grammar book by alejandra green
TRANSCRIPT
Grammar BookBy: Alejandra Green
2nd Honors Spanish
Table of Contents Page 1- Nationalities
Page 2- Stem Changing Verbs
Page 3- Para
Page 4- Adjectives
Page 5- Object Pronoun Placement
Page 6- DOP (direct object pronoun)
Page 7- IOP (indirect object pronoun)
Page 8- ser vs. estar
Page 9- isimo(a) and g/c/z
Page 10- Verbs like gustar
Page 11- Affirmative and Negative Words
Page 12- pero vs. sino
Page 13- DOP/IOP/SE
Page 14- Reflexive Verbs
Page 15- Tu commands affirmative/negative/irregulars
Page 16- los adverbios-mente
Page 17- deber+ other modal verbs
Page 18- past participles as adjectives
Page 19- Preterite
Page 20- Present Progressive
Page 1: Nationalities
Argentina — argentino
Bolivia — boliviano
Chile — chileno
Colombia — colombiano
Costa Rica — costarricense, costarriqueño (uncommon),
Cuba — cubano
Ecuador — ecuatoriano
El Salvador — salvadoreño
España (Spain) — español
Estados Unidos (United States) — estadounidense
Filipinas (Philippines) — filipino
Guatemala — guatemalteco
Honduras — hondureño
México, Méjico — mexicano, mejicano
Nicaragua — nicaragüense
Panamá — panameño
Paraguay — paraguayo
Perú — peruano
Puerto Rico — puertorriqueño
la República Dominicana (Dominican Republic) — dominicano
Uruguay — uruguayo
Venezuela — venezolano
Page 2: Stem Changing verbs
Pensar
Encontrar
Almorzar
Contar
The stem doesn’t change for the nosotros or vosotros form
May change from e to ie
Or from o to ue
cuento contamos example
cuentas Contáis Las ollas
cuenta Cuentan Cuestan 70
pesos
Page 3: Para Para means for; if it a common preposition
Necesito encontrar la olla para mi tÍa sus cumpleaños.
(I need to find a pot for my aunt for her birthday)
Here, then, are
the most
common uses
of para
To indicate
purpose,
intent,
usefulness or
need
To indicate a
destination
Viajamos para
aprender
español.
Estudia para
dentista
Salimos para
Londres.
To mean "no
later than" or
"by"
To mean
"considering" or
"in view of"
To indicate a
personal
reaction
para can mean
"around" or
"about" a
certain time.
Para niño, es
inteligente
Para ella, es
difícil.
Page 4: Adjectives Nouns that end in a
vowel +“s”
-el Lago = los Lagos
Nouns ending in a
consonant + “es”
- el árbol = los árboles
Nouns ending in “z”+
“ces”
el lápiz = los lápices
Los Adjectives
- If an adjective ends in
“e” + ”s” grande-s
- If an adjective ends in
a consonant + es azul-
es
- If adj is referred to a
nationality it must
match
~ las muchachas ingleses
~ los muchachos ingleses
Singular Plural
Male –o
female -a
Male- os/ -es
Female- as
Page 5: Object Pronoun
Placement
Attach pronoun to infinitive progressive tense affirmative
command before conjugated verb
Add accent mark when adding syllable to a word
----------------------------------------------------------------
Me me nos nos
Te te os os
Lo la les las
Page 6:Direct Object
Pronouns
Cecelia esta tomando fotos
(subject) (verbs) (DOP)
masculine feminine
Me Me
Te Te
Lo La
masculine Feminine
Nos Nos
Os Os
Les Las
Singular Plural
Page 7: Indirect Object
Pronouns
To whom/what
for whom/what Me- me
Te- you (familiar)
Le- you (formal), him/her
Nos- us
Os- you (familiar)
Les- you, them
IOPS use the same
Words as DOPS
Except for le and les
Indirect object pronouns replace
Or accompany indirect objects
Rosa le compra una olla a su madre
Rosa le compra una olla
Pronoun Placement: attach pronoun to infinitive progressive tense
Affirmative command before conjugated verb. Add accent mark
When adding syllable to a word.
Page 8: Ser vs. estarUses of ser Uses of estar
- Nationality
- Place of origin
- Profession or occupation
- Characters people/things
- Possession
- What something is made
of
- Time and date
- Where an when an event
takes place
- Location or spatial
relationship
- Health
- Physical states and
conditions
- Emotional states
- Certain weather
expressions
- Ongoing actions
(progressive tenses)
With adjective
Ser+ adjective
Estar+ adjectiveMalo- La professora es malo
Mala- La professora está mala
Page 9: Ísimo(a) and g/c/z To express extremes with adjectives drop the vowel and
add the ending Ísimo(a)
(the adjective must agree in gender and number with
what it modifies)
- When the last consonant is c, g, or z, spelling changes
are required
C – gu rico(a)= riquÍsimo(a)
G- gu largo(a)= larguÍsimo(a)
Z- c feliz= felicÍsimo(a)
Page 10: Verbs like gustar
When you talk about things that other people like, change
the form of gustar to match the singular or plural nouns for
those things
Singular and plural
Things you like…
Me gusta .. nos gusta…
Te gusta … os gusta…
Le gusta … les gusta…
Me gusta la
idea
Te gusta la
idea
Le gusta la
idea
Nos gusta la
idea
Os gusta la
idea
Les gusta la
idea
Me gustan las
personas
Te gustan las
personas
Le gustan las
personas
Nos gustan las
personas
Os gustan las
personas
Les gustan las
personas
The form of gustar
Matches the noun
Not the speaker
Me gustan las
Enchiladas
Me gusta mucho tu idea
Para el concurso
Page 11: Affirmative and
Negative Words When you talk about an indefinite or negative situation,
you use an affirmative or negative word
Affirmative words
Algo- something
AlguÍen- someone
Algún/alguno(a)- some
Siempre- always
También- also
Negative words
Nada- nothing
Nadie- no one
Ningún/ninguno(a)- none
Nunca- never
Tampoco- neither, either
Example:
Las chicas quieren
Algún postre, pero
Carlos no quiere ningún
postre
Alguno(a) and Ninguno(a) must match
the gender of the noun they replace or
modify. Alguno and ninguno have
different forms when used before
masculine singular nouns
If a verb is preceded by no, words that follow must be negative
Double negative is REQUIRED when no precedes the verb
No quiero nada
If a negative word such a nunca or nadie
Comes before the verb, a second negative
Is not needed.
