Grammar BookCeci DeLuke

Table of Contents1 Introduction2 Table of Contents3 – 10 Preterite

4 – Charts5 – Trigger Words6 – -car, -gar, -zar7 – Spock8 – Snake9 – Snake-y10 – Cucaracha

11 – 14 Imperfect12 – Charts13 – Trigger Words14 – Irregulars

15 Preterite vs. Imperfect16 Ser

17 Estar18 Verbs like Gustar19 Comparatives and

Superlatives20 Transition Words21 – 24 Future

22 – Charts23 – Irregulars24 – Trigger Words

25 Por26 Para27 – 30 Conditional Tense

28 – When to use29 – Charts30 – Irregulars

31 – 35 Perfect Tense32 – Present

33 – Present Chart33 – Present Irregulars34 – Past35 – Subjunctive Perfect

36 Tan y Tanto37 Impersonal “Se”38 Saber vs. Conocer39 – 49 Commands50 - 56 Subjunctive51 Subjunctive and Irregulars52 Trigger Phrases53 Impersonal Expressions54 Expressions of Emotions55 – 56 Conjunctions of Time57 Demonstrative Adjectives

and Pronouns

Preterite

Regular Preterite

é amos aste asteis ó aron

í imos iste isteis ió ieron

Trigger Words

anoche last night

esta tarde this afternoon

el mes pasado last month

el otro día the other day

ayer yesterday

-car, -gar, -zar

Verbs that end in -car change c to qu

yo busqué

Verbs that end in –gar change g to gu

yo jugué

Verb that end in –zar change z to c

yo almorcé

Spock

HACER

hicehiciste

hizohicimos

hicieron

SER/IR

vifue

fuimos

fueron

DAR/VERfui

diste

dio

dimos

dieron

di

viste

vio

vimos

vieron

fui

fuistefuiste

fue

fuimos

fueron

Snake

e ivenir, servir, pedir

o udormir, morir

Irregular preterite that changes in the third

person

Snake-y

o yoir

e yleer, creer

Irregular preterite that changes in the third

person buy adding a ‘y’

Cucaracha

andar anduve

estar estuve

poder pude

poner puse

querer quise

saber supe

tener tuve

venir vine

-e-iste-o-imos-isteis-ieron

Imperfect

Regular Imperfect

aba ábamos abas abaisaba aban

ía íamosías íais ías ían

Trigger Wordsnunca never

todo el tiempo all the time

a veces sometimes

siempre always

frecuentemente frequently

Irregulars

era iba veía

eras ibas veías

era iba veía

éramos íbamos veíamos

erais ibais veíais

eran iban veían

SER IR VER

Preterite vs. Imperfect

•Actions viewed by the speaker as completed•Expresses the beginning or end of a past action•Narrate a series of past actions•Used for specific events•A snap shot of the past

•Ongoing past actions that have no definite ending or beginning•Expresses habitual past actions and events•Used for background information such as time, weather, location•Like a movie clip

Ser

soy somos eres soises son

D – descriptionO – originC – characteristicsT – timeO – occupationR – relationshipP – possessionsE – eventsD - dates

Estar

estoy estamosestás estáisestá estánH – health

E– emotionsL– locationP– present condition“ING” – -ar = ando -er = iendo

Verbs like Gustaraburrir

encantar

fascinar

importar

disgustar

interesar

faltar

quedar

doler molestar

me noste osle les

Comparatives

Superlatives

más + adjective + que (more ____ than)

menos + adjective + que (less ____ than)

el/la más + adjective + de ( the more ____ of)

el/la menos + adjective + de (the least ____ of)

Transition Wordspero but mientras while

también also

por lo tanto therefore

a pesar de in spite of

anuque even though

sin embargo/no obstante nevertheless

Future

Regular Future

infinitive + é infinitive + emos infinitive + ás infinitive + ésinfinitive + ás infinitive + án

Irregularshacer har-

decir dir-

salir saldr-

venir vendr-

poner pondr-

tener tendr-

caber cabr-

haber habr-

poder podr-

saber sabr-

valer valdr-

querer querr-

Trigger Words

el proximo ______ - día, año, semana, etc.

mañana

en (tres, cuarto, …) - días, años, semanas, etc.

