Grammar Book

Cristina Coleman

1st period

Table of Contents! (First Semester)1. Present Tense (ar/er/ir)

2 Stem Changers

3 Irregular „yo‟ verbs

4 Saber vs. Conocer

5 Reflexives

6. Ser vs. Estar

7 Dipthongs with accents ?

8 Verbs Like ger/gir, uir/guir, cer/cir

9 Hace + time + que + presente/preterite

10. Imperfecto

11. Preterite (car/gar/zar, Spock, cucaracha, snakey, etc)

12. Comparatives

13. Superlatives

14. Future Tense (and irregular)

- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

Presente -ar, -er, -ir

-ar

o

as

a

amos

áis

an

-er

o

es

e

emos

éis

en

-ir

o

es

e

imos

ís

en

I

You

He/She/It

We

Them

You all

Stem changers

• Stem changing verbs change inside the boot.

e -> ie Perder -> Pierdo

e -> i Pedir -> Pido

o -> ue Dormir -> Duermo

u -> ue Jugar -> Juego

Irregulars -go, -zco, -oy

-GoOigo (oir)

Hago (hacer)

Pongo (poner)

-Zco

(cer/cir)

Conozco (conocer)

Conducir

Producir

-OySer

Estar

Dar

Ver

Saber

Saber vs. Conocer

Saber is used when you know facts.

- Names of books, music, titles, etc.

Conocer is used when you know people.

- Names, families, etc.

reflexives• Me

• Te

• Se

• Nos

• Os

• Se

These can hook onto infinitives.

“El tiene que lavarse.”

Ser vs. EstarSER

‘ser’ refers to a permanent condition, mood, or physical

characteristic.

Conjugations:

Soy

Eres

Es

Somos

Son

“Me llamo Cristina! Soy de Atlanta.”

“El chico es muy estupido.”

Estar‘estar’ refers to a temporary

condition, mood, or physical appearance.

Conjugations:

Estoy

Estás

Está

Estámos

Están

“Estoy muy cansado.”

“Lorena estáhumilde y simpatica.”

Diphthongs with accents

• Diphthongs are strong vowels.

• Oaxaca- Wah-hahk-ah.

• Maestro- mai-eh-strow

verbs like -uir/-guir, -cer/-cir, -ger/gir

• uir/guir: in present tense, verbs ending in –uir have a ‘y’ except for ‘nos’and ‘vos’. Constuyo

Construyes

Construye

Construimos

Construis

Construyen

Ger-Gir

In present tense, ‘yo’ switches from ‘g’ to ‘j’.Cojo

Coges

Coge

Cogemos

Cogeis

Cogen

hace + time + que + present tense

Imperfecto!

• Imperfecto is a form of

past-tense.• -AR imperfect.

• Aba

• Ábamos

• Abas

• Abais

• Aba

• Aban

• -ER/IR Imperfect

• Ía

• íamos

• Ías

• ías

• Ía

• Ían

Preterite• Known beginning and/or end.• Past tense- “I did ____”, “We liked the store.”• It‟s a“snapshot” of time.

• E• Aste• O• Amos• Aron

IIsteIoImosieron

Preterite : car/gar/zar

Car

Qué

Aste

Ó

Amos

Asteis

Aron

Gar

Gué

Gaste

Ó

Amos

Asteis

Aron

Zar

Cé

Aste

Ó

Amos

Asteis

Aron

These only change in first person!

Preterite: Spock Verbs

Ir/Ser

Fui

Fuiste

Fue

Fuimos

Fueron

Dar/Ver

D/V I

D/V iste

D/V io

D/V imos

D/V ieron

Hacer

Hice

Hiciste

Hizo

Hicimos

Hicieron

Cucarachas-é

-iste

-o

-imos

-ieron

-(“I” verbs -i)

Andar : anduv-Estar : estv-Poder : pud-Poder : Pus-Querer : Quis-Saber : Sup-Tener : Tuv-Venir : vin-

Conducir : conduj-

Producir : produj-

Traducir : traduj-

Decir : dij-

Traer : traj-

Preterite: Snakes & Snakey

• Snakes and Snakeys are in the past tense.

• Snakeys are used when three vowels are in a row. You replace ‘i’ with ‘y’.

trigger words

• Words that elude to the use of a preteriteterm.

• ayer

• anoche

• anteayer

• la semana pesada

• cada dia

“Ayer, yo comí muchas fresas para la cena.”

Comparatives:used to compare one thing to another.

Equality: ‘tan’ + adjective/adverb + como

Inequality: mas/menos + adj/adv/noun + que

*When using numbers, use ‘de’, not ‘que’.

Tan = so

Tanto = so much

Tantos/as = so many

SuperlativesEl/la/los/las +

Noun +

Adjective +

De =

Esta es la mujerMasBonita

De todas

El Futuro.

• Ir + a + infinitive = the immediate future!

– “Voy a caminar”-I’m going to walk”.

