PREPOSICIONES DE MOVIMIENTO

1

2

PREPOSICIONES DE LUGAR

IN

Tambien:In bed in hospital in prisionIn a street in the sky in the worldIn a newspaper in a magazine in a bookIn a photogrph in a picture in the middle (of…)In a car in your mouth in your handIn a line in a letter in a rowin a queupero decimos: on a bus on a train on a plane

Compara at sea / in the seaIt was a long voyage, we were at sea for 30 daysI love swimming in the sea

AT

Tambien:At home at work at school at universityAt the station at the airport at the end (of the street) at the doctor(´s)etc.At Jane´s (house) at a concert at a conference at a partyAt reception at the roundabout

Podemos utilizar IN o AT para edificios ( hoteles, restaurantes, etc.)We stayed at a nice hotel or We stayed in a nice hotel

Utilizamos “IN” cuando estamos pensando en el edificio mismoI enjoyed the film but it was very cold in the cinema

3

ON

On a table ona wall on a bus on the….On a plate on a door on a train …ground floorOn the floor on the ceiling on a plane …first floorOn a map on an island on a page on a menuOn a farm on the left on the rightTambien: on a horse / on a bicycle / on a motor-bike

The front and the backIn the front / in the back of a carAt the front / at the back of a building / cinema / group of peopleOn the front / on the back of a letter / piece of paper

Tambien decimos que un lugar esta: on a river / on a road / on the coastJunto a un rio / a una carretera / a la costa

ARRIVE IN / ARRIVE AT

Arrive in + un pais o una ciudadThey arrived in England last week

Arrive at + otros lugares: (at the station, at work, at the hotel, etc.)What did they arrive at the hotel?

Arrive home (sin preposicion)I arrived home yesterday

TO IN ATCon verbos de movimiento (go, come, return, walk) la preposicion es TOI´m going to London next week Picadilly Circus is in LondonI want to go to Italy My brother lives in LondonI´m going to a party tonight I met a lot of people at the partyYou must come to our house Ann is at her sister´s house

Con “home” no lleva “to” ni “the” con verbos de movimientoDid you walk home Ann is at home

4

UNDER debajo deThe cat is under the table

NEXT TO proximo a BESIDE pegado a NEAR cerca de BETWEEN Entre(dos cosas) AMONG entre(varias cosas) IN THE MIDDLE OF en el medio de IN FRONT OF delante de BEHIND detrás de OPPOSITE enfrente de OVER encima de (sin contacto) ABOVE encima de (con contacto) BELOW debajo de (con contacto) UNDER debajo de (sin contacto) ON THE LEFT a la izquierda ON THE RIGHT a la derecha AT THE END OF al final de ON/AT THE CORNER OF en la esquina de IN THE CORNER OF en el rincon de

IN / ATThere were a lot of people in the shop. It was very crowdedGo along this road, then turn left at the shop

IN / ONThere is some water in the bottleThere is a label on the bottle

AT / ONThere is somebody at the door. Shall I go and see who it is?There is a notice on the door. It says “ do not disturb”

ON TIME / IN TIME AT THE END / IN THE END

On time = a la hora Lo contrario es: latePlease be on time. Don´t be late

In time = a tiempo Lo contrario es: too lateWill you be at home in time for dinner?I got home too late to see the football match

At the end (of) = al final de.. Lo contrario es: at the beginning (of)At the end of JanuaryAt the end of the match

In the end = finally = finalmente Lo contrario es: at firstWe had a lot of problems with our car. In the end we sold it and bought another

5

TO / AT / IN

Decimos GO / COME / TRAVEL (etc) TO + un lugar o un eventoGo to America go to bed go to a concertReturn to Italy drive to the airport

Tambien decimosOn my way to…/ a journey to… / a trip to… / welcom to

TO es para movimiento IN / AT es para posicionThey are going to France but They live in FranceCan you come to the party but I´ll see you at the party

