gramatica ingles

A Choose the correct answer.

1. I’m really hungry. I (haven’t eaten / didn’t eat) yet.

2. They (arrived / have arrived) a week ago.

3. We (have worked / worked) here for three years.

4. They (didn’t recognise / haven’t recognised) me at yesterday’s meeting.

5. Our neighbour (was / has been) in hospital since Friday.

6. (Have you travelled / Did you travel) abroad many times?

B Complete the sentences with the correct form of the verbs in brackets. Use the Past Simple or the Present PerfectSimple.

1. John ........................... (not call) me recently.

2. They ........................... (buy) a new car last month.

3. The teacher ........................... (not return) the tests yet.

4. How long ........................... she ........................... (know) about this problem?

5. ........................... you ever ........................... (hear) such an unbelievable story?

6. When I was a child, I ........................... (live) in England for two years.

7. He ........................... (buy) me a beautiful gift for my birthday.

8. I am so excited to have a dog. I ......................................... (always / want) one.

C Correct the error in each of the sentences.

1. Have you ever eat Chinese food? 5. Mr Brown already left the office.

............................................................................ ............................................................................

2. She has moved to another city last year. 6. We haven’t been abroad since a year.

............................................................................ ............................................................................

3. They have sent out the invitations yet. 7. The lesson has started ten minutes ago.

............................................................................ ............................................................................

4. Jack hasn’t seen Jill since she has graduated. 8. Did she just leave?

............................................................................ ............................................................................

D Complete the passage with suitable words.

I 1.............................. always been very fit and healthy, and I have 2.............................. had a serious illness.

However, a couple of weeks 3.............................. , I caught the flu. I must admit that until then, I4.............................. not realised just how unpleasant the flu could be. I had a high temperature for nearly a

week, and my whole body hurt. I don’t think I have 5.............................. felt so miserable. It’s taking me ages to

get my strength back. It really bothers me that I haven’t had enough energy to play football 6..............................

I got ill. In fact, I have 7.............................. been to the doctor to ask if it’s normal to feel weak for so long. He

says I’ll soon feel better. Apparently I’m lucky. For some people, especially the old and the weak, the flu can be

very serious. Doctors have tried 8.............................. years to find a cure for the flu, but they haven’t found one9............................... . Fortunately, researchers have developed a vaccine which gives effective protection against

the disease. According to my doctor, most of his elderly patients have 10.............................. received their flu

shots.

Photocopiable © B Burlington Books

Past Simple / Present Perfect Simple

Past Simple / Present Perfect Simple – Answers

A 1. haven’t eaten 4. didn’t recognise

2. arrived 5. has been

3. have worked 6. Have you travelled

B 1. hasn’t called / has not called

2. bought

3. hasn’t returned / has not returned

4. has … known

5. Have … heard

6. lived

7. bought

8. have always wanted

C 1. Have you ever eaten Chinese food?

2. She moved to another city last year.

3. They haven’t sent out the invitations yet.

4. Jack hasn’t seen Jill since she graduated.

5. Mr Brown has already left the office.

6. We haven’t been abroad for a year.

7. The lesson started ten minutes ago.

8. Has she just left?

D 1. have 6. since

2. never 7. already / just

3. ago 8. for

4. had 9. yet

5. ever 10. already


C Complete the sentences with the correct form of the verb in brackets. Use the Future Simple, be going to, Future Perfect or Future Continuous.

1. The concert ................................... (start) at exactly 10 o’clock.

2. See you at the station! I ................................... (wear) a red jacket.

3. Don’t worry! I ................................... (not leave) without you.

4. We certainly ................................... (not finish) all the work by this time tomorrow.

5. Anne ................................... (invite) some of her friends for dinner after work.

6. ................................... she ................................... (remember) to call us this afternoon?

7. What ................................... you ................................... (do) at the weekend?

D Complete each sentence using the verb in brackets and the Future Simple, be going to, Future Continuous or Future Perfect.

1. Tennis practice starts at 10, and we plan to play for two hours. (finish)

By 12 o’clock, ........................................................................................................................................ .

2. The phone is ringing! (answer)

I .............................................................................................................................................. the phone.

3. Do you want to come to the disco with us? (come)

.................................. you ..................................................................................................................... ?

4. Look at those clouds. (rain)

Do you think .......................................................................................................................................... ?

