grammar book
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TRANSCRIPT
Grammar BookChabela Dover
3rd period
Tabla de Materias
• Preterite- Slide 4
– Trigger WordsSlide 5
– -car,-gar-zar
Slide 6– Spock
Slide 7– Snake
Slide 8– Snakey
Slide 9– Cucaracha
Slide 10 • Imperfect
Slide 11– Trigger Words
Slide 12– Irregulars
Slide 13• Preterite vs Imperfect
Slide 14• Ser vs Estar
Slide 15• Verbs like Gustar
Slide 16• Comparatives and Superlatives
Slide 17– TriggerWords
Slide 18• Future
Slide 19
– Trigger Words
Slide 20– Irregulars
Slide 21• Por
Slide 22• Para
Slide 23• Demonstrative Adjectives
Slide 24• Demonstrative Pronouns
Slide 25• Table of Contents Semester 2
Slide 26• Conditional
Slide 27• Irregulars
Slide 28• Perfect tense
Slide 29• Present Perfect
Slide 30• Present Perfect Irregulars
Slide 31
• Past Perfect
Slide 32• Subjunctive Perfect
Slide 33• Tanto y tan
Slide 34• Impersonal “se”
Slide 35• Saber vs conocer
Slide 36• Los mandatos
Slide 37• Informal affirmative
Slide 38• Informal negative
Slide 39• Informal irregulars
Slide 40• DOP/IOP placement
Slide 41• Formal affirmative
Slide 42• Formal negative
Slide 43
• Formal irregulars
Slide 44• DOP/IOP placement
Slide 45• Nosotros affirmative
Slide 46• Nosotros Negative
Slide 47• Mono verbs
Slide 48• Subjunctive
Slide 49• Irregulars
Slide 50• Tirgger phrases
Slide 51• Impersonal Expressions
Slide 52
• Expressions of emotions Slide
53• Conjunctions of time
Slide 54• Demonstrative Adjectives
Slide 55
• Demonstrative Pronouns Slide
56
Preterite Preterite
Completed action
occured in fixed time
actions performed a specific number of times
used for actions that are chained
used for sudden changes of moods, feelings, or opinions.
-Er/Ir verbs
-Ar verbs
yo-é tú-aste él, ella, ud.- ó
nosotros-amos uds- aron
yo-í tú-iste él, ella, ud.- ió
nosotros-imos uds- ieron
Preterite Trigger Words
Ayer-yesterday
Anoche- last night
Después- Afterwards
Anteayer- the day before yesterday
La semana pasada- last
week
El mes pasado- last
month
El año pasado- last year
El fin de semana
pasado- last weekend
-qué
-aste
-ó
-amos
-aron
Car
-gué
-aste
-ó
-amos
aron
cé aste ó amos aron
Gar
Zar
“Spock”
Ir/Ser•Fui•Fuiste•Fue •Fuimos•Fueron
Dar/Ver•D/Vi•D/Viste•D/Vio•D/Vimos•D/Vieron
Hacer•Hice•Hicisite•Hizo•Hicimos•Hicieron
“Snake”
Dormí Dormiste Durmío
Dormimos Durmieron
“Snakey”Leí Leíste
LEYO Leímos LEYERON
Creí Creíste CREYO
Creímos CREYERON
Cucaracha Verbs Andar
• Anduv-
Estar
• Estuv-
Poder
• Pud-
Poner
•Pus-
Querer
•Quis-
Saber
•Sup-
Tener
•Tuv-
Vener
•Vin-
Conducir•Conduj-
Producir•Produj-
Traducir•Traduj-
Decir •Dij-
Traer•Traj-
é imos
iste
ieronó
é imosiste eronó
Imperfect
Uncompleted action
no definite beginning or end
descriptive tense- Who, What, When, Where
-Ar verbs
yo- aba tú-abas
él, ella, ud.- aba
nosotros-ábamos
uds- aban
-Er/Ir verbs
yo- ía tú-ías
él, ella, ud.- ía
nosotros-íamos
uds- ían
Imperfect Trigger Words
Nunca- never
A veces- sometime
s
Todo el tiempo- all the time
Todos los dios-
everyday
Cada mes- every
month
Simpre- always
Muchas veces-
many times
A muendo- often
Frecuentemente-
frequently
Preterite vs Imperfect
Ir• Iba•Ibas•Iba• Ibamos• Iban
Ser
•Era •Eras•Era•Eramos•Eran
Ver
•Veía•Veías•Veía•Veíamos•Veíran
Irregulars
Ser vs Estar
Ser
Descriptions
Origin
Characteristics
Time
OccupationRelationships
Possessions
Events
Dates
Estar
Health
Emotion
LocationPresent Condition
ING- iendo/ando
Verbs like Gustar• When gustar is
followed by one or more verbs in the infinitve, take singular form.
