Spanish 3 Grammar Concepts

Sancho Flynn

Table of Contents1. El Pretérito2. Preterite Triggers3. Car, Gar, Zars4. Spock Verbs5. Snake Verbs6. Snakey Verbs7. Cucharacha Irregulars and Triggers8. El Imperfecto9. Imperfect Triggers10. Imperfect Irregulars11. Preterite vs. Imperfect12. Ser vs. Estar

13. Verbs Like Gustar14. Comparatives/Superlatives15. Transition Words16. El Futuro17. Future Irregulars18. Future Trigger Words19. Por20. Para

El Pretérito

• Has a fixed point and time• Has a beginning and end• Events that happen a specific number of times• Events that were part of a chain of events• Used for sudden changes in mood, feelings, or

emotions

-é

-ar verbs

-aste

-ó

-amos

-asteis

-aron

-í

-iste

-ió

-imos

-isteis

-ieron

-er /-ir verbs

Preterite Trigger Words

• There are many triggers words that make it a little easier to distinguish when the preterite is being used including:– Ayer, después, el mes pasado, entonces, anoche,

and el otro día

Car, Gar, Zars

-qué

-caste

-có

-camos

-casteis

-caron

-car verbs

-gué

-gaste

-gó

-gamos

-gasteis

-garon

-gar verbs

-cé

-zaste

-zó

-zamos

-zasteis

-zaron

-zar verbs

Spock Verbs

ser

ir dar

ver

hacer

fui

fuiste

fue

fuimos

fuisteis

fueron

ser and ir -í

-ió

-imos

-iste -isteis

-ieron

dar and ver

hice

hiciste

hizo

hicimos

hicisteis

hicieron

hacer

Snake Verbs

• Irregular preterites that change only in 3rd person (he, she, it)

• Verbs change from e-i or o-u– An example for e-i would be decir which changes

to dij-– An example for o-u would be dormir which

changes durm-

Snakey Verbs

• Like Snake Verbs, Snakey Verbs also change only in 3rd person

• Verbs change from i-y or e-y– An example for i-y would be oír which changes to

oy-– An example for e-y would be leer which changes

to ley-

Cucaracha Irregulars

• Examples of these would be: Andar- anduv Estar- estuv Poder- pud Poner- pus Querer- quis Saber- sup Tener- tuv Venir- vin

-e

-iste

-o

-imos

-isteis

-ieronAll end in:

El Imperfecto

• Actions that were repeated habitually• For telling time• For stating one’s age• For mental states (usually)• For physical sensations (usually)• To describe the characteristics of people, things or conditions• For actions that “set the stage” for another past action

-aba

-abas

-aba

-ábamos

-abais

-aban

-ar verbs-ía-ías

-ía

-íamos

-íais

-ían

-er/-ir verbs

Imperfect Trigger Words

• There are a variety of imperfect trigger words including:– a veces, a menudo, mientras, muchas veces, todos

los días, and cada día

Imperfect Irregulars

• As shown below, ser, ir, and ver are all examples of irregular imperfect verbs

era

eras

era

éramos

erais

eran

ser

iba

ibas

iba

íbamos

ibais

iban

ir

veía

veías

veía

veíamos

veíais

veían

ver

Preterite vs. Imperfect

Preteri

te

• The recent past

• Indicates a continuous action

• Has beginning or end

Imp

erfect

• The distant past

• Indicates an interrupting action

• Has no definite beginning or end

Ser vs. Estar

• Ser is associated with the acronym DOCTOR PED which stands for:– D: description– O: origin– C: characteristics– T: time– O: occupation– R: relationship– P: possession– E: events– D: dates

• Estar is associated with the acronym HELPING which stands for:– H: health– E: emotions– L: location– P: present condition– I– N– G

Verbs Like Gustar

• Some verbs like gustar are:– Encantar: to love– Molestar: to bother– Faltar: to lack– Fascinar: to fascinate– Apetecer: to wish for– Disgustar: to disgust– Interesar: to interest

Comparatives/Superlatives

• The formula for comparatives and superlatives are:– más + adjective + que (más meaning more and que

meaning than)• Same thing for less than which is menos + adjective + que

– Other words for comparatives/superlatives are:• Tan como (as…as), tanto como (as much as), and el más

• There are four irregulars in bueno, viejo, malo, and joven– bueno mejor viejo mayor– malo peor joven menor

Transition Words

Aunque Even though

También Also

Mientras While

A pesar de In spite of

Pero But

Por lo tanto Therefore

Sin embargo/no obstante

Nevertheless

El Futuro

• Infinitive + ending• I, You, He/She, We, You All, They WILL• The endings are the same for -ar, -ir, and –er• Ser, ir, and estar are actually regular

-é-ás-á

-emos-éis-án

Future Irregulars

Decir dirHacer harSalir saldrTener tendrValer valdrVenir vendr

• The future of “Hay es habrá” = There will be

Poder podrQuerer querrSaber sabrCaber cabrHaber habr

Future Trigger Words

• En ___días, horas, semanas, años• El proximo día, hora, semana, año• Mañana, or any day of the to come

Por

Passing through… PORtalGeneral rather than specific location… PORtugalHow long something lasts… POReverThe cause of somethingAn exchange… imPORt/exPORtDoing something in place of or instead of

someone else… I’m POR, pay for meA means of transportation… transPORtation

Para

For whom something is done… surprise PARAtyDestination… PARAguayThe purpose for which something is done…

PARAsitesTo express an opinion… PARAdon me, butTo contrast or comPARATo express idea of deadline… PARAmedic

Grammar Book Part 2

Sancho Flynn

Conditional & Irregulars

Conditional Tense Irregulars• The conditional is often used to express

probability, possibility, and wonder and is usually understood to be would, could, must have or probably. Here is the suffix you would add onto –ar, -er, and –ir verbs:

• There are 12 irregular verbs in the conditional tense.