5. Their plane lands at 7.30. Let’s get there earlier. (wait)

At 7 o’clock, we ..................................................................................................................................... .

A Match I to II to form sentences.

I II

1. Hurry up! We’re leaving ….. a. one day.

2. They’ll be lying on the beach ….. b. in five minutes.

3. We will have arrived ….. c. next summer.

4. It’s definite. My friends and I are going to travel ….. d. at this time next week.

5. I think he will be rich and famous ….. e. by this time tomorrow.

B Choose the correct answer.

Jeff’s family usually comes to stay with us for Christmas, but 1. (by this Christmas / this Christmas) we are

going to visit them instead. They live on the coast of Queensland in South Australia. I can hardly wait – I2. (will have / will be having) a fantastic time there. School holidays 3. (are going to start / will start) on Friday,

and we are going to leave the following morning. At this time next week, I 4. (will be swimming /

will have swum) in the sea, and snorkelling with Jeff. He’s an expert snorkler, and he 5. (is going to practise /

will have practised) with me every day. 6. (By / On) the last day of our visit, Jeff’s dad is going to take us to

visit the Great Barrier Reef. I hope by then I 7. (will have improved / will be improving) enough to snorkel at the

reef and see the magnificent coloured corals and brightly coloured fish close up. The reef is 2,200 kilometres

long and people say it’s an underwater wonderland. Next year I 8. (am going to learn / will learn) scuba diving,

because only serious divers can dive in the deeper waters on the outer edges of the reef.


Future Tenses

Future Tenses – Answers

A 1. b 3. e 5. a

2. d 4. c

B 1. this Christmas 5. is going to practise

2. will have 6. On

3. will start 7. will have improved

4. will be swimming 8. am going to learn

C 1. will start 5. is going to invite

2. will be wearing 6. Will … remember

3. won’t leave 7. are … going to do

4. won’t have finished

D 1. we will have finished playing tennis / we will have finished our tennis practice

2. will answer

3. Are … going to come to the disco with us

4. it will rain

5. will be waiting for their plane to arrive / land


C Rewrite the sentences using a modal. Do not change the original meaning.


1. I was worried. You (may have / should have) called to say you’d be late.

2. He can’t manage alone. We (have to / can) help him.

3. Diane did nothing wrong. Jim (shouldn’t have / couldn’t have) shouted at her.

4. She can’t find her glasses. She (must have / could have) left them at home.

5. Take an umbrella because it (may / should) rain this afternoon.

6. It’s a holiday tomorrow, so we (mustn’t / needn’t) get up early.

B Complete the passage with the modals below.

couldn’t ■ shouldn’t ■ must have ■ can ■ must ■ might ■ needn’t ■ ought to ■ should have

Times have changed. Nowadays you 1.............................. rush off to a travel agent to book tickets for a journey.

You 2.............................. sit at home and book them over the Internet. However, the experience of one British

couple 3.............................. be a warning to everyone. You 4.............................. assume that if you book on the

Net, mistakes won’t happen. That’s why you 5.............................. always check bookings carefully. If you don’t,

you 6.............................. find yourselves in the wrong part of the world. That’s exactly what happened to Emma

Dunn and Raoul Sebastian. They set off from London in a large plane, thinking they were on their way to Sydney,

Australia. They 7.............................. understand what was happening when they landed at an airport and were

asked to transfer to a much smaller plane. It 8.............................. been quite a shock when they finally discovered

they were in Canada. They 9.............................. read their tickets more carefully because they were booked for

Sydney, Nova Scotia.

D Complete the sentences with the verbs in brackets. Use modals or modal perfects.

1. The grass is very wet. It ................................... (rain) last night.

2. I’m too busy to visit you at the moment, however I ................................... (visit) later.

3. I remember your phone number, so I ................................... (not write) it down.

4. Dan didn’t know that the lesson was cancelled. Someone ................................... (tell) him.

5. He doesn’t remember where he left his keys. They ................................... (be) on his desk.

1. It’s forbidden to walk on the grass.

You .................................... walk on the grass.

2. It’s not possible that these diamonds are real.

These diamonds .................................... be real.

3. It’s not necessary to bring food with you on the trip.

You .................................... bring food with you.

4. We were expecting you to call us.

You .................................... called us.

5. I’m certain that Dan is at work.

Dan .................................... be at work.

1. There are no tickets left. We might have come earlier.

..............................................................................

