grammatical portfolio enjoy!!
DESCRIPTION
a brief summary of the main grammar topics..TRANSCRIPT
GRAMMA
R
PORTFOL
IO
by Loany Meza and Karla Gonzalez
IntroductionIs a fact we unconsciously use grammar all the time when we use language for speaking, listening, reading and writing, and if we want to improve our English language abilities, there is no escape from addressing grammar issues. Grammar is a very wide topic, but not so difficult to learn if you really like it. So, what its grammar? At its core, the term grammar refers to either the inherent structure of words and sentences (morphology and syntax respectively) in a language; or to the study and description of this structure (what we learn from the books). Other approaches include more topics like orthography (spelling, punctuation and capitalization), semantics (word meanings), phonetics and phonology (sounds) and pragmatics (language use in context). In this portfolio we are going to give you a concrete review of the most important grammar topics, and we are going to keep it simple, direct and to the point.. We hope you like it, and we hope this could be useful and valuable for you..
PART I. -Nouns -Adjectives -AdverbsPART II. -Verbs Tenses -Active and Passive Voice -ModalsPART III. -Prepositions and Conjunctions -Kind of Sentences -Punctuation Rules
What is a noun?
A noun is the part of
speech (or word class)
that is used to name or
identify a person, place,
thing, quality, or action.
Most nouns have both a
singular and plural form,
can be preceded by an
article and/or one or more
adjectives, and can serve
as the head of a noun
phrase.
Most nouns in
English have both
singular and plural
forms, and the
plural is usually
formed by adding "-
s" to the singular.Ends with “s”, “x”, “ch” or “sh”
Add -es boss -> bossestax -> taxesbush -> bushes
Ends with consonant + “y”
Change “y” to “i” then add –es
Baby -> babies Candy -> candies Curry -> curries
most others Add –s cat -> catsface -> facesday -> days
Although most
nouns have plurals
formed according to
regular rules some
nouns have unusual,
or irregular plurals.
Ends with -fe Change “f” to “v” then Add –s
knife -> kniveslife -> liveswife -> wives
Ends with -f Change “f” to “v” thenAdd –es
half -> halveswolf -> wolvesloaf -> loaves
Ends with -o Add –es potato -> potatoestomato -> tomatoesvolcano -> volcanoes
ends with -us Change -us to –i cactus -> cactinucleus -> nucleifocus -> foci
Common NounsCommon nouns are the opposite of proper nouns. They are generic nouns. They name people, places, things or ideas that are not specific.
Examples:woman, city, dog, shoeSince these nouns are not naming anything specific, they do not need to start with a capital letter unless they begin a sentence.
Proper NounsProper nouns name specific people, places, things, or ideas.
Examples:Karla, Loany, Rosa, George, Robert.Since these nouns are naming specific things, they always begin with a capital letter.
Sometimes, they contain two or more important words.
Examples:Britney Spears, Central Park Zoo, Pacific Ocean.If this is the case, both important words are capitalized, and the whole thing is still considered to be one proper noun even though it's made up of more than one word.
Nouns name people, places, and things. Collective nouns, a special class, name groups [things] composed of members [usually people].
Examples:army, audience, board, cabinet, class, committee, company, corporation, council, department, faculty, family, firm, group, jury, majority etc.
One class of nouns is concrete. You can experience this group of nouns with your five senses: you see them, hear them, smell them, taste them, and feel them.Examples: Student, fire fighter, dog, pencil, computer, ice cream etc.
Not all nouns are concrete. A second class of nouns is abstract. You cannot experience abstract nouns with your senses.Examples: Intelligence, bravery, loyalty, eloquence, convenience etc.
The possessive form of a noun is used to show ownership. A noun is possessive if a phrase can be changed to say that an
item or idea belongs to someone or something. Example: The new car belongs to Peter. -> Peter’s car is new.The possessive noun always comes before what it owns or has.