Been to Siempre decimos: “I´ve been to a place”I´ve been to Italy four times

GET to a placeWhat time did they get to London / to work / to the party

ON / IN / AT OTROS USOS

ON (be / go) on holiday / on business / on a trip / on a tour / on a cruise

He´s on holiday in FranceDid you go to German on business or on holidays

Pero decimos: “go to a place for a holiday”

on television / on the radio on the phone (be / go) on a diet / on a strike be on fire

Look! That car is on fire

on the whole = in generalSometimes I have problems at work but on the whole I enjoy my job

on purpose = intentionally intencionadamente

IN in the rain / in the sun / in the shade / in the dark / in bad weather (write) in ink / in biro / in words / in figures / in block letters (pay) in cash but (pay) bu cheque / by credit card (be / fall) in love with sb. In my opinion

AT At the age of At a speed of At a temperature of

6

PREPOSICIONES DE TIEMPO

AT va con las horasAT….. (8 o´clock, 10.30, midnight, etc.)

I start work at 5.30 p.m.

ON va con los dias de la semana y dias concretosON…..(Sunday(s), Monday(s), 25 April, New year´s day, on my birthday etc.)

Goodbay! See you on FridayThe concert is on 22 November

IN va con meses, años, estaciones,es decir, con periodos largos de tiempoIN…..(April, June, 1995,1750, summer, spring, in the past, in (the) future etc.)

I´m going on holiday in OctoberThe garden is lovely in spring

AT va tambien con:At the weekend Are you going away at the weekend?At Christmas/ Easter In Britain children get presents at ChristmasAt night (por la noche) I can´t sleep at nightAt the end of…. I´m going on holiday at the end of OctoberAt the moment Are you busy at the moment?

IN va tambien con:In the morning/ in the afternoon/ in the evening (por la mañana, etc.)

I always feel good in the morning

ON va con un dia de la semana seguido de morning, night, etc.On Monday morning El domingo por la mañanaOn Saturday night El sabado por la noche

In five minutes / in a few days / in six weeks / in two years etc. (En, dentro de…)Goodbay! I´ll see you in a few days

No usamos at / on / in antes de: this / every / last / nextThey´re going on holiday next mondayLast summer we went to Scotland

FROM……..TO……. (de/desde…….a/hasta……)We lived in Canada from 1977 to 1985

FROM……..UNTIL……. (de/desde…….a/hasta……) Es lo mismo que “from…..to….”

We lived in Canada from 1977 until 1985

UNTIL + final de un periodoThey´re going away tomorrow. They´ll be away until FridayWait here until I come back

SINCE + El principio de un periodo ( desde, desde el pasado hasta ahora)Since + (Friday, 1958, 2 o´clock, I arived)Se utiliza despues del present perfect (have been)

Jill has been in hospital since Monday (desde el lunes hasta ahora)It has been raining since I got up

7

FOR + un periodo de timpo (desde hace / durante…) FOR + (three days, ten years, a long time)

They´ve been married for ten years En frases afirmativas lo puedo omitir. En negativas no.They´ve been married ten years

George stayed with us for three days(for) + all my life / all day, etc omitimos siempre el for

I´ve lived here all my life

BEFORE (antes de…)Before the examination everybody was very nervousDon´t forget to close the windows before you go out

AFTER (despues de…)We were tired after our visit to the museumThey went home after they did the shopping.

DURING /WHILE (durante, mientras)DURING + nombre I went to sleep during the filmWHILE + verbo I went to sleep while I was watching television.

BEFORE –ing AFTER –ingI always have breakfast before going to work (=before I go to work)I started work after reading the newspaper (=after I read the newspaper)

PREPOSICIONES

ATAt the age of…. / At 90 Kms an hour / at 100 degrees

Water boils at 100 degrees celsius

BY

BY = cerca deJohn is standing by the window …cerca de la ventana

By car / By bus / By plane / By bike, etc en coche

Do you like travelling by train? Si estos medios de transporte llevan delante un determinante “the, a, this, my, etc. entonces no van con BY: in my car on the train Pero decimos : on food