Porpassing through

the cause of something

time and number

general rather than specific location

how long something last

a means of transportation

an exchange

doing something in place of or instead of someone else

Para

to express the idea of a deadline

to express an opinion

to contrast or compare

destinationfor whom something is done

the purpose for which something is done

Conditional Tense

When to Use

Possibility

Probability

Wonder

“Would, could, must have or probably”

Regular Conditional

ía íamosías íaisía ían

Irregularshacer har-

decir dir-

salir saldr-

venir vendr-

poner pondr-

tener tendr-

caber cabr-

haber habr-

poder podr-

saber sabr-

valer valdr-

querer querr-

PerfectTense

Present Perfect

When to Use- To tell what you have or have not done- To indicate an action was completed recently- When speaking about an action that was true in the past and still true in the present

Regular Present Perfect

Haber

he hemoeshas habéisha han

Endings

-ar ado-er ido-ir ido

Present Perfect Irregulars

abrir abierto cubrir cubierto

decir dicho

hacer hechoescribir escrito

morir muertoponer puesto

resolver resueltoromper roto

ver visto

volver vuelto

ir ido

Past Perfect

Haber

había habíamoshabías habéishabía habían

Subjunctive PerfectThe present perfect subjunctive is used when the dependent clause is in the past.

Haber

haya hayamoshayas hayáishaya hayan

Tan y Tanto

tan + adjective (adverb) + como- example: Diana es tan bonita como Lily.

tanto (-a, -os, -as) + noun + como- example: Tengo tanto dinero como Bella.

Impersonal “Se”

Used to avoid specifying a person who is doing the action of the verb.

When using the “se”, the verb is always in the usted and ustedes.

The “se” can be used in all tenses.

Conocer vs. Saberto know people, places, or literature

to know facts and information

conozco conocemosconoces conocéisconoce conocen

sé sabemossabes sabéissabe saben

Mandatos

Formal Usted(es)Present yo form of the verb

Drop the ‘o’ and add the opposite ending - ar ‘e’ - er/ir ‘a’

If it is plural, add an ‘n’

Example: hablar --- hable(n) comer --- coma(n)

Formal Usted(es) IrregularTener – tengo – tenga(n)Venir – vengo – venga(n)Dar/Decir – dé(en)/diga(n)Ir – voy – vaya(n)Ser – sea(n)Hacer – hago – haga(n)Estar – estoy – esté(n)Saber – sepa(n)

Affirmative Tú

Conjugate the verb into the tú form and drop the ‘s’

Examples: hablar --- habla comer --- come

Affirmative Tú Irregular

Decir – diHacer – hazIr – vePoner – ponSalir – salTener – tenVenir – ven

Negative TúPresent yo form of the verb

Drop the ‘o’ and add the opposite tú ending

Examples hablar --- no hables comer --- no comas

Negative Tú Irregular

Tener – tengasVenir – vengasDecir – digasIr – vayasSer – sayasHacer – hagasEstoy – estesSaber – sepas

DOP and IOP PlacementThe object pronouns are attached to the end of the command

Example: cómprelo

If there is a direct object and an indirect object, the indirect object comes before the direct object.

Example: cómpremelo

DOP and IOP PlacementIn negative commands, the object pronouns come before the command

Example: No lo coma.

If there is a direct object and an indirect object, the indirect object comes before the direct object.

Example: No me lo compre.

Nosotros Present yo form of the verb

Drop the ‘o’ and add the opposite nosotros ending

Example: hablar --- hablemos comer --- comamos

With reflexive verbs, you drop the final ‘s’ of the command and add the reflexive pronoun

Example: levantemos --- nos levantemonos

Subjunctive

Present SubjunctiveAttitudes, Uncertain, and Hypothetical

Tener – tenga(n)Venir – venga(n)Dar – dé(en)Decir – diga(n)Ir – vaya(n)Ser – sea(n)Hacer – haga(n)Estar – esté(n)Saber – sepa(n)

Present yo form of the verb

Drop the ‘o’

Change to opposite vowel

Example: Dudo que tenga un millón de dólares

Trigger Phrasesesperar que

insistir en que

preferir queprohibir que

mandar que

querer que

es aconsejable que

pedir que

recomendar que

rogar quesugerir que

Impersonal Expressions

Es bueno que…

Es mejor que…

Es importante que…

Es malo que…

Es fácil que…

Es necesario que…

Expressions of EmotionsMain Clause- hope- fear- joy- pity- surprise

Subordinate Clause- subjunctive

When there is not a change of subject, use the infinitive

alegarse

temer soprender

sentiresperar

ojalá que

es triste

Conjunctions of Timetake the indicative when the action in the subordinate clause is either habitual or in the past. the subjunctive is used when the main clause is a command or in the future.

así que

cuando

luego que

en cuanto

hasta que

despues de que

tan pronto como

Demonstrative Adjectives and Pronouns

SingularMale Femaleeste esta (this)ese esa (that)aquel aquella (that one over there)

PluralMale Femaleestos estas (these)esos esas (those)aquellos aquellas (that one over there)