How can we form the possessive of singular nouns?The possessive of singular nouns (a name, place, thing or idea) is formed by adding an apostrophe plus an “s”.Examples:Monica’s house -> The house belongs to Monica.Flower’s petals -> The flower has petals.
Count nouns use singular and plural verbs and pronouns:
Non-count nouns use only singular verbs and pronouns:
There is an apple. (singular)There are some apples. (plural)
There is some fruit. (singular verb)
I like that chair. ("that" is singular). She likes those chairs. ("those" is plural)
I like that furniture.I like those furniture. (no!)
A car is an expensive thing to own. Cars are an expensive form of transportation.
Traffic was heavy today. (singular verb)
Apples taste good Fruit tastes good.
Digital cameras make photography easy. They are fun to use.
TV stations have a lot of video equipment. It is expensive.
How to count non-counts nouns..
Common Measurement words
Nouns used with it
Bar ChocolateSoap
Cube SugarIce
Game TennisSoccerCards
Glass WineBeerWaterJuice
Piece AdviceInformationBaggageClothingFurnitureHomeworkMachinery
Although non-count nouns are supposed to be
uncountable, we sometimes need to count them. At least,
we sometimes need to explain the quantity of
something which is non-count. We can do this by
using a measurement word, or counter, like this:-a bar of chocolate
-two loaves of bread
-three slices of meat
What is an adjective?
The part of speech (or word
class) that modifies a noun
or a pronoun.
Another definition:
The part of speech that
modifies a noun or other
substantive by limiting,
qualifying, or specifying and
distinguished in English
morphologically by one of
several suffixes, such as -
able, -ous, -er, and -est, or
syntactically by position
directly preceding a noun or
nominal phrase.
Adjectives can be used to
describe lots of things,
from physical size, age,
shape, color, material, to
more abstract things like
opinion, origin and
purpose. We can use
adjectives together to
give a detailed
description of something.
Adjectives that express opinions usually come before all
others, but it can sometimes
depend on what exactly you
want to emphasize.For example: "That nice, big, blue bag."
(You like the bag.)"That big, nice, blue bag." (You like the color.)
When we group adjectives together there is a general rule for the position of each type adjective, these are:
Position 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th
Opinion Size Age Shape Color Material Origin Purpose
Nice Small Old Square Black Plastic British Racing
Ugly Big New Circular Blue Cotton American Running
•??Adjectives of Type
Compound
adjectivesAdjective
s of quantity
Adjectives of Quantity answer the question ‘How much?’Examples : Some, Little, Any, Enough
A compound adjective is formed when two or more adjectives work together to modify the same noun. These terms should be hyphenated to avoid confusion or ambiguity. Example: The black-and-blue mark suggested that he had been involved in an altercation.
Derived Adjectives
Possessive adjectives
This form of adjective is used in a sentence before a noun to indicate possession. For instance, in the sentence, “ Do not touch my diary. It is personal.”, the word “my” inserted just in front of the noun “diary” is the adjective. Few other examples of possessive adjectives are “your”, “his”, “her”, “our”, “their”, etc.
A derived adjective is an adjective derived from a noun or verb. Example: dreamy from dream, sterilized from sterilize
superlative ADJECTIVE
Scomparative adjectives
A superlative adjective expresses the extreme or highest degree of a quality. We use a superlative adjective to describe the extreme quality of one thing in a group of things. Examples: large ->largest; big -> biggest; fat -> fattest.Comparative adjectives are used to compare the difference between 2 nouns, or a collective noun . Examples: large -> larger; big -> bigger; fat-> fatter
Demonstrative
Adjectives
INTERROGATIVE
adjectives
INDEFINITE
Adjectives
This form of adjective is used to demonstrate or indicate certain things. For instance, in the sentence, “Parents of only those students, who have not managed to pass in all subjects, will have to come for tomorrow’s parents-teachers meeting.” The word “those” indicates a particular lot of students who have failed in their test. Placed before the noun “students”, this is a form of demonstrative adjective. Other such adjectives are “that”, “these”, “this”, etc.