2. It’s impossible! It mustn’t be ten o’clock already.

..............................................................................

3. That book looks interesting. Am I able to see it?

..............................................................................

4. You look so tired. I think you can go to bed early.

................................................................................

5. The traffic light is red. You needn’t cross now.

................................................................................

6. She failed every exam. She shouldn’t have studied.

................................................................................

E Correct the error in each of the sentences.


Modals

Modals – Answers

A 1. should have 4. must have

2. have to 5. may

3. shouldn’t have 6. needn’t

B 1. needn’t 6. might

2. can 7. couldn’t

3. ought to 8. must have

4. shouldn’t 9. should have

5. must

C 1. mustn’t 4. should have

2. can’t 5. must

3. don’t have to /needn’t

D 1. must have rained 4. should have told

2. can visit 5. must be

3. don’t have to write / needn’t write

E 1. There are no tickets left. We should have come earlier.

2. It’s impossible! It can’t be 10 o’clock already.

3. That book looks interesting. May / Can / Could I see it?

4. You look so tired. I think you should / ought to go to bed early.

5. The traffic light is red. You mustn’t cross now.

6. She failed every exam. She should have / couldn’t have studied.


C Complete each sentence with the correct form of the verb in brackets.

1. He’ll call us before he .................................. (leave).

2. .................................. you .................................. (go) to the party if he had asked you?

3. If the phone rings, I .................................. (answer) it.

4. You would feel better if you .................................. (eat) healthier food.

5. Her parents .................................. (not be) angry if she had called.

6. If I had more free time, I .................................. (exercise) more often.

7. As soon as the guests .................................. (arrive), we’ll begin the lecture.

8. They won’t be able to hear you unless you .................................. (speak) louder.

1. If Tom comes to town, we ….. him.a. visit b. visitedc. will visit

2. If they had known he was in trouble, they ….. him.a. would have helpedb. would helpc. will help

3. He’ll fix the machine after he ….. the instructions.a. will readb. has read c. read

4. If walls could talk, they ….. many secrets.a. would tellb. would have told c. told

5. As soon as he ….. , he will look for a job.a. will graduateb. graduates c. may graduate

6. I won’t be able to travel unless I ….. some money.a. will save b. savec. saved

B Match I to II to form sentences.

I

1. If he had a lot of money,

2. I wouldn’t eat that

3. If I had known you were ill,

4. Mark wouldn’t be so tired

5. If I get the opportunity,

6. They will play tennis this afternoon

D Complete the passage with the words below.

when ■ had ■ hadn’t ■ were ■ would ■ if ■ will ■ should ■ have ■ could

My wife and I seldom travel. In fact, if we 1.............................. received a wedding invitation from family in

Cape Town, we wouldn’t 2.............................. thought of travelling. But my wife was very excited. “Let’s make

a holiday of it,” she suggested. “3.............................. we go, we 4.............................. do some touring.” And

that is what we did. If you have the opportunity, you 5.............................. travel to South Africa. You can rent a

car 6.............................. you’re there, but if I 7.............................. you, I would also include a train trip. Our

relatives suggested that we take the famous Blue Train for the journey north. If we 8.............................. stuck

to our original plan, we 9.............................. have missed this wonderful experience. The Blue Train travels

from Cape Town to Zimbabwe. It has luxurious compartments, private bathrooms and wonderful food. If you

decide to take the train, you 10.............................. have the pleasure of seeing wonderful scenery while

relaxing in a luxury hotel on wheels.


II

….. a. unless it rains.

….. b. he would rent a bigger flat.

….. c. I’ll travel all over the world.

….. d. if he didn’t have so much work.

….. e. I would have called.

….. f. if I were you.


The Conditional

The Conditional – Answers

A 1. c 3. b 5. b

2. a 4. a 6. b

B 1. b 4. d

2. f 5. c

3. e 6. a

C 1. leaves

2. Would … have gone

3. will answer

4. ate

5. wouldn’t have been

6. would exercise / could exercise

7. arrive

8. speak

D 1. hadn’t 6. when

2. have 7. were

3. If 8. had

4. could 9. would

5. should 10. will



B Rewrite the sentences in the passive. Omit the agent when possible.


1. Both teams must agree on the date for the match.

...........................................................................................................................................

2. The postman may have delivered the letters to the wrong address.

...........................................................................................................................................