A book by… / a painting by… / a piece of music by…. Un libro de…

By despues de pasivaI was bitten by a dog

To increase by incrementado enIt has increased by 100 ptas. / by ten per cent

WITH WITHOUT (con / sin)Tambien para decir:The woman with glasses la mujer de gafasThe man with a beard el hombre de barba

8

STILL YET

Significan los dos “aun, todavia”

Still va con frases afirmativas y sigue las mismas reglas que los adverbios de frecuenciaShe´s still at school

Yet va con frases negativas e interrogativas y se suele colocar al final de la fraseHas it stopped rainning yet? I haven´t finished eating yet

EVER NEVER ALGUNA VEZ NUNCA

Do you ever speak?He never speaks or He doesn´t ever speak

EVEN

En frases afirmativas significa incluso En frases negativas significa ni siquiera Podemos utilizar “even” con un comparativo

I got up very early but John got up even earlier

Even thought /dou/ aunqueEven thought she can´t drive, she has bought a car

Even if incluso siI´ll probably see you tomorrow. But even if I don´t see you tomorrow we´re sure to see each other

Even when incluso cuandoHe never shouts, even when he´s angry

SO SUCH TAN

SO + ADJ. / ADV.It´s so coldIt´s so different

SUCH + NOUNThey were such difficult exercicesWe enjoyed our holiday, we had such a good time

Podemos utilizar: so….that / such……..thatThe book was so good that I couldn´t put it downIt was such a good book that I couldn´t put it down

Decimos so long pero such a long timeI haven´t seen her for so long. I´ve forgotten what she looks likeI haven´t seen her such a long time……

Decimos so far pero such a long wayI didn´t know it was so farI didn´t know it was such a long way

Decimos so much, so many pero such a lot (of)Why did you buy so much food? Why did you buy such a lot of food?

9

1ª CONDICIONAL O CONDICIONAL REAL

IF + PRESENT , FUTURO, MODAL, IMPERATIVO, PRESENTEOracion condicional oracion principal

If you study, you will pass your examsIf you want to catch the train, run!If you heat water at 100º, it boilsIf you speak slowly, I can understand you

2ª CONDICIONAL O POSIBLE

IF + PAST TENSE , WOULD + INFINITIVO Oracion condicional oracion principal

If I were you, I would study harder en las condicionales no se pone nunca was ni con he she it

Si yo fuera tu, estudiaria mas duro

If you came, we would go to the beachSi vinieras iria al banco

If I had a lot of money, I wouldn´t be hereSi tuviera mucho dinero, no estaria aquí

3ª CONDICIONAL

IF + HAD + P.P. , WOULD + HAVE + P.P. (participio pasado)

If I had heard the weather forecast, I wouldn´t have gone outSi hubiera oido la prediccion del tiempo, no habria salido fuera

10

USED TO + INFINITIVO SOLIA…

Afirmativa: We used to watch films solia ver peliculas

Negativa: We didn´t use to watch… no soliamos ver…

Interrogativa: Did you use to watch..? soliais ver…?

BE / GET + USED TO + -ING estar acostumbrado / acostumbrarse

Despues de esta estructura no puede ir infinitivoShe wasn´t used to driving on the left = she wasn´t used to it on the leftBut after a lot of practice, she got used to driving on the left

ESTRUCRUTA: GIVE SB. STH = GIVE STH. TO SB.

Ademas de GIVE siguen esta estructura: LEND; PASS; SEND Y SHOWI gave the money to JackI gave Jack the money

Se prefiere la estructura GIVE STH. TO SB. cuando el pronombre objeto e IT or THEMI gave it to her (mejor que: I gave her it)Give them to your father

SAY AND TELL (pasado: said and told)

Say y tell significan lo mismo “decir”, pero la estructura de la frase varia si utilizamos uno u otro.

Say + something + to + somebody decir algo a alguien

What did he say to you?

Tell + somebody + something decir algo a alguien

What did he tell you?