While demonstrative adjectives point out specific things, indefinite adjectives do not indicate anything specific. Indefinite adjectives are formed from indefinite pronouns and the most common ones among them are “any”, “many”, few”, “several”, etc. In the sentence, “Several soldiers died in the Pacific War.”, the word “several” placed just before the noun “soldiers” is an adjective, which does not indicate the specific number of soldiers, who died in the war.
Interrogative Adjectives are used to ask questions about a noun.Examples : What, Which, Whose
What is an adverb?
The part of speech (or
word class) that is
primarily used to
modify a verb,
adjective, or other
adverb. Adverbs can
also modify
prepositional phrases,
subordinate clauses,
and complete
sentences.
ADVERBS OF TIME These answer the question when?
This adverb usually comes either at the
very beginning of the sentence or at the
end.Examples:
-Afterwards we decided to go by car.
-I've done that journey before.
-We haven’t started yet.
-She is still a student.
ADVERBS OF PLACE These answer the question where?
This adverb usually comes after the
object, otherwise after the verb:
Examples: -We saw you there.
-We were sitting here.
-We looked everywhere.
-Have you seen my glasses anywhere?-I'm sure I left them
somewhere.
ADVERBS OF MANNER These answer the
question how?This adverb usually
comes after the direct object or if there is no direct
object, after the verb:Examples:
-She speaks Italian beautifully.
-He works well.-You must drive your
car carefully.-Eat quietly.
ADVERBS OF DEGREE These answer the question to what
extent?This adverb can modify
an adverb or an adjective and comes before the word it
modifies:Examples:
-The bottle is almost full, nearly empty.
-They should be able to pass their exams quite
easily.
The following adverbs of degree can also modify
verbs:almost, nearly, quite,
hardly, scarcely, barely, just.
ADVERBS OF FREQUENCY
These answer the question how many
times?This adverb comes after
the verb 'to be':Examples:
-She is always honest.Comes before simple
tenses of all other verbs:
-They sometimes spend the whole of Saturday
fishing.Comes after the first auxiliary in a tense
consisting of more than one verb:
-I have often wondered how they did that.I can sometimes go
without food for days.
AFFIRMATIVE ADVERBS
(yes) and Adverb of negation (No)
Examples:yes, surely, certainly, indeed, by all means, no, not at all, by no
means.-I hope my parent
just for once will say yes to my latest
idea.-You must have heard about the haunted house
surely?
INTERROGATIVE ADVERB (Question): When? Where? How?
Why? How much/often?Examples:
-When was the last time you saw the
accused?-Where have you been
all the while?-How could you have overlooked all these
mistakes?-Why do you have to
do such a stupid thing?
RELATIVE ADVERBwhen, where, how,
whyThese words are the
same in form as Interrogative
Adverbs; but they are not questions.
Examples: -The time when he
arrived is still unknown.
-The scene where the accident occurred is close to the hospital.
SIMPLE FORMS
PROGRESSIVE FORMS
Perfect FORMS
Perfect progressive
FORMS
Present TensePresent tense expresses an unchanging,
repeated, or reoccurring action or situation that exists only now. It can also represent a widespread truth.
Example Meaning
The mountains are tall and white.
Unchanging action
Every year, the school council elects new members.
Recurring action
Pb is the chemical symbol for lead.
Widespread truth
Past TensePast tense expresses an action or
situation that was started and finished in the past. Most past tense verbs end in -ed. The irregular verbs have special
past tense forms which must be memorized.
Example Meaning
W.W.II ended in 1945.
Regular -ed past
Ernest Hemmingway wrote "The Old Man and the Sea."
Irregular form
Future TenseFuture tense expresses an action or situation that will occur in the
future. This tense is formed by using will/shall with the simple form of the verb. Example: The speaker of the House will finish her term in
May of 1998.
The future tense can also be expressed by using am, is, or are with going to.
The surgeon is going to perform the first bypass in Minnesota.
We can also use the present tense form with an adverb or adverbial phrase to show future time.
