grammar: a way to think about language. 4 level analysis: level 1: parts of speech level 2: parts...
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Grammar:A Way to think about language
4 Level Analysis:
Level 1: Parts of Speech
Level 2: Parts of the sentence
Level 3: Phrases
Level 4: Clauses
There are 8 parts of speech
Noun
Pronoun
Verb
Adjective
Adverb
Conjunction
Preposition
Interjection
Nouns:
A noun is a person, place, thing, or idea
They can be PROPER This means they are capitalized and
specific.
Examples: Prospect High School, Mrs. Joiner, The Bears, Macs, I Pods, etc.
More Nouns:
They can be COMMON: EXAMPLES: school, woman, food,
radio, tree, dog
ABSTRACT NOUNS ARE IDEAS AND FEELINGS EXAMPLES: love, hate, war,
beauty, anger, embarrassment, happiness
CONCRETE NOUNS ARE TANGIBLE. Desk, chair, dog, cat, tree,
person, coffee
1. Eggworthy and Pennyworth both hate doing homework.
Pennyworth prefers riding a unicycle around the neighborhood while wearing a red cape.
Eggworthy would rather cook empanandas for his family that is visiting from Chile.
Teachers at Prospect High School wish they could get the boys to turn their work in.
STOP AND PRACTICE! Underline the nouns! Identify them as Proper or Common.
Pronouns
A pronoun is a word that takes the place of a noun
The Noun that is replaced by the pronoun is the antecedent.
There isn’t always an antecedent
EX. Mrs. Joiner worked at her desk.
Mrs. Joiner is the antecedent for the PRONOUN her.
COMMON SUBJECT PRONOUNS
These pronouns will always act as the SUBJECT of the sentence:
I
You
HE SHE IT
WE
YOU
THEY
These words will act as the subject of the sentence.
COMMON OBJECT PRONOUNS
ME
YOU
HIM HER IT
US
YOU THEM
These words will act as direct objects, indirect objects, or subject complements
Other common PRONOUNS to learn
Me
I
You
Our
Who
Whom
Their
Mine
My
Stop and Practice! Underline the pronoun and Circle its antecedent
1. Eggworthy ate all of his food and my food too.
Prunella bit Eggworthy on his hand.
Because Eggworthy bit Prunella, she felt it would be okay to pinch his arm to get revenge.
They made up and decided to eat doughnuts and cakes for most of the night.
Both Eggworthy and Prunella felt better in the morning, but they didn’t want breakfast.
VERBS: Action and Linking
A VERB shows Action State of being
If it is a LINKING VERB, it links the subject of the sentence to its subject complement.
ACTION VERBS!
Action verbs show ACTION
You probably can imagine these verbs happening!
Examples: Throw, yell, smile, create, jump, run, walk, trip
EX. I walked around the classroom
Walked is the action verb
Linking Verbs
Linking verbs link a subject to its complement and tend to suggest state of being or feelings.
EX. I am happy
Am is a linking verb that links the subject “I” to the adjective “happy”.
Linking Verbs to Memorize!
Am
Is
Was
Were
Be
Being
Been
Seems
Becomes
Appears
STOP AND PRACTICE! Circle the action verbs, underline the linking verbs
Ludwig and Ludmilla absolutely love the weather.
Eggworthy ate fifteen buttery empanadas.
Pennyworth is angry with Eggworthy because he ate them all.
It is gorgeous in the fall.
The milk turned bad about a week ago; Eggworthy drank it anyways.
Prunella swept the dusty floor.
ADJECTIVES
Adjectives are words that MODIFY(describe) nouns or pronouns.
They answer these THREE QUESTIONS:
WHAT KIND?
WHICH ONE?
HOW MANY?
STOP AND PRACTICE! Circle the adjectives.
Eggworthy ate fifteen syrupy pancakes.
Because it was raining, Pennyworth’s hair was stringy and wet.
The bog was dark and foggy.
Lazy Ludmilla and loud Ludwig were annoying neighbors.
HINT: A, AN, and THE are always ADJECTIVES!!!!
ADVERBS
Adverbs are words that modify Verbs Adjectives Adverbs
Adverbs answer these questions: How? When? Where? Why? To what extent? Under what conditions?
Adverbs
Adverbs are like kisses. If you give out too many, they won’t mean anything!
EX. I had a really really really fun time.
9 times out of 10, adverbs will end in –LY
EX. Slowly, quickly, interestingly
Common Adverbs that don’t follow that rule:
Well, too, very, then, always, never, so, super
Stop and Practice! Underline the adverbs.
Eggworthy, you should never swim alone!