• They are: caber (cabr-), poner (pondr-), decir (dira-) haber (habr-), salir (saldr-), hacer (har-), poder (podr-), tener (tendr-), querer (querr-), valer (valdr-), saber (sabr-), and venir (vendr-).

ía

ía

ías

íamos

íais

ían

• The perfect tense is compound, formed with the verb haber and the past participle of another verb.– -ar verbs go to –ado; -er/-ir verbs go to –ido

• The action was completed recently.• The perfect tense is true in both the past and the

present.

Perfect Tense

he

has

ha

hemos

habeis

han

• Poner puesto• Abrir abierto• Hacer hecho• Cubrir cubierto• Morir muerto• Escribir escrito• Volver vuelto• Decir dicho• Ir ido• Romper roto• Ver visto• Resolver resuelto

Perfect Tense Irregulars

• The past perfect tense is formed by using the imperfect tense of the verb haber with the past participle.

• The past perfect tense is used when you had or have done something.

• Like the perfect tense, you drop the –ar and -er/-ir and add –ado and –ido.

Past Perfect Tense

había

habías

había

habíamos

habíais

habían

• The subjunctive perfect tense is usually used to indicate that an action was completed with verbs in the present or perfect tense.– Used in the same types of clauses as the present

subjunctive.– Present subjunctive + past participle

Subjunctive Perfect Tense

haya

haya

hayas

hayamos

hayan

hayáis Past participle

• We use ‘se’ to avoid specifying who is doing the action.

• The verb is always in the 3rd person when using ‘se.’– For example:• Se vende pan en el supermercado.

Impersonal Se

• Saber– Used to express factual information.

• Yo no sé tu número de teléfono.

• Conocer– Associated with being unfamiliar with a person,

place, or object.• Yo no conozco a Sancho.

Saber vs. Conocer

• Tan is used with adjectives and adverbs.– tan + adjective (adverb) + como– We are familiar with the phrase: tan…como (as…as)– Example: El libro es tan bueno como la película.

• Tanto is associated with nouns and adverbs.– tanto(-a,-os,-as) + noun + como– We are familiar with the phrase: tanto…como (as

many/much…as)– Example: Juan tiene tanto dinero como María.

Tan & Tanto

• Affirmative:– Conjugate to the 3rd person endings: ar (a), er/ir (e)– Hablar habla Comer come escribir escribe

• Negative:– Conjugate to the tú form: ar (es), er/ir (as)– Hablar no hables Comer no comas Escribir no escribas

• Irregulars: di, haz, ve, pon, sal, sé, ten, ven• DOP/IOP:

– DOPs must be attached to the end of the affrimative command, and they must be placed in front of the command if it’s a negative command. • Example: Cómpralas, No las compres

– IOPs must be placed in front of DOPs when attached to the affirmative command and when it’s a negative command.• Example: Compramelo, No me lo compres

Informal Commands

Formal Commands

• Usted:– Conjugate to the yo form, drop the O, and add the

opposite ending: ar (e), er/ir (a)• Ex: hablar hable comer coma escribir escriba

• Ustedes:– Conjugate to the yo form, drop the O, and add the

opposite ending of the third plural form: ar (en), er/ir (an)• Ex: hablar hablen comer coman escribir

escriban

• Go to the yo form of the verb, drop the O and add the opposite nosotros form ending:– Comemos comamos

• Mono Verbs:– When you are making the verb reflexsive for nos,

you drop the s– Comemosnos Comemonos

Nosotros Commands

• Indicative- facts, real, definite• Mood- attitudes, uncertainty, hypothetical• Put it in the yo form and change it to the

opposite ending: hablar hable, hables, hable, hablemos, hableís, hablen

• Que connects clauses• When there is no change in subject from

clause to clause, use infinitives.

Subjunctive

• Car, gar, zar are the same they always are:– Conducir conduzca Decir diga Jugar

juegue Almorzar almuerce– Other irregulars are dar, estar, and saber.

• Hay haya

Subjunctive Irregulars

dé

des

den

demos

deís

den

dar

• Impersonal Expressions:– Es bueno que, es malo que, es mejor que, es

importante que, es necesario que, es urgente que• All express a need, an order, or a desire

• Expressions of Emotion:– Sentir que, alegrarse que, temer que, esperar que• All express fear, joy, anger, regret, happiness, surprise,

and pity

Subjunctive Trigger Phrases

• Serve the same function as they do in English (obviously)

• They are:– Este(a) (this), estos(as) (these)– Ese(a) (that), esos(as) (those)– Aquel(la) (that _ over there), aquellos(as) (those _

over there)

Demonstrative Adjectives & Pronouns