The president speaks tomorrow. (Tomorrow is a future time adverb.)
Present Progressive TensePresent progressive tense
describes an ongoing action that is happening at the same time the statement is written. This tense is formed by using am/is/are with the verb form
ending in -ing.Example:
The sociologist is examining the effects that racial
discrimination has on society.
Past Progressive TensePast progressive tense
describes a past action which was happening when another action occurred. This tense is
formed by using was/were with the verb form ending in -
ing.Example:
The explorer was explaining the latest discovery in Egypt when protests began on the
streets.Future Progressive TenseFuture progressive tense describes an ongoing or
continuous action that will take place in the future. This tense is formed by using will be or shall be with the verb
form ending in -ing.Example:
Dr. Jones will be presenting ongoing research on sexist
language next week.
Present Perfect TensePresent perfect tense describes an
action that happened at an indefinite time in the past or that began in the past and continues in the present. This tense is formed by using has/have with the past participle of the verb. Most past participles end in -ed. Irregular
verbs have special past participles that must be memorized.
Example Meaning
The researchers have traveled to many countries in order to collect more significant data.
At an indefinite time.
Women have voted in presidential elections since 1921.
Continues in the present.
Past Perfect TensePast perfect tense describes an action that took place in
the past before another past action. This tense is formed by using had with the past
participle of the verb.Example:
By the time the troops arrived, the war had ended.
Future Perfect TenseFuture perfect tense
describes an action that will occur in the future before
some other action. This tense is formed by using will have
with the past participle of the verb.
Example:By the time the troops arrive, the combat group will have
spent several weeks waiting.
Present Perfect ProgressivePresent perfect progressive tense describes an action that began in the past, continues in the present, and may continue into the future.
This tense is formed by using has/have been and the present participle of the verb (the verb
form ending in -ing).Example:
The CEO has been considering a transfer to the state of Texas where profits would be larger.
Past Perfect ProgressivePast perfect progressive tense
describes a past, ongoing action that was completed before some other past action. This tense is
formed by using had been and the present perfect of the verb (the
verb form ending in -ing).Example:
Before the budget cuts, the students had been participating in
many extracurricular activities.Future Perfect Progressive
Future perfect progressive tense describes a future, ongoing action that will occur before some specified future time. This tense is formed by using will have been and the present participle of the verb (the verb form ending in -ing).
Example:By the year 2020, linguists will have been studying and defining the Indo-European language family for more than 200 years.
There are two ways to express an
action of a subject in relation to its
object: Active voice and Passive
voice.
In “active voice” subject acts upon
object, while in “passive voice”
object is acted upon by subject. It
can also be said, in “active voice”
subject does a work on object,
while in “passive voice” object is
worked on by subject. The normal
structure of an active voice
sentence is subject+verb+object
but in passive the normal structure
of sentence is reversed according
to certain rules and becomes like
object+verb+subject. The real
meaning of a sentence does not
change if the sentence is
expressed either by active voice or
by passive voice.
Active FormIn active sentences, the thing doing the action is the subject of the sentence and the thing receiving the action is the object. Most sentences are active.[Thing doing action] + [verb] + [thing receiving action]
Examples:
Passive FormIn passive sentences, the thing receiving the action is the subject of the sentence and the thing doing the action is optionally included near the end of the sentence. You can use the passive form if you think that the thing receiving the action is more important or should be emphasized. You can also use the passive form if you do not know who is doing the action or if you do not want to mention who is doing the action.[Thing receiving action] + [be] + [past participle of verb] + [by] + [thing doing action]
Examples:
ACTIVE PASSIVE
Present Simple Tense Once a week, Tom cleans the house. Once a week, the house is cleaned by Tom.
Present Continuous Tense Right now, Sarah is writing the letter. Right now, the letter is being written by Sarah.
Present Perfect Tense Many tourists have visited that castle.
That castle has been visited by many tourists.
Past Simple Tense Sam repaired the car. The car was repaired by Sam.