I WENT TO THE SHOP TO BUY.. (PARA)

Este TO es para indicarnos el porque una persona hace algo, es decir el propositoShe turned on the TV to watch the news

La diferencia con FOR, que tambien significa lo mismo, es:To + verboFor + nombre

She went to the shop to buy some breadShe went to the shop for some bread

11

REPLAY QUESTIONS

Son expresiones de interes o sorpresa que se dicen en una conversacion: ¡ A si ¡ , ¡de verdad !, ¡oh si ¡

A:You´re late. B: Oh, Am I ? I´m sorryA: llegas tarde B: de verdad! Lo siento

En ingles se expresan con una interrogacion que dice el segundo interlocutor al principiio de la frase.

A:You´re late. B: Oh, Am I ? I´m sorry

Esta interrogacion se forma con el auxiliar (am, is, are / was, were / have, has / do, does, did / can / will ) que corresponda seguido del pronombre personal que corresponda.

A:You´re late. B: Oh, Am I ? I´m sorry

Si la frase principal es positiva la replay es positiva y si la principal es negativa la replay question es negativa

(+)A: It´s raining again (+)B: Is it? It was sunny five minutes ago(-)A: Sue isn´t at work today (-)B: Isn´t she? Is she ill?

Si la frase es terceras personas, se mantiene la tercera persona en la replay questionA: Sue isn´t at work today B: Isn´t she? Is she ill?

Si la frase va en primera persona (sing. o pl.) la replay question va en 2ª y viciversa.A:You´re late. B: Oh, Am I ? I´m sorryA: I was ill last week B: Were you? I didn´t know that

Ejemplos:A: I speak four languages B: Do you? which ones?A: I´ve bought a new car B: Have you? What kind is it?A: I didn´t eat anything B: Didn´t you? Weren´t you hungry?

QUESTION TAGS

Son expresiones que dice el primer interlocutor despues de decir una frase para enfatizar lo que ha dicho o buscando una respuesta: ¿No?, ¿Verdad?

A: It´s a beautiful day, Isn´t it? B: Yes it´s lovelyA: Hace un bonito dia, ¿verdad? B: Si, es precioso

En ingles se expresan con una interrogacion al final de la fraseA: You don´t smoke, do you? B: No, never

Esta interrogacion mantiene el mismo pronombre personal que la frase principalA: You don´t smoke, do you? B: No, never

La interrogacion se forma con el auxiliar que le corresponda de la frase principalA: It´s a beautiful day, Isn´t it? B: Yes it´s lovelyA: You closed the window, Didn´t you? B: Yes, I think soDecimos: aren´t I y no Am I not I´m late, aren´t I?

Si la frase principal es positiva la question tags es negativa y viciversaA: You don´t smoke, do you? B: No, neverA: You have met my mother, haven´t you? B: Yes I have

Despues de let´s la question tag es …..shall we?Despues del imperativo la question tag es generalmente: …..Will you?

Let´s go for a walk, shall we?Open the door, will you?

12

HOW LONG DOES IT TAKE?

HOW LONG DOES IT TAKEBY PLANE

BY CARBY TRAIN

FROM…TO…?

IT TAKESTWO HOURSTHREE DAYSONE MONTH

BY PLANEBY CAR

BY TRAINFROM…TO…

- How long does it take by train from London to Manchester?- It takes two hours by train from London to Manchester

HOW LONG DOESDID

WILLIT TAKE

(ANN)(YOU)

(THEM)TO (Do something)?

IT TAKESTOOK

WILL TAKE

(ANN)(ME)

(THEM)

A WEEKA LONG TIMETHREE HOURS

TO (Do something)

How Long does it take to cross the Atlantic Ocean by ship?

How long will it take me to learn to drive?

Did it take you a long time to find a job?

It takes me a long time to get to work in the morning

It will take you an hour to cook the dinner

WOULD YOU LIKE….? (¿TE GUSTARIA….?) / I´D LIKE…. (ME GUSTARIA…)

Would you like…? Se utiliza para ofrrecer cosas o invitar a alguien

Would you like some coffee? Yes, pleaseWould you like to come to a party? Yes I like

I´d like… Es una forma educada de pedir algo

I´d like an orangeI´m thirsty, I´d like a drink

13

PREGUNTAS CON WHO (QUIEN) Y WHAT (QUE)

Cuando who y what hacen de sujeto no llevan auxiliar

Who lives in that house? ¿quién vive en esta casa?