3. We didn’t see the famous painting because somebody had stolen it.

...........................................................................................................................................

4. The doctor is examining the patient now.

...........................................................................................................................................

5. The prisoner escaped while the police were questioning him.

...........................................................................................................................................

1. Why is that car being taking away by the police?

.............................................................................

2. A lot of food ate at the party.

.............................................................................

3. You shouldn’t have been read my diary.

.............................................................................

4. This book mustn’t take out of the library.

.............................................................................

5. John hasn’t seen by anyone all week.

.............................................................................

6. English spoken in many countries of the world.

.............................................................................

7. His article will publish in tomorrow’s newspaper.

.............................................................................

8. I couldn’t enter the room because the floor waswashing.

.............................................................................

D Complete the passage with the correct form of the verbs in brackets. Use the active or passive.

Many people use the Internet, or the Net as it 1.............................. (call). Some people consider it as an

encyclopedia, which 2.............................. (can / use) to get information. However, when it 3..............................

(invent), the Internet had a different purpose. Until then, people 4.............................. (communicate) by radio

and telephone, but these means of communication 5.............................. (not consider) safe ways of sending

private messages. A new way of sending private or secret information 6.............................. (need).

Researchers in the American Defence Department studied the problem, and in 1969 they7............................... (establish) the Internet. Since then, the Net has grown and changed. In recent years, it8.............................. (use) for e-mail, shopping and chatting to people all over the world. Millions of people9............................... (connect) to it. Perhaps, in the future, phones 10.............................. (replace) entirely by

e-mail, but for the time being, there are still many people who prefer to chat on the phone.

1. A new law on health care (passed / was passed) by the government last month.

2. School uniforms (aren’t worn / don’t wear) at ourschool.

3. We (will meet / will be met) you at the station at 10 o’clock.

4. We believe that endangered animals (should be protected / should protect).

5. Notices (have sent / have been sent) to all themembers of the club.

6. The offices (were cleaning / were being cleaned) all afternoon.

7. Dave (hadn’t finished / hadn’t been finished) theexam when the bell rang.

8. Dogs (mustn’t take / mustn’t be taken) into shops.


The Passive

The Passive – Answers

A 1. was passed 5. have been sent

2. aren’t worn 6. were being cleaned

3. will meet 7. hadn’t finished

4. should be protected 8. mustn’t be taken

B 1. The date for the match must be agreed on by both teams.

2. The letters may have been delivered to the wrong address.

3. We didn’t see the famous painting because it had been stolen.

4. The patient is being examined now.

5. The prisoner escaped while he was being questioned.

C 1. Why is that car being taken away by the police?

2. A lot of food was eaten at the party.

3. You shouldn’t have read my diary.

4. This book mustn’t be taken out of the library.

5. John hasn’t seen anyone all week. / John hasn’t been seen by anyone all week.

6. English is spoken in many countries of the world.

7. His article will be published in tomorrow’s newspaper.

8. I couldn’t enter the room because the floor was being washed.

D 1. is called 6. was needed

2. can be used 7. established

3. was invented 8. has been used

4. had communicated 9. are connected

5. weren’t considered / 10. will be replacedwere not considered


A Complete each sentence with a word below.

who ■ whose ■ when ■ where ■ which

1. Jim can’t remember the room ........................... he left his glasses.

2. He showed us the car ........................... he wants to buy.

3. That’s the man ........................... stole my bag.

4. I still remember the moment ........................... I first saw her.

5. We have never met the neighbours ........................... flat is above ours.

B Combine each pair of sentences with a relative clause. Make any necessary changes.

1. I bought my first car ten years ago. I was a salesman then.

......................................................................................................................................................................

2. There is a girl in my class. Her family emigrated from India.

......................................................................................................................................................................

3. Mark’s sister is getting married tomorrow. She has just graduated.

......................................................................................................................................................................

4. Lots of people walk in the park. I jog there every morning.

......................................................................................................................................................................

5. My uncle’s farm is twenty kilometres from here. We often visit it.

......................................................................................................................................................................

6. The young boy was given a reward. He had saved the drowning child.

......................................................................................................................................................................


1. The boy which sits next to me in class is very clever.

......................................................................................................................................................................

2. Our cat, that we all loved very much, died last week.

......................................................................................................................................................................

3. The man who car was stolen was very upset.

.......................................................................................................................................................................