Past Continuous Tense The salesman was helping the customer when the thief came into the store.
The customer was being helped by the salesman when the thief came into the store.
Past Perfect Tense George had repaired many cars before he received his mechanic's license.
Many cars had been repaired by George before he received his mechanic's license.
Future Simple Tense Someone will finish the work by 5:00 PM.
The work will be finished by 5:00 PM.
Future Perfect Tense They will have completed the project before the deadline.
The project will have been completed before the deadline.
Transitive and intransitive verbsA verb can be either transitive or intransitive. A transitive verb needs an object (in sentence) to give complete meaning while intransitive verb does need an object (in sentence) to give complete meaning. Transitive verb. He sent a letter. (Send is a transitive verb and it needs an object Example: a letter ,to express full meaning.)
Intransitive verb cannot be changed into passive voiceThe sentences having intransitive verbs (belonging to any tense) cannot be changed into passive voice. The reason is that there is not any object in such sentences and without object of sentence passive voice is not possible. A sentence can be changed into passive voice if it has subject and object. Intransitive Verb. He laughs. (Laugh is an intransitive verb and it does not need object for expressing full meaning.) -Sleep, go, reach, sit, die, are examples of intransitive verbs.
The following tenses can also not be changed into passive voice.-Present perfect continuous tense-Past perfect continuous tense-Future continuous tense-Future perfect continuous tense
Types of Modals•Modals of Ability: Can, Could, Be able to, May, Might •Modals of Advice: Should, Ought to, Had better •Modals of Necessity: Must, Have got to, Have to •Modals with “Not”: Must not, Do not have to •Modals of Polite Request: Would you, Could you, Will
I can speak English.
You may not work on dad's
computer.
You should drive carefully
in bad weather.
I think it will rain on Friday.
You must be tired.
Passive voice for Present/Future Modals
Active voice: CANShe can play a violin.She cannot play a violin.Can she play a violin?
Passive voice: CAN BEA violin can be played by her.
Active voice: MAYI may buy the COMPUTER I may not buy the computer.May I buy the computer?
Passive voice: MAY BEThe computer may be bought by me.The computer may not be bought by me.May the computer be bought by me?
Active voice: MIGHT Guests might play chess.Guests might not play chess
Passive voice: MIGHT BEChess might be played by guests.Chess might not be played guests.
Active voice: SHOULDStudents should study all lessons.Students should not study all lessons.Should students study all lessons?
Passive voice: SHOULD BEAll lessons should be studied by students.All lessons should not be studied by students.Should all lessons be studied by students?
Active voice: MUSTYou must learn the test-taking strategies.You must not learn the test-taking strategies.
Passive voice: MUST BETest-taking strategies must be learnt by you.Test-taking strategies must not be learned by you.
Active voice: OUGHT TOThey ought to take the examination.
Passive voice: OUGHT TO BEThe examination ought to be taken by them.
ACTIVE AND PASSIVE VOICE FOR PRESENT, PAST,
AND FUTURE MODAL
PREPOSITI
ONSPrepositions are short words (on, in, to) that usually stand in front of nouns (sometimes also in front of gerund verbs).There are hardly any rules as to when to use whichpreposition. The only way to learn prepositionsis looking them up in a dictionary, reading a lot in English (literature) and learning useful phrases off by heart. Types of Prepositions Preposition for Time Preposition for Place and Direction Preposition for Agent and Instrument Prepositional Phrase
PREPOSITIONS
FOR TIME
PREPOSITIONS FOR PLACE and direction
PREPOSITIONS FOR PLACE and direction ii
Prepositions for Direction
PREPOSITIONS FOR AGENT
And instrumentPreposition for Agent.
(by) Preposition for agent is used for a thing which is cause of another thing in the sentence. Such prepositions are by, with etc. Examples:-This book is written by Shakespeare. -The work was completed by him. -The room was decorated by her. -The tub is filled with water.