Ex: Las chicas nunca comen en casa
Page 12: Pero vs. Sino
both pero and sino are coordinating
conjunctions. As such, both pero and sino
can be used to contrast two words,
sentences or phrases.
Pero Sino
- Used to indicate a contrast
- Me gustaría salir, pero no
puedo.
- Used when two things are
true, when the sentence
before the conjunction is
negative, and when the part
after the conjugation directly
contradicts what is negated
in the first part
- Me gustaría salir, pero no
puedo.
Page 13: DOP, IOP, SE
me me me
te te you (familiar)
lo, la lehim, her, it,
you (formal)
nos nos us
os osyou-all
(familiar)
los, las lesthem, you-all
(formal)
When both pronouns begin with the
letter "l" change the first pronoun to
"se."
Example: Ella te
la vende.
She sells it to you.
IO pronoun: te
DO pronoun: la
le lo = se lo
le la = se la
le los = se los
le las = se las
les lo = se lo
les la = se la
les los = se los
les las = se las
Page 14: Reflexive Verbs Reflexives describe people doing things for themselves
Reflexive pronouns are used with reflexive verbs to
indicate that the subject of the sentence receives the
action of the verb
Example: lavarse (to wash oneself)
Me lavo Te laves Se lava
Nos lavamos Os laváis Se lavan
Many verbs can be used with or without reflexive pronouns when there is
No reflexive pronoun, the person doing the action does not receive the
Action
Ex: Pepa se lava----- Pepa lava el carro
Page 15: Tú commands:
affirmative, negative, regular
Affirmative Tú
Commands
Irregular Tú
Commands
Negative Tú
Commands
- Used when you give
someone instructions
or commands.
- It’s a tu command but
ends like a 3rd house
form.
- Caminar – Ícamina!
- Comer – Ícome!
- Abrir- Íabrir!
- Primero haz lo quehaceres
- When you use a pronoun with an affirmativecommand, the pronoun attaches to the command
- İPon te otra camisa!- When using an object
pronoun attach the pronoun to the end of the command
- Used when you tell someone what not to do.
- Formed by taking you form of the present tense, dropping the o, and adding the appropriate ending
- Ex: hablar- hablo- İnohables!
- Object pronoundsprecede the verbs in negatibe commands
Infinitive (irregular)
Decir-di, hacer-haz, ir-ve, poner-pon, salir-sal, ser- sé, tener-ten, venir-ven
Irregular Negatives- dar(doy), estar (estoy), ir(voy), ser(soy)
Des estés vayas seas
Page 16: los adverbios-mente For adjectives with o or a endings add mente to the
feminine form.
Adjective Adverb
- Cuidadoso(a)- careful
- Rápido(a)- fast, quick
- Lento(a)- slow
- Tranquilo(a)- calm
- cuidadosamente-
carefully
- Rápidamente- quickly
- Lentamente- slowly
- Tranquilamente-calmly
You must keep an accent
When an adjective is changed
To an adverb
Rápido- rapidamente
Fácil- facilmente
When you use two adverbs, drop
The mente from the first one
Example: Pero, Carmen, debes
Pasarla cuidadosamente
Page 17: deber& other modal
verbs Deber- Should; ought to
- To say what people do, use a conjugated form of deber
with the infinitive of another verb
- Debo, debes, debe, debemos, debéis, deben
- Debo barrer el suelo
- Debes limpiar la cocina
Modal Verbs- are used in modal verb combinations
- The second verb isn’t conjugated but left in
infinitve form
- You’d never say “no puedo nado”
- Ir + a + infinitive (going to do something)
- Poder + Infinitive (able to do something)
- Querer + infinitive (want to do something)
- Deber + infinitive (should do something)
- Tener que + infinitve (to have to do something)
- Soler + infinitive (to be accustomed to)
Page 18: past participles as
adjectives
- Drop ar ending and add ado
- Drop er or ir ending and add ido
- Examples: la puerta está cerrada (restaurant is closed)
- El restaurante está abierto (restaurant is open)
Page 19: Preterite- A definite time in the past
- Has a beginning and/or ending
- Las expressiones para el uso (trigger words)
- Ayer, anoche, el año pasado, la semana pasado, ante,
ayer
Ar verbs Er verbs Ir verbs
é amos Í imos Í imos
aste astéis Íste istéis Iste istéis
ó aron ió ieron ió ieron
Page 20: Present Progressive
Put pronouns before the conjugated form of estaror attach them to the end of a present participle–
you need to add an accent when you attach a
pronoun
Estoy esperando Estamos esperando
Estás esperando Estáis esperando
Está esperando Están esperando
Bibliography
"7 Reasons for Using the Spanish
Preposition "Para"" About. N.p., n.d.
Web. 10 Dec. 2014.
"2 Ways To Say "But" in Spanish." About.
N.p., n.d. Web. 10 Dec. 2014.
"Direct and Indirect Object Pronouns
Used Together." Direct and Indirect
Object Pronouns Used Together. N.p.,
n.d. Web. 10 Dec. 2014.