4. The school which I had studied as a child was destroyed in a fire.

......................................................................................................................................................................

5. At the weekend, that my family is at home, we have breakfast together.

......................................................................................................................................................................

D Complete the passage with suitable words. There may be more than one correct answer.

March 17th is an Irish holiday 1. ............................... honours the patron saint of Ireland, St Patrick, 2................................ brought Christianity to the Irish people. According to tradition, St Patrick,3................................ father was a wealthy man, was actually born in England. At the age of 16, he was

kidnapped by pirates and sold as a slave. Some years later, he escaped to France, 4................................ he lived

for many years and became a priest. At the age of 60, 5................................ he returned to Ireland, he built his

first church. On March 17th, the day 6................................ St Patrick died, people wear green clothes decorated

with the shamrock, 7................................ is the national symbol of Ireland.


Relative Pronouns

Relative Pronouns – Answers

A 1. where 4. when

2. which 5. whose

3. who

B 1. I bought my first car ten years ago, when I was a salesman.

2. There is a girl in my class whose family emigrated from India.

3. Mark’s sister, who has just graduated, is getting married tomorrow.

4. Lots of people walk in the park where I jog every morning.

5. My uncle’s farm, which we often visit, is twenty kilometres from here.

6. The young boy who had saved the drowning child was given a reward.

C 1. The boy who / that sits next to me in class is very clever.

2. Our cat, which we all loved very much, died last week.

3. The man whose car was stolen was very upset.

4. The school where I had studied as a child was destroyed in a fire.

5. At the weekend, when my family is at home, we have breakfast together.

D 1. that / which 5. when

2. who 6. when

3. whose 7. which

4. where


C Write the sentences in direct speech.

1. Jane said that she had been ill the previous week.

.............................................................................................................................................................

2. Tom’s mother wanted to know why he was eating those chocolates.

.............................................................................................................................................................

3. Mike told me not to call him at work.

.............................................................................................................................................................

4. They suggested having a picnic that weekend.

.............................................................................................................................................................

5. She said she was sure that she had never been there before.

.............................................................................................................................................................

6. The caller asked what time the performance would begin that night.

.............................................................................................................................................................



1. “We’ll be coming to see you later,” John (told / said).

2. “Let’s go to a film this evening,” she (offered / suggested).

3. “It’s a busy restaurant. You should reserve a table,” Anne (advised / asked) us.

4. “Leave the building at once,” (ordered / suggested) the police.

5. “I’m so sorry I didn’t write to you,” she (apologised / wondered).

D Change the sentences into reported speech.

1. “Don’t touch the oven.”

The mother told her child .....................................

........................................................................... .

2. “Let’s buy tickets for this concert.”

Mike suggested ...................................................

........................................................................... .

3. “I don’t like sweets, cakes and chocolates.”

John says ............................................................

........................................................................... .

4. “We’re leaving now.”

He told me ...........................................................

........................................................................... .

5. “There will be no sports lessons today.”

The headmaster announced ................................

........................................................................... .

6. “I can’t help her.”

She apologised ..................................................

........................................................................... .

1. “I am going to travel abroad.”She said that she ..... travel abroad.

a. was going to b. is going to

2. “Will you visit this evening?” He asked us if we ..... that evening.

a. would visit b. are visiting

3. “I work in a shop.”She says that she ..... in a shop.

a. worked b. works

4. “The children are watching TV.”Mum said that the children ..... TV.

a. had watched b. were watching

5. “When did the pain begin?”The doctor asked Sam when the pain ..... .a. began b. had begun

6. “I must leave at once.”She said that she ..... leave at once.a. must b. had to


Reported Speech

Reported Speech – Answers

A 1. said 4. ordered

2. suggested 5. apologised

3. advised

B 1. a 4. b

2. a 5. b

3. b 6. b

C 1. “I was ill last week,” said Jane.

2. “Why are you eating these chocolates?” Tom’s mother asked.

3. “Don’t call me at work,” Mike said.

4. “Let’s have a picnic this weekend,” they suggested.

5. “I am sure I have never been here before,” she said.

6. “What time will the performance begin tonight?” the caller asked.