However, if you “will” do something, there’s a selection of endings

that refer to the future.

-é-ás-á-emos-án

“Simpre te amaré.” = I will always love you.

I r r e g u l a r F u t u r e• Decir Dir- to say

• Haber Habr- to be, to have (helping verb)

• Hacer Har- to make, do

• Poder Podr- to be able

• Poner Pondr- to put, place, set

• Querer Querr- to want, love

• Saber Sabr- to know a fact, how

• Salir Saldr- to leave, go out

• Tener Tendr- to have

• Valer Valdr- to be worth

• Venir Vendr- to come

Table of contents (Second Semester)15. Preterite vs. Imperfect 25. Se impersonal

16. Por 26. Progressive w/ ir, andar, seguir

17. Para

18. Por y Para

19. Future vs. Conditional

20. Commands (continues onto other slides)

21. Present Perfect

22. Double Object Pronouns

23. Adverbs

24. Subjunctive

Preterit vs. Imperfect

When you use the preterit, you‟re saying you did something in the past.

“Ella corré a su clase.”

She ran to her class.

When you use the imperfect tense, you’re using the past, but the past was at a certain time.

“él vivía en el casa en ese tiempo.”

He was living at the house at the time.

Por• Por has seven special uses:

– General location & motion

– Duration of action

– Motive of action

– Object of search

– Translation of „by‟

– Exchange or substitution

– Unit of MeasureIt is used more as „for‟, whereas para can mean „through‟ or „by‟.

Para

• Para also has seven uses.

– Expresses destination

– Deadline or specific future destination

– Purpose/goal + infinitive (In order for…)

– Purpose + noun (In order for ____)

– Recipient

– Comparison or opinion

– In the employ of… (she works for…)

Por y Para!

• Por and para both mean ‘for’.

– Por refers to methods of travel, exchange, measure, duration, what you’re looking for, and the duration of something.

– Para refers to destination, deadline, comparison, recipient, purposes, and employment.

Future vs. ConditionalÉ

ás

á

emos

éis

án

The future is what tells what you’ll do ina few days, hours, months, years, etc. Aslong as you’re not doing something presently or a few days ago, you’ll use the future tense. The endings add ontoall verb forms. Infinitive + ending =Comprar + é =I will shop.

ía

ías

ía

íamos

íais

ían

When you use Conditional tense, you’re saying you ‘would have’, ‘could have’, or ‘should have’ done something (like, run, walk, write, etc.).

“Me gustaría comprar un borro.”I would like to buy a donkey.

Commands

• Commands are used in the Usted form, which is third

person on the boot chart.

• -AR verbs use “e” and “en” on the conjugate.

• -ER/-IR verbs use “a” and “an”.

• Compre ud. la joya.

Buy the jewelry.

Commands: continued

• For Affirmative commands:

– When using the ‘tú’ tense, you’d normally add ‘s’ to the end. For commands, you drop the ‘s’.

– Affirmative Irregulars:

• Di, haz, ve, pon, sal, sé, ten, ven

Commands: continued

• For Negative commands: in the ‘tú’ tense, you’ll change it to ‘yo’, change the vowel (to the opposite verb ending), and add an ‘s’.

– Negative irregulars:

• TVDISHES (Tener, Venir, Dar/Decir, Ir, Ser, Hacer/Haber, Estar, Saber)

Present Perfect

• Present perfect is when you or someone says they have/had/has done something.

Endings: • He

• Has

• Ha

• Hemos

• Habéis

• Han

(yo) he comido. I have eaten.(tu) has comido. You have eaten.(él) ha comido. She/he/it has eaten.

Double Object Pronouns

• Yo le pido los discos a mi hermano --> Yo se lospido.

• DOPs change your sentence from having toomany nouns, to having “it’s” and other wordsto replace other nouns.

Adverbs

• For Spanish adverbs, -mente means ‘ly’. That makes the word ‘mente’ is attached to an adverb.

• To add -mente, if the word ends in o, change it to a.

• Tipico -> tipicamente (Typically)

• If the verb has an acento, it will stay in place.

• Bastante- quite

• Demasiado- too

• Mal- badly

• Peor- worse

• Nunca- never

Subjunctive

• Subjunctive refers to an uncertain attitude. The speaker is hypothetical.

IRREGULARS:

Dar- dé

Estar- esté

Ir- vaya

Saber- sepa

Ser- sea

Se Impersonal

• ‘Se’ is used to avoid specifying a person in a sentence.

• If you use ‘se’, conjugate the verb to third person.

• Se can be used in each tense.

– “Se hable español.”

– “Se hizo mucho.”

– “Se hará mucho.”

Progressive with Ir, Andar,

Seguir

o Ir- ando/iendo/yendo

o Is slowly (but surely) ____ing

o Andar- ando/iendo/yendo

o Is going around ____ing

o Seguir (changes from e to i)- ando/iendo/yendo

o Is still ____ing

¡TERMINADO!