• Gustar is often used in conditional (would, should, could) to soften a request
ía ías ía Íamos ían
Examples
Encantar Faltar Fascinar Importar Interesar Molestar Doler disgustar
Conditional
Comparatives
Más adjective que
Menos adjective que
el menos adjective de
El/la más adjective de
y
Superlatives
Mejor
Bueno
Peor
Malo
MayorViejo MenorJoven
Transition Words
•Even though
Aunque
•While
Mientras
•But
Pero
•Therefore
Por la tanto
•Nevertheless
Sin embargo/ no obstante
•Also
También
•In spite of
A pasar de
El Futuro• I/You/He, She,
They/We/You all- WILL
• Infinitive + ending (endings are the same for -ar, -er, -ir verbs
é emos
ás án
á
Trigger Words
La semana Proxima Mañana Pasado
mañanaPasado semana Año Pasado
año
Caber Cabr To fit into
Decir Dir To tell
Haber Habr To have
Hacer Har To do or make
Poder Podr To be able to
Poner Pondr To place
Querer Querr To want
Saber Sabr To know facts
Salir Saldr To arrive
Tener Tendr To have
Valer Valdr To be worth
Venir Vendr To come
IRREGULARS
Por
• Passing through- PORtal• General rather tan specific location- PORtugal• How long something lasts- PORever• The cause of something- PORpuse • An exchange- imPORt/exPORt• Doing something in place of or instead of
someone else- Im por, pay for me• A means of transportation- trasnPORtation
Para• For whom something is done- surprise PARAty • Destination- PARAguay• The purpose for which something is done-
PARAsite• To express an opinion- PARAdon me, but…• To contrast or compare– Para meastra, no sabe mucho de las matematicas.
• To express idea of deadline- PARAmedic
Demonstrative Adjectives • Typically placed
before the nouns that they modify.
• Must agree in number and gender
Masculine Singular
Este (this)
Ese (that)Aquel (that over there) Masculine
Plural
Estos (these)
Esos (those)Aquellos (those over there)
Feminine Singular
Esta (this)
Esa (that)Aquella (that over there)
Feminine Plural
Estas (these)
Esas (those)Aquellas (those over there)
Demonstrative Pronouns
Masculine Singular
éste (this)
ése (that)Aquél (that over there) Masculine
Plural
éstos (these)
ésos (those)Aquéllos (those over there)
Feminine Singular
ésta (this)
ésa (that)Aquélla (that over there)
Feminine Plural
éstas (these)
ésas (those)Aquéllas (those over there)
Same as demonstrative adjectives except demonstrative pronouns have an accent over the first –e.
• Conditional Slide 27• Irregulars Slide 28• Perfect tense Slide 29• Present Perfect Slide 30• Present Perfect Irregulars Slide 31
• Past Perfect Slide 32• Subjunctive Perfect Slide 33
• Tanto y tan Slide 34• Impersonal “se” Slide 35• Saber vs conocer Slide 36• Los mandatos Slide 37
• Informal affirmative Slide 38• Informal negative Slide 39• Informal irregulars Slide 40• DOP/IOP placement Slide 41• Formal affirmative Slide 42• Formal negative Slide 43• Formal irregulars Slide 44• DOP/IOP placement Slide 45
• Nosotros affirmative Slide 46• Nosotros Negative Slide 47
• Mono verbs Slide 48• Subjunctive Slide 49
• Irregulars Slide 50• Tirgger phrases Slide 51
• Impersonal Expressions Slide 52• Expressions of emotions Slide 53• Conjunctions of time Slide 54• Demonstrative Adjectives Slide 55• Demonstrative Pronouns Slide 56
Conditional
Would/Should/Could
Infinitive +
• ía íamos• ías íais • ía ían
Conditional irregulars
• Same as futuro
Caber Cabr To fit into
Decir Dir To tell
Haber Habr To have
Hacer Har To do or make
Poder Podr To be able to
Poner Pondr To place
Querer Querr To want
Saber Sabr To know facts
Salir Saldr To arrive
Tener Tendr To have
Valer Valdr To be worth
Venir Vendr To come
Perfect tenses
• Compound tenses made of two parts – Helping verb – past participle
• three main tenses: present, past, future• portray action as completed, not in progress
Present
To have happened recently
Still in present • He hemos + ar er,ir• has habeis ado ido• ha han
Present- Perfect Irregulars
•abierto
Abrir
•cubierto
Cubrir
•Dicho
Decir
•Escrito
Escribir
•Hecho
Hacer
•Muerto
Morir
•Puesto
Poner
•Resuelto
Resolver
•Roto
Romper
•Visto
Ver
•Vuelto
Volver
•Ido
Ir
PastA past-time situation is normally indicated by
the preterit and imperfect
views an action or state as having
occurred —and been completed— at a time prior to another past action, state or time
NOT used to indicate an action which began in previous past time and is still in progress
in
To express the idea “to had just (done
something)”, Spanish usually employs the
imperfect of acabar de plus the infinitive
habíahabíashabíahabíamoshabíaishabían
because the past perfect is a compound tense, two verbs are required: the main verb and the auxiliary verb.
Perfect Subjunctive
• The perfect subjunctive is the same thing as past perfect. • In Spanish, the past perfect tense is formed by using the
imperfect tense of the auxiliary verb "haber" with the past participle. Haber is conjugated as follows:– había
habíashabíahabíamoshabíaishabían
• because the past perfect is a compound tense, two verbs are required: the main verb and the auxiliary verb.