What happened? ¿qué ocurrio?

Si who y what hacen de objeto es cuando llevan el auxiliar que corresponda.

Who did you see yesterday? ¿A quien viste ayer?

What did she say? ¿Qué dijo ella?

Ejemplo 1

Fred saw Julia Fred vio a JuliaWho saw Julia? Fred ¿Quién vio a Julia? FredWho did Fred see? Julia ¿A quien vio Fred? A Julia

Ejemplo 2

Joe likes eggsWho likes eggs? JoeWhat does Joe like? Eggs

TOO (tambien) ; EITHER (tampoco)

Too y either se utilizan al final de la frase, too en frases positivas y either en frases negativas

A: I´m happy. B: I´m happy tooA: I enjoyed the film B: I enjoyed it tooMary is a doctor. Her husband is a doctor too

A: I´m not happy. B: I´m not happy eitherA: I can´t cook B: I can´t eitherMary isn´t a doctor. Her husband isn´t a doctor either

SO AM I (Yo tambien) NEITHER DO I (yo tampoco)

Se utilizan con el auxiliar que corresponda.

A: I,m tired B: So am I (yo tambien)A: I was late for work B: So was John (Tambien John) A: I won´t be here tomorrow B: Neither will IA: Ann can´t cook B: Neither can TomA: We went to the cinema yesterday B: Neither did I

IT´S + ADJET.+ TO

It´s nice to see you again Es bonito verte otra vez (It= to see you again)It wasn´t easy to find your house

14

VERBS + TO

WANT DECIDE HOPE TRYNEED OFFER EXPECT FORGET + TOPLAN REFUSE PROMISE LEARNAGREE ARRANGE AIM DESERVEAFFORD ATTEMPT MANAGE FAIL

Tambien usamos to despues de: seem appear tend pretend claimWhat do you want to do this evening?I hope to go to university next yearMy brother is learning to drive

Si el verbo es negativo es: not toI promised not to be late

VERBS + -ING

LIKE LOVE SUGGEST STOPENJOY HATE MIND FINISH + -INGDELAY POSTPONE FANCY CONSIDERAVOID ADMIT DENY MISSRISK INVOLVE PRACTISE

I enjoy dancingDo you like driving?I hate getting up in the morning

Tambien:GIVE UP PUT OFF CARRY ON GO ON KEEP (ON)

Paula has given smokingWe must do something. We can´t go on living like this

Con estos verbos podemos usar la estructura: verb + somebody + -ingI can´t imagine George riding a motorbikeYou can´t stop me doing what I want

Cuando hablamos de acciones acabadas podemos decir: having done / stolen / said etcShe admitted stealing (having stolen) the money

15

VERBS + -ING /or / + TO

START BEGIN CONTINUE PREFER + TO / or / -ING

It started raining / or / It starte to rainI prefer travelling by car / or / I prefer to travel by car

16

VERB + SOMEBODY + TO….

Usamos esta estructura con los siguientes verbos:

WANT I want you to be happyTELL I told you to be carefulASK She asked her friend to help her ADVICE What do you advice me to do?PERSUADE We persuaded Tom to come with usEXPECT I didn´t expect you to be hereTEACH I taught my brother to swim

Para negar el infinitivo se coloca not delante del toTom told Ann to wait for himTom told Ann not to wait for him

Make y let no llevan to detrás de ellos cuando les sigue un infinitivoHe´s very funny. He makes us laugh (sin to )I don´t want you to go alone. Let me go with you (Let´s= let us)

Help puede ir con o sin toTom helped me carry the box or Tom helped me to carry the box

CAN YOU TELL ME…( WHERE…/ WHY…/ HOW…/ WHAT…/ WHEN…)

Despues de esta estructura y otras como:Do you know…I don´t know…I know…I can´t remember…La frase posterior lleva estructura positiva y NO interrogativa a pesar de estar introducidas por particula interrogativa