D 1. not to touch the oven

2. [that] we buy tickets for that concert / buying tickets for that concert

3. [that] he doesn’t like sweets, cake and chocolates

4. [that] they were leaving then

5. [that] there would be no sports lessons that day

6. that she couldn’t help her



1. I love this writer’s books. I (have been reading / had been reading) them for years.

2. His clothes were dirty because he (has been working / had been working) in the garden.

3. Where have you been? We (had been waiting / have been waiting) for you for ages.

4. He hasn’t decided on a career yet, but he (has been thinking / had been thinking) about it lately.

5. After she (has been playing / had been playing) the violin for ten years, she joined an orchestra.

B Complete the sentences with the correct form of the verbs in brackets. Use the Present Perfect Continuous or thePast Perfect Continuous.

1. Mike has never had an accident and he ....................................... (drive) for years.

2. She had no idea it was so late because she ....................................... (not / watch) the time.

3. “ ....................................... (you / take) your medicine regularly, Mrs Smith?” “Yes, doctor.”

4. They eventually found the dog after they ....................................... (look) for it all night.

5. How long ....................................... your father ....................................... (work) for the company when he retired?

C Complete the sentences with a suitable word or expression.

for ■ by tomorrow ■ so far ■ the week before ■ since

1. Our TV hasn’t been working .......................... last week.

2. The Browns invited us to dinner although we had only met .......................... .

3. They will have finished painting the house .......................... .

4. We had been writing .......................... nearly an hour when the bell rang.

5. They have interviewed three suspects .......................... .

D Choose the correct answer.

1. Don’t come before seven. I .......................... my homework.

a. haven’t finished b. won’t have finished c. hadn’t finished

2. She loves animals. She .......................... a dog for as long as she can remember.

a. has had b. had had c. will have had

3. Jack wanted to know why Sally .......................... to him yet.

a. hasn’t written b. hasn’t been writing c. hadn’t written

4. We .......................... him, so we were very surprised to see him.

a. haven’t been expecting b. haven’t expected c. hadn’t been expecting

5. His playing has improved because he .......................... all month.

a. will have practised b. has been practising c. had practised

E Correct the errors in the following sentences.

1. Jane has lost weight. She had been dieting for months now.

...........................................................................................................................

2. Everything was white when we woke up because it has been snowing all night.

...........................................................................................................................

3. I was so happy when he asked me to marry him. I have been loving him for years.

...........................................................................................................................

4. That man is making me nervous. He has stared at me all evening.

...........................................................................................................................

5. Hurry up, or they have sold all the tickets by the time we get there.

...........................................................................................................................


Present Perfect Continuous / Past Perfect Continuous

Present Perfect Continuous / Past Perfect Continuous – Answers

A 1. have been reading 4. has been thinking

2. had been working 5. had been playing

3. have been waiting

B 1. has been driving

2. hadn’t been watching

3. Have you been taking

4. had been looking

5. had ... been working

C 1. since 4. for

2. the week before 5. so far

3. by tomorrow

D 1. b 4. c

2. a 5. b

3. c

E 1. Jane has lost weight. She has been dieting for months now.

2. Everything was white when we woke up because it had been snowing all night.

3. I was so happy when he asked me to marry him. I have loved him for years.

4. That man is making me nervous. He has been staring at me all evening.

5. Hurry up, or they will have sold all the tickets by the time we get there.



1. We went to see the house (that / where) we had lived as children.

2. He opened the drawer (in which / that) the money was hidden.

3. I’m friendly with Johnny Collins, (whose / who) father is our family doctor.

4. The French film, (that / which) lasted three hours, wasn’t very good.

5. Do you remember the day (when / which) we first met?

6. The tennis club (that / where) I belong to is in this neighbourhood.

B Combine each pair of sentences with a defining or non-defining relative clause. Use commas when necessary.

1. His latest album is amazing. It came out last week.

...........................................................................................................................

2. Joe Harris has been elected again. He’s been mayor for twenty years.

...........................................................................................................................

3. The village has become a popular resort. We spent our honeymoon there.

...........................................................................................................................

4. It’s a new sport. I know absolutely nothing about it.

...........................................................................................................................

5. The Browns were making a lot of noise. Their flat is directly above ours.

...........................................................................................................................

C Rewrite each sentence in formal English.

1. The letter which we had been waiting for finally arrived.

...........................................................................................................................

2. My older brother, who I sometimes work for, is a successful lawyer.

...........................................................................................................................

3. I buy fashionable clothes, which I don’t spend a lot of money on.

...........................................................................................................................

4. The disease which little was known about was fatal.

...........................................................................................................................