Pennyworth thought that class was very boring and too long.
Prunella should arrive on Saturday.
Ludmilla stacked the books neatly
Eggworthy ad Prunella merrily hummed a tune while completing their chores.
Pennyworth lazily swam in a circle while waiting for his sister.
Conjunctions
CON means together
JUNCT means join
CONJUNCTIONS are words that join two words or two groups of words.
Conjunctions holding together two or more nouns:
He ate eggs AND ham.
I’ll get a cat, a dog, AND a snake.
Conjunctions holding together two or more verbs, adverbs, adjectives, or independent clauses
VERBS:
I’ll run AND jump.
You can sink OR swim.
ADV. And ADJ.
The woods are lovely, dark, AND deep
You need to walk quickly AND quietly
INDEPENDENT CLAUSES
I will go with him to the sore, AND we will buy groceries.
MEMOMORIZE THIS!
The 7 COORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS
FANBOYS
F-FOR
A-AND
N-NOR
B-BUT
0-OR
Y-YET
S-S0
SUBORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS
SUBORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS LINK THE LESS IMPORTANT PART TO THE MORE IMPORTANT PART.
WASBIT
W-WHILE
A-AS
S-SINCE
B-BECAUSE
I-IF
T-THOUGH
MORE SUBORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS TO MEMORIZE!
After
As if
Because
Even though
In order that
Rather than
That
Until
Where
While
Although
As long as
Before
If
Now that
Since
Though
When
And more….
Whereas
As
As though
Even if
If only
Once
Than
Unless
Whenever
Wherever
Statements that begin with subordinating conjunctions cannot BE SENTENCES. The must be attached to INDEPENDENT CLAUSES.
EX. IF I went to the party
If if went to the party, I would have fun
As the night grew dark
As the night grew dark, we turned on the lights.
Stop and Practice! Underline the Coordinating Conjunctions.
I went to the store, and I bought milk.
Eggworthy grinned and laughed when he hear the good news
It doesn’t matter if Prunella sings, or if Eggworthy dances.
I will go to the party, but I will not bring Ludmilla.
Stop and Practice! Underline the subordinating conjunctions.
If you bring me dinner, I will clean the dishes.
As I walk to the store, be sure to clean the house.
Since I will arrive first, move the other cars from the driveway
NOW LOOK FOR BOTH
If I get dinner, please clean the dishes, but don’t use the dishwasher.
Prepositions
A word that shows the relationship between its object and another word in the sentence.
- show relationships of time (before, during, after)
- Show relationships of space (in, on, beside, around)
- Show relationships of directions (to, from, toward)
Somewhere over the rainbow. . .
PREPOSITIONS!
Prepositions show where things are located, compared to each other.
The book is on the desk; the bag is underneath it.
The file is in the computer!
Prepositions give language geometry.
The cylinder is inside the cube.
The crash was before the boom.
PREPOSITIONS!
Notice that prepositions are small and common, but powerful. To use the wrong preposition is to completely alter the meaning of an idea.
There is a $1,000 check for you.
There is a $1,000 check from you.
PREPOSITIONS!
Never end a sentence with a preposition??
Well, we used to say that. We still disapprove of sentences like “Where are you at?” because the meaning of the preposition is incomplete.Correction: “Where are you, at home?”
In other cases, most people consider a concluding preposition okay.“Who is that present for?” should technically be “For whom is this present?” but it sounds stuffy and inappropriately formal.
PREPOSITIONS AND THE BOX
YOU COULD BE …
OVER a box
NEAR a box
BY a box
FROM a box
FOR a box
NEXT TO a box
UNDER a box
OVER a box
INTERJECTIONS!
A word that shows emotion but has no grammatical function.
JECT means throw
INTER means between
They do not join, or modify, or show relationships, or replace; they just throw (JECT) and exclamation in between (INTER) words in a sentence.
Examples:oh, ugh, wow, yes, no, oops, yeah
LEVEL 1: Parts of Speech
SPEEDY REVIEW:
1) Noun: name of a person, place, thing, or idea
2) Pronoun: a word that takes the place of a nouno Subject pronouns: I, you, he, she,
it, we, theyo Object pronouns, me, you, him,
her, it, us, them
3) Verb: a word that shows action, being, or links a subject to its subject compliment
4) Adjective: a word that modifies a noun or pronoun1) Articles: a, an, the
5) Adverb: a word that modifies a verb, adjective, or other adverb
6) Preposition: shows the relationship between its object and another word in the sentence
7) Conjunction: a word that joins two words or two groups of words
8) Interjection: shows emotion but has no grammatical function