Preposition for device, instrument or machine.Different preposition are used by different devices, instruments or machines. Such prepositions are by, with, on etc. Examples:-She comes by bus daily.-He opened the lock with key.
Prepositional phraseA prepositional phrase is a combination of a verb and a preposition. It is just a verb
followed by a preposition.Some verbs need particular prepositions to be used after them in sentences having a direct object. Such a verb with its required preposition is called a prepositional phrase.
For example: “He knocks at the door”.
In above sentence “knock at” is prepositional phrase which contains a verb “knock” and a preposition “at”. Without the use of correct preposition after a prepositional verb in a sentence, the sentence is considered to be grammatically wrong. For example if we say, “he knocks the door”, it is wrong because it lacks the required preposition “at”. So the correct sentence is “he knocks at the door”.Prepositional Verbs are transitive and they have a direct object in sentence. Some of the frequently used preposition verb are, laugh at, knock at, listen to, look at, look for, look after, wait for,agree to, agree with, talk about, talked to.Examples: -She is listening to music. -She looked at the blackboard. -We believe in God. -They were waiting for the teacher. -Do you agree with me? -Do you agree to my proposal? -Someone is knocking at the door.
CONJUNTIONSit.
A conjunction is a joiner, a word
that connects (conjoins) parts of
a sentence.
You can use a conjunction to link
words, phrases, and clauses, as
in the following example:
-I ate the pizza and the
pasta.
-Call the movers when you are
ready.
COORDINATING CONJUNTIONit.
You use a coordinating conjunction ("and," "but," "or," "nor," "for," "so," or "yet") to join individual words, phrases, and independent clauses. Note that you can also use the conjunctions "but" and "for" as prepositions.
In the following sentences, each of the highlighted words is a coordinating conjunction:
-Lilacs and violets are usually purple.In this example, the coordinating conjunction "and" links two nouns.
-This movie is particularly interesting to feminist film theorists, for the screenplay was written by Mae West.In this example, the coordinating conjunction "for" is used to link two independent clauses.
-Daniel's uncle claimed that he spent most of his youth dancing on rooftops and swallowing goldfish.Here the coordinating conjunction "and" links two participle phrases ("dancing on rooftops" and "swallowing goldfish") which act as adverbs describing the verb "spends."
SUBORDINATING CONJUNTIONit.
A subordinating conjunction introduces a dependent clause and indicates the nature of the relationship among the independent clause(s) and the dependent clause(s).The most common subordinating conjunctions are "after," "although," "as," "because," "before," "how," "if," "once," "since," "than," "that," "though," "till," "until," "when," "where," "whether," and "while."
Each of the highlighted words in the following sentences is a subordinating conjunction:
-After she had learned to drive, Alice felt more independent.The subordinating conjunction "after" introduces the dependent clause "After she had learned to drive."
-If the paperwork arrives on time, your cheque will be mailed on Tuesday.Similarly, the subordinating conjunction "if" introduces the dependent clause "If the paperwork arrives on time."
-Gerald had to begin his thesis over again when his computer crashed.The subordinating conjunction "when" introduces the dependent clause "when his computer crashed."
CORRELATIVE CONJUNTIONit.
Correlative conjunctions always appear in pairs -- you use them to link equivalent sentence elements. The most common correlative conjunctions are "both...and," "either...or," "neither...nor,", "not only...but also," "so...as," and "whether...or." (Technically correlative conjunctions consist simply of a coordinating conjunction linked to an adjective or adverb.)
The highlighted words in the following sentences are correlative conjunctions:
-Both my grandfather and my father worked in the steel plant.In this sentence, the correlative conjunction "both...and" is used to link the two noun phrases that act as the compound subject of the sentence: "my grandfather" and "my father".
-Bring either a Jello salad or a potato scallop.Here the correlative conjunction "either...or" links two noun phrases: "a Jello salad" and "a potato scallop."
-Corinne is trying to decide whether to go to medical school or to go to law school.Similarly, the correlative conjunction "whether ... or" links the two infinitive phrases "to go to medical school" and "to go to law school."
