grammar book![1]
TRANSCRIPT
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GRAMMAR BOOK!(2ND SEMESTER)
Maxmiliano Glazier
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Table Of Contents
Conditional Conditional Irregulars Present Perfect Present Perfect
Irregulars Past Perfect Subjunctive Perfect Se Impersonal Saber Vs. Conocer Formal Commands Formal Irregulars
•Informal commands•Informal Irregulars•Nosotros Commands•Mono Verbs•DOP+IOP Placement•Subjunctive•Subjunctive Irregulars•Trigger Phrases•Demonstrative Adjectives + Pronouns•Tan/ Tanto
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CONDITIONAL
Would, could, should, probability If would is used for a repeated action in the
past, the imperfect would be used At these endings to the end of the infinitive Ía Ías Ía Íamos Íais ían
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Conditional Irregulars
Caber-Cabr Poder-Podr Salir-Saldr Decir-Dir Poner-Poder Tener-Tendr Haber-Habr Querer-Querr Valer- Valdr Hacer-har Saber- Sabr Venir- Vendr
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Present Perfect
Indicates a recently completed action It is a compound tense, used with
Haber and another verb Used to tell what has/hasn’t been
done An action that was true in the past
and is still true in the present He, has, ha, hemos, hebeís, han
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Present Perfect Irregulars Abrir- Abierto Cubir- Cubierto Decir- Dicho Escribir- Escrito Hacer- Hecho Ir-Ido Ver- Visto Volver- Vuelto Romper- Roto Poner- Puesto
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Past Perfect
Compound form Haber and the past participle The auxiliary verb and the past
participle are never separated He, has, ha, hemos, hebeís, han Ar- ado Ir-Ido Er-Ido
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Subjunctive Perfect
Used when a verb or subject that requires the subjunctive is used in the main clause in the present, future or present perfect
Haber Haya, hayas, haya, hayamos, hayais,
hayanAdd the past Participle- Ar-Ado/ Er-Ido/ Ir-
Ido
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Se Impersonal
Can be used in all verb tenses “se” is always used in the 3rd person Can replace an indirect object
pronoun- “se lo”
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Saber vs. Conocer
Saber is to know facts or information Conocer is to know people, places,
things, or literary works
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Formal Commands
Ar- Conjugate to the yo form and drop the “o” and add an “e”
Er- Conjugate to the yo form and drop the “o” and add an “a”
Ir- Conjugate to the yo form and drop the “o” and add an “a”
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Irregular Formal Commands
Tener- Tenga Venir- Venga Dar- De Ir- Vaya Ser- Sea Hacer- Haga Estar- Esté Saber- Sepa
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Informal Commands
Affirmative- Conjugate to the “tu” form and drop the “s”
Negative- Change to the “yo” form, change to opposite ending, and add an “s”
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Informal Irregulars
Di Haz Ve Pon Sal Sé Ten Ven
•Tengas•Vengas•Digas•Vayas•Seas•Hagas•Estés•SepasA
ffirm
ative
Negative
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Nosotros Commands
Used when dealing with nosotros or “lets” in english
Change the verb to the “yo” form Add the opposite vowel and add,
“mos”
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Mono Verbs
The first “s” of the affirmative reflexive is dropped, that is “mosnos” goes to “monos”
Irregulars- Vamonos, Vayamos If object pronouns are used they
must be placed at the end of the affirmative commands
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DOP & IOP Placement
DOPs- lo, la, los and las IOPs- Me, te, se, nos, os Infinitive Phrases- attach to the end of
an infinitive. Place in front of a conjugated verb
•Commands- •Affirmative- attach to the end of the command•Negative- It is after the “no”, but before the command.
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Present Subjunctive
Infinitive, change to the “yo” form and change to the opposite vowel
Ar verbs- a, as, a, amos, ais, an Er verbs- e, es, e, emos, eis, en
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Subjunctive Irregulars
Tener- Tenga Venir- Venga Decir- Diga Ir- Vaya Ser- Sea Hacer- Haga Estar- Esté Saber- Sepa
Car- queGar- gueZar- cé
Stem changing-Er and –Ar have the same stem changes-Nosotros and vosotros change with pedir (e-i), sentir (e-i) Dormir- (o-u)
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Trigger Phrases
Impersonal Expressions- Es… que Malo, importante, bueno, mejor, etc.
• Expressions of Emotions- Main clause + subordinate Clause • (sentir)- to be sorry• (es triste)- It is sad• (Temer)- To fear• (Esperar)- To hope
•Conjunctions of Time- Precedes the subjunctive after the subordinate clause• Asi que• Hasta que• Cuando• Despues de que
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Demonstrative Adjectives & Pronouns
Este/ Esta- this Ese/ Esa- that Estos/ Estas- these Esos/ Esas- those Aquel/ Aquella- that over there Aquellos/ Aquellas- those over there
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Tan and Tanto
Tan•Como- (as… as)•Used always with adjectives and adverbs
Tanto•Como- As much… as, as many…as•Used always with nouns and verbs