5. The new film, which everyone is talking about, is very frightening.

...........................................................................................................................

D Correct the errors in the following sentences.

1. This is the drawer which in I keep all my old letters.

...........................................................................................................................

2. Mark’s flat, that is very small, is on the first floor.

...........................................................................................................................

3. John, who sister is my best friend, is a gym instructor.

...........................................................................................................................

4. This is a moment when I’ll never forget.

...........................................................................................................................

5. I’ll meet you on Monday, where I’ll have more free time.

...........................................................................................................................


Relative Clauses

Relative Clauses – Answers

A 1. where 4. which

2. in which 5. when

3. whose 6. that

B 1. His latest album, which came out last week, is amazing. / His latest album, which is amazing, came out last week.

2. Joe Harris, who has been mayor for twenty years, has been elected again. / Joe Harris, who has been elected again, has been mayor for twenty years.

3. The village where we spent our honeymoon has become a popular resort.

4. It’s a new sport which I know absolutely nothing about. / It’s a new sport about whichI know absolutely nothing.

5. The Browns, whose flat is directly above ours, were making a lot of noise.

C 1. The letter for which we had been waiting finally arrived.

2. My older brother, for whom I sometimes work, is a successful lawyer.

3. I buy fashionable clothes, on which I don’t spend a lot of money.

4. The disease about which little was known was fatal.

5. The new film, about which everyone is talking, is very frightening.

D 1. This is the drawer in which I keep all my old letters.

2. Mark’s flat, which is very small, is on the first floor.

3. John, whose sister is my best friend, is a gym instructor.

4. This is a moment which / that I’ll never forget.

5. I’ll meet you on Monday, when I’ll have more free time.


A Match the modals or modal perfects in I with their uses in II.

I II

1. Shall I help you with that heavy bag? ..... a. a logical conclusion about a past event

2. You should have done all the homework. ..... b. formal request

3. She didn’t answer the phone so she ..... c. prohibition

must have left. ..... d. offer

4. I need to clean my room. I promised my ..... e. unfulfilled expectation

mum that I would. ..... f. obligation

5. I think that they might have left. ..... g. advice which was not followed

6. Would you sign your name here, please? ..... h. a guess about something which happened

7. It’s not fair. I ought to have received a prize too.

8. You mustn’t use this computer.


1. She (could walk / could have walked) before she was a year old.

2. The party was supposed to be a secret. You (shouldn’t say / shouldn’t have said) anything.

3. I’m not sure, but I (might leave / might have left) early tonight.

4. I’m not afraid to go alone. You (needn’t have come / needn’t come) with me.

5. It’s late. You (must be / must have been) very tired.

6. You (ought to introduce / ought to have introduced) me to your friends. I didn’t know anyone’s name.

C Complete the sentences with the correct form of the verbs in brackets. Use a modal perfect.

1. Nobody told her anything about the argument. She ....................................... (know) about it.

2. We arrived too early. We ....................................... (be) in such a hurry.

3. She ....................................... (leave) the office because her coat and bag aren’t here.

4. I ....................................... (drive) to work, but the weather was so nice that I decided to walk.

5. It’s possible that I ....................................... (forget) to tell Joe about the meeting.

6. You ....................................... (call) her on her birthday. She never forgets to call you.

D Rewrite each sentence using a modal or modal perfect. There may be more than one answer.

1. It isn’t necessary for them to finish the job tonight.

They ......................................................................................................................

2. It’s possible that I took your jacket by mistake.

I ......................................................................................................................

3. That man knows how to speak four languages.

That man ......................................................................................................................

4. I didn’t wear a sunhat, and now my head hurts.

My head hurts. I ......................................................................................................................

5. It rained last night so the grass is wet.

It ...................................................................................................................... . The grass is wet.

6. The man you saw wasn’t Jack. He’s been abroad since the summer.

You ......................................................................................................................


Modals and Modal Perfects

Modals and Modal Perfects – Answers

A 1. d 5. h

2. g 6. b

3. a 7. e

4. f 8. c

B 1. could walk

2. shouldn’t have said

3. might leave

4. needn’t come

5. must be

6. ought to have introduced

C 1. couldn’t have known

2. needn’t have been / shouldn’t have been

3. must have left

4. could have driven

5. might have forgotten / may have forgotten

6. should have called / ought to have called

D 1. They needn’t / don’t have to finish the job tonight.