KIND OF SENTENCES
COMPLEX SENTENCE has an independent clause
joined by one or more dependent clauses.
The students are studying because they have a test
tomorrow.
COMPOUND SENTENCE Contains two independent clauses joined by a
coordinator: FANBOYS
Alejandro played football, so Maria went shopping.
SIMPLE SENTENCEAlso called an independent
clause.Some students like to study
in the mornings.
SENTENCES connectors
Additional Ideaadditionally, again, also, and, as, well, besides, equally, important, further, furthermore, in addition, moreover, then
Example
-for example
-for instance
-an instance of this
-this can be seen in
Transition expressionsConclusions
:-in final analysis
-in conclusion
-in final consideration
Spatial Order:
-on the other side
-opposite to-in the back -in the front
-at that point
Time Order:-as soon as-before long-in the first
place-in the
meantime
Opinions:-I agree/disagree
that/with/-I am for/against
the idea of-There are reasons
why..
PUNTUATION RULESComma: tells the reader to pause, just as the blinking yellow light tells a driver to slow down and proceed with caution. Example:-Let’s play hockey, baseball and tennis.
Semicolon: To separate two independent clauses. One or both of the clauses are short and the ideas expressed are usually very similar. Example: He loves studying; He can't get enough of school.
Colon: To provide additional details and explanation. Example: •He had many reasons for joining the club: to get in shape, to make new friends, to lose some weight, and to get out of the house.
Question Mark: The question mark is used at the end of a question. Example: Where do you live?
Exclamation Mark: Is used to express a sense of urgency or a strong emotion.Example: Look out!
Apostrophe: The superscript sign ( ' ) used to indicate the omission of a letter or letters from a word, the possessive case, or the plurals of numbers, letters, and abbreviations.
Grammar is the system of all languages. People sometimes describe grammar as the "rules" of a language; but in fact no
language has rules. If we use the term "rules", we suggest that somebody created the rules first and then spoke the language,
like a new game. But languages did not start like that. Languages started by people making sounds which evolved into words,
phrases and sentences. No commonly-spoken language is fixed. All languages change over time. What we call "grammar" is
simply a reflection of a language at a particular time. Do we need to study grammar to learn a language? The short answer is "no".
many people in the world speak their own native language without having studied its grammar. Children start to speak before they even know the word "grammar". But if you are
serious about learning a foreign language, the long answer is "yes, grammar can help you to learn a language more quickly
and more efficiently." It's important to think of grammar as something that can help you, like a friend. When you understand
the grammar (or system) of a language, you can understand many things yourself, without having to ask a teacher or look in a
book. So think of grammar as something good, something positive, something that you can use to find your way like a
signpost or a map.
CONCLUSION
BIBLIOGRAPHY• English Grammar, Modals - Materials for Teaching and Learning English.http://www.englisch-hilfen.de/en/grammar/hilfsverben2.htm• English preposition-10th, Dec 2010, 19:35http://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/grammar/prepositions• Advanced Composition for Non-Native Speakers of Englishhttp://eslbee.com
• Panama Pacifico Academy International Private School in Panama Pre-K to Grade 12http://www.learnenglish.de/grammar/adjectiveorder.htm`
BIBLIOGRAPHY• Elfnet, Forming Comparative and Superlative Adjectiveshttp://www.eflnet.com/tutorials/adjcompsup.php• LEO: Literacy Education Online, Summary of Verb Tenseshttp://leo.stcloudstate.edu/grammar/tenses.html#simple• Grammar Bytes, Robin L. Simmons, The Collective Nounhttp://www.chompchomp.com/terms/collectivenoun.htm• Chez Ouam, Foro de Idiomas, Abr 11, 2009, 2:39 amhttp://chez-ouam.foroactivo.com/t426-regular-and-irregular-plural-of-nouns• Leo Network, Learn English, English Grammarhttp://www.learnenglish.de/grammar/adjectiveorder.htm