para el dos de octubre.He will have paid all the debt by October 2.

2. Habremos vuelto de España para el doce de junio.We will have returned from Spain by June 12.

Used when a verb or expression requiring the subjunctive in the main clause is in the present, future, or present perfect

Used to indicate the action as completed with governing verbs in the present or future tense or command forms

Haber Haya Hayas Haya Hayamos hayan

Perfect Subjunctive

Ex. 1. I doubt that you did it Dudo que lo hayas hecho

To form the comparisons of equality using adjectives or adverbs, use tan + adjective (adverb) + como

To form comparisons of equality with nouns, use tanto(-a,-os,-as) + noun + como

Tan vs. Tanto

Ex.1. Juan tiene tanto dinero

como María.(as much money as)

2. El libro es tan bueno como la película.(The book is as good as the movie.)

The English equivalent of 'one' and 'people.'

Refers to an unidentified human agent.

It only uses intransitive verbs and 'objectless' transitive verbs

The verb is always singular. Ex.

1. En los Estados Unidos se come mucho. People eat a lot in the United States.2. Se puede encontrar cocos en el

mercado. You can find coconuts in the market.

Impersonal “se”

Both used to express the idea "to know"

Not interchangeable

1. saber: to know (facts, information, how to do something, something by heart)

2. conocer: to know (to be familiar with people, places, things)

Ex.1. Juan sabe donde está

María.Juan knows where Maria is.

2. Alberto y Alfredo conocen Madrid.Alberto and Alfredo know (are acquainted with) Madrid.

Saber vs. Conocer

Used when ordering, or telling someone to do something. This is often referred to as the "imperative" form of the verb.

Informal, or familiar, speech is used among friends, coworkers, relatives, or when addressing a child. Formal speech is generally used to be polite or to express respect. For that reason, the formal commands are often referred to as polite commands

Los Mandatos- Informal vs. Formal

Tu Commands (Informal) Usted Commands (Formal)

Affirmative Commands

-ar verbs:-e (for Ud.), -en (for Uds.)-er and -ir verbs:-a (for Ud.), -an (for Uds.)

The affirmative informal (tú) commands are formed the same way as the present indicative Ud. form

Tu Commands (Informal) Usted Commands (Formal)

Negative Commands

•negative commands use the same verb forms as in the affirmative ones

•Use the present subjunctive tú form

Ex. Di la verdad.(Tell the truth.) No digas mentiras.(Don't tell lies.) Haz tu tarea.(Do your homework.) No hagas eso.(Don't do that.)

Irregular Commands

• only occur with affirmative tú commands

DOP and IOP PlacementDOP’s

Me Me

Te You (informal)

Lo Him, You (formal), It (masculine)

La Her, You (formal), It (femine)

Nos Us

Os You all (only used in Spain)

Los Them, You all (masculine)

Las Them, You all (feminine)

In Spanish, the D.O.P. must be placed before the verb when there is only one verb.

Ex.Si, lo voy a comprar. (in front) Yes, I am going to buy it.

IOP’sMe To or For me

Te To or For you (informal)

Le To or For him/her/you (formal)

Nos To or For us

Os To or For you all (only used in Spain)

Les To or For them/you all

The I.O.P. is placed before a conjugated verb.

Ex.Tus padres te dan dinero. Your parents give you money. (give money to you)

With affirmative commands, the final "s" of the verb form is dropped before adding the pronoun "nos“

Let us = English Equivalent

Ex. Sentemos + nos = Sentémonos.Let's sit down.

Nosotros Commands: Mono Verbs

The subjunctive mood is rarely used in English, but it is widely used in Spanish

Used to express everything except certainty and objectivity: things like doubt, uncertainty, subjectivity, etc.

For most verbs, the present subjunctive is formed by following these three steps:

Forming it: Start with the yo form of the present

indicative. Then drop the -o ending. Finally, add the following endings: -ar verbs:

-e, -es, -e, -emos, -éis, -en-er and -ir verbs:

-a, -as, -a, -amos, -áis, -an

Subjunctive Tense and Triggers

Ex. 1. Nos alegramos de que te

gusten las flores.We are happy that you like the flowers.2. Temo que mis estudiantes

lluguen tarde.Im afraid my students will arrive late.

dar dé

desdédemosdeisden

estar esté

estésestéestemosestéisestén

haber haya

hayashayahayamoshayáishayan

Subjunctive Irregularsir vaya vayas vaya vayamos vayáis vayansaber sepa sepas sepa sepamos sepáis sepanser sea seas sea seamos seáis sean

These are just some of the more common interpersonal expressions. There are many more.

impersonal expressions trigger the use of the indicative mood, since they introduce a quality of certainty or objectivity.

Impersonal Expressions a menos que ...

unless ... antes (de) que ...

before ... con tal (de) que ...

provided that ... cuando ...

when ... conviene que ...

it is advisable that ... después (de) que ...

after ... dudar que ...

to doubt that ... en caso de que ...

in case ... en cuanto ...

as soon as ... es aconsejable que ...

it's advisable that ... es bueno que ...

it's good that ... es difícil que ...

it's unlikely that ... es dudoso que ...

it is doubtful that ... es fácil que ...

it's likely that ... es fantástico que ...

it's fantastic that ... es importante que ...

it's important that ... es imposible que ...

it's impossible that ...

Indicate fear, happiness, anger, regret, surprise, or other sentiments or biases

Expressions of Emotion

Subjunctive with Feeling Words

alegrarse de que to be happy that

es justo que it's fair that

es (una) lástima que it's a pity that es malo que

it's ( too) bad that es mejor que it's better that es peor que it's worse that

es preferible que it's preferable that

Used to express everything except certainty and objectivity: things like

doubt, uncertainty, subjectivity, etc.

For most verbs, the present subjunctive is formed by

following these three steps:Forming it:

Start with the yo form of the present indicative.

Then drop the -o ending. Finally, add the following

endings: -ar verbs:

-e, -es, -e, -emos, -éis, -en-er and -ir verbs:

-a, -as, -a, -amos, -áis, -an

es raro que It's strange that es triste que it's sad that

estar contento que to be happy that

estar triste que to be sad that

extrañarse que to be amazed

sentir queto regret, be sorry that

sorprenderse que to be surprised that

temer queto fear that

take the indicative when the action in the subordinate clause is either habitual or in the past. The subjunctive is used when the main clause is a command or in the (potential) future

Phrases: así que as soon as Cuandowhen despues de que after en cuanto as soon as hasta que until luego que as soon as tan pronto como as soon as

Conjunctions of Time

Ex. 1. Trabajé hasta que mis niños me

llamaron.  I worked until my kids called.

2. Trabajo hasta que mis niños me llaman.

I (usually) work until my kids call.

3. Trabaja hasta que tus niños te llamen. Work until your kids call.

4. Trabajaré hasta que mis niños me llamen.

I'll work until my kids call.

Spanish has three words where English only has two. In English, we say "this" or "that" depending upon whether the object is close to us or not.

In Spanish, we also say "this" and "that," but there is another, separate word used to mean "that one over there."

This form is used when the object is more than just a short distance away, for example, on the other side of the room.

Demonstrative adjectives agree in gender and number with the noun modified, and they regularly precede the noun.

The demonstrative pronouns are the same in form as the demonstrative adjectives, but they always have the accent mark: éste, ése, aquél, ésa, aquélla, etc.

Demonstrative Adjectives and Pronouns

•estethis•esethat•aquelthat one over there