Tanto y tan
Tan …como…
Adj/adv
As____ as ____
Tanto/a tantos/as
cuandoNoun/verb
Impersonal “se”
“Se”
Use ‘se’ to avoid specifying a person
who is doing the action of the verb
When using se, the verb is always in 3rd
person.
“Se can be used in all tenses.
Saber vs conocer
Conocer
To know a person, place, literary work
ConozcoConocesConoce
Conocemosconocen
A personal
Saber
Saber + infinitive
Se SabesSabe
Sabemossaben
To know facts, information
Los mandatos
• Commands are used when ordering, or telling someone to do something. This is often referred to as the "imperative" form of the verb.
Informal Affirmative
telling someone TO
DO something
tú form
drop the –s.
Informal Negative
yo
drop o
opps vowel
add s
Telling someone NOT TO DO something
Informal irregularsIregulars: Affirmative
• TenerTen
• VenirVen
• Decir/DarDe
• IrVe
• SalirSal
• Hacer/HaberHaz
• Estar Este
• SerSe
Negative
• decir --> no digas
• hacer --> no hagas
• ir --> no vayas
• poner --> no pongas
• salir --> no salgas
• venir --> no vengas
• ser --> no seas
DOP/IOP Placement
Affirmative DOP is attached to the end of verb.
Accent is added where the stress
would naturally fall.
Negative
DOP/IOP is to be placed in front of the verb but after the no.
Formal affirmative
Start with the yo form of the
present indicative.
Then drop the -o ending.
add opposite vowel ending
telling someone TO DO something
Formal negative
• Telling someone NOT TO DO something • conjugated just like formal affirmative
Start with the yo form of the
present indicative.
Then drop the -o ending.
add opposite vowel ending
Formal irregulars• dé Ud.
den Uds.Dar• esté Ud.
estén Uds.Estar• vaya Ud.
vayan Uds.Ir• sea Ud.
sean Uds.Ser• sepa Ud.
sepan Uds.Saber• digan• diganDecir• haga• haganHacer• ponga • ponganPoner• salga• salganSalir• tenga• tenganTener • venga• venganVenir
DOP/IOP placement
Affirmative DOP is attached to the end of verb.
Accent is added where the stress
would naturally fall.
Negative
DOP/IOP is to be placed in front of the verb but after the no.
Nosotros Affirmative commands
Conjugate to nosotros person. Drop ending
Add opposite ending (ar-emos
er/ir- amos)
Nosotros negative commands
Conjugate to nosotros person.
Drop ending
Add opposite ending (ar-emos er/ir-
amos)
Add “no” before
DOP/IOP or before verb
Nosotros- mono verbs
• When the verb is reflexive, (DOP is nos) use amonos or emonos instead of amosnos or emosnos.
• Ar- emonos• Er/Ir- amonos
Subjunctiveattitudes uncertainhypothetical
facts realdefinite
Subjunctive
Indicative
Have to have: Two opposing
subjects Trigger phrase First clause
indicates use of subjunctive Conjugation: Make like formal commands Iregulars: TVDISHES Tener
VenirDecir/DarIrSerHacer/HaberEstar Saber
irregulars
Iregulars: TVDISHES
•TenerTen
•VenirVen
•Decir/DarDe
•IrVe
•SalirSal
•Hacer/HaberHaz
•Estar Este
•SerSe
Trigger phrases
Es bueno que…
Es mejor que…
Es malo que…
Es importante que..
Es necessario que
Es urgente que…
Impersonal expressions
Es beuno que…
Es necessario que…
Es posible que…
Es probable que…
Es mejor que… Es malo que…
Es importante que…
Es urgente que…
Expressions of emotion
to be happy•alegrarse de•es alegre
to be sad•es triste
to fear, be afriad•temer•tener miedo de
to hope•esperar
to feel sorry, regret•sentir •dar lástimaSorprender Ojalá (que)
Conjunctions of Time
Cuando Antes (de) que
Despues (de) que
Luego que
Tan pronto como
En cuanto
Hasta que
Cont tal (de) que
A menos
que
Para que
En caso (de) que
Demonstrative Adjectives • Typically placed
before the nouns that they modify.
• Must agree in number and gender
Masculine Singular
Este (this)
Ese (that)Aquel (that over there) Masculine
Plural
Estos (these)
Esos (those)Aquellos (those over there)
Feminine Singular
Esta (this)
Esa (that)Aquella (that over there)
Feminine Plural
Estas (these)
Esas (those)Aquellas (those over there)
Demonstrative Pronouns
Masculine Singular
éste (this)
ése (that)Aquél (that over there) Masculine
Plural
éstos (these)
ésos (those)Aquéllos (those over there)
Feminine Singular
ésta (this)
ésa (that)Aquélla (that over there)
Feminine Plural
éstas (these)
ésas (those)Aquéllas (those over there)
Same as demonstrative adjectives except demonstrative pronouns have an accent over the first –e.