2. I may / might have taken your jacket by mistake.

3. That man can / is able to speak four languages.

4. My head hurts. I should have / ought to have worn a sunhat.

5. It must have rained last night. The grass is wet.

6. You couldn’t have seen Jack. (He’s been abroad since the summer.)



1. She lived during an age (when / which / where) women didn’t have the right to vote.

2. The speaker told the listeners that he’d been in Africa (last month / the following month / the previous month).

3. My eyes are tired. I (have read / have been reading / was reading) for hours.

4. Jack’s arm and leg are in plaster. He (could have / must have / should have) had an accident.

5. The wedding invitations (are being printed / are printing / are printed) today.

6. He (hadn’t apologised / didn’t apologise / wouldn’t have apologised) to you if he hadn’t felt ashamed.

7. I wish I (wouldn’t / didn’t / don’t ) share a room with my sister because we always fight.

8. Mary asked me when (we will see / we would see / would we see) each other again.

B Rewrite the following sentences using the words in brackets so that their original meanings do not change.

1. I haven’t got enough money to buy a new car. (If)

.........................................................................................................................................................................

2. They haven’t chosen the team yet. (The team)

.........................................................................................................................................................................

3. “Let’s invite the Smiths over this evening.” (Jane suggested)

.........................................................................................................................................................................

4. It’s a shame that you can’t come to our wedding. (I wish)

.........................................................................................................................................................................

5. I waited for two hours and then I left. (After)

.........................................................................................................................................................................

6. They were angry because you didn’t apologise. (If)

.........................................................................................................................................................................

C Complete the passage with the correct form of the verbs in brackets.

Most of us 1. .......................... (never / be) close to snakes except in zoos, where they 2. ..........................

(keep) safely in cages. If we saw one anywhere outside a cage, we 3. .......................... (be) terrified. But Graeme Gow

from Australia isn’t scared of snakes. If he was, he 4. .......................... (not do) his job. Gow is a researcher whose

job 5. .......................... (involve) handling all kinds of snakes, even poisonous ones. He 6. .......................... (say) to be

Australia’s greatest snake expert. Incredibly, Gow 7. .......................... (bit) 146 times. Some of the bites weren’t too

serious, but others 8. .......................... (can / be) fatal. Luckily, the doctors identified the types of poison. Gow

explained that if they 9. .......................... (not identify) the poisons, they wouldn’t have been able to treat his bites.

Gow 10. .......................... (tell) us that one of his few fears is being bitten one day by an unfamiliar snake. That could

put a very nasty end to his career.

D Correct the errors in the following sentences.

1. If I was you, I wouldn’t spend so much money. ...............................................................................................

2. She announced that she is leaving the following day. .......................................................................................

3. Our old car, that we want to sell, has got a puncture. .....................................................................................

4. They said that the house had totally destroyed in the fire. ...............................................................................

5. We’ll go for a trip as soon as you will feel strong enough. ................................................................................

6. That mustn’t be John. He’s travelling in Australia this month. ...........................................................................

7. I don’t like these shoes. I wish I wouldn’t have bought them. ...........................................................................

8. In my opinion, children couldn’t watch violent films. .........................................................................................

Grammar Review


Grammar Review – Answers

A 1. when

2. the previous month

3. have been reading

4. must have

5. are being printed

6. wouldn’t have apologised

7. didn’t

8. we would see

B 1. If I had enough money, I would buy a new car.

2. The team hasn’t been chosen yet.

3. Jane suggested inviting / that we invite the Smiths over that evening.

4. I wish (that) you could come to our wedding.

5. After I had waited for two hours, I left. / After waiting for two hours, I left.

6. If you had apologised, they wouldn’t have been angry.

C 1. have never been

2. are kept

3. would be

4. couldn’t do / wouldn’t do

5. involves

6. is said

7. has been bitten

8. could have been

9. hadn’t identified

10. told

D 1. If I were you, I wouldn’t spend so much money.

2. She announced that she was leaving the following day.

3. Our old car, which we want to sell, has got a puncture.

4. They said that the house had been totally destroyed in the fire.

5. We’ll go for a trip as soon as you feel strong enough.

6. That can’t be John. He’s travelling in Australia this month.

7. I don’t like these shoes. I wish I hadn’t bought them.

8. In my opinion, children shouldn’t watch violent films.


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