Where is the station? But Can you tell me where the station is?Why did she go home? But I know why she went homeHow old is Tom? But I don´t know how old Tom is

Lo mismo ocurre con la estructura:

Do you know + if/whether (si) +…I don´t know + if/whether (si) +…

Is Jack at home? But Do you know if/whether Jack is at home?Did anybody see you? but I don´t know if/whether anybody saw me

17

RESPUESTA CORTA

Se utilizan los verbos auxiliares: am, is are / was, were / have, has / do, does did / can, will, must, may, might, would, should

Estos verbos se utilizan con otros verbos pero tambien pueden utilizarse solos:

I haven´t got a car but my sister has (= my sister has got a car)

A: Please help me. B: I´m sorry I can´t (I can´t help you)

A: I´m not tired B: I am

A: Have you ever been to Canada? B: Yes I have / No I haven´t

No se pueden utilizar las formas contraidas: ´m, ´s, ´re, ´ll, etc. al final de la frase

A: Are you tired? B: Yes I am ( no I´m )

PREGUNTAS CON VERBOS CON PREPOSICION

Las preguntas hechas con Who…? / What…? / Where…? / Which…? A menudo acaban con una preposicion: ( to, for, about, etc)

A: I´m thinking B: What are you thinking about?

A: I´m afraid B: What are you afraid of?

Who does this book belong to?

Where is your friend from?

What is it like? Aquí like es una preposicion que significa: como

What is Peter like? He is big, and fat

What are they like? They are friendly

WHAT…? / WHICH…?(QUE, CUAL?)

Significan lo mismo pero se utilizan de forma distinta:Which se utiliza cuando pensamos en un numero pequeño de cosas, (de 1 a 4 cosas) mientras que What lo utilizamos para preguntar en general

What colour are yours eyes?

Which colour do you prefer, pink or blue?

18

PRONOMBRES Y ADJETIVOS (PERSONALES Y POSESIVOS)

PRONOMBRES PERSONALES SUJETO

I YOU HE SHE IT WE YOU THEY

ADJETIVOS POSESIVOS

MY YOUR HIS HER ITS OUR YOUR THEIR

PRONOMBRES PERSONALES OBJETO

ME YOU HIM HER IT US YOU THEM

PRONOMBRES POSESIVOS

MINE YOURS HIS HERS ITS OURS YOURS THEIRS

ANN´S CAMERA (GENITIVO SAJON)

Utilizamos -´s para expresar que algo le pertenece a alguien y no of. Se utiliza para personas o animalesPoseedor + -´s + cosa poseida

I stayed at my sister´s house NO I stayed at house of my sisterHave you met Mr. Kelly´s wife?

Podemos utilizar -´s sin que le siga un nombreThis isn´t my book. It´s my brother´s

No siempre usamos -´s para pesonas. Por ejemplo cuando la definicion de esa persona es muy larga para ser seguida de -´s

What is the name of the man who lent us the money?

Con los plurales acabados en –s solo se coloca -s´My friend´s car My friends´ car

No usamos el genitivo sajon para cosas o lugares sino of o algunas veces la estructura: noun + noun

The roof of the building NO: The building´s roofThe beginning of the filmThe time of the next trainThe capital of SpainThe meaning of this wordThe owner of the restaurant or the restaurant owner

Usamos of y no la estructura: noun + noun con: the begining / end / top / bottom / front / back / middle / side / etc.

the back of the car not: the car backThe begining of the month

Podemos usar -´s o of con organizaciones o grupos de gente:The government´s decision or The decision of the governmentThe company´s success or The success of the company

19

A/AN (UN, UNO, UNA)

Se coloca a… delante de nombre o de adjetivos que califican a un nombre que sea singular

Do you want a cup of tea?Birmingan is a large city in England

Utilizamos an… cuando la siguiente palabra comienza por vocal

They live in an old houseCan you give me an example

Pero tambien si es una h que no suena: an hour Univerity y European van con a pues se pronuncian /yuniversity/ y /yuropean/

A university and a European

Utilizamos a/an… con trabajos

I´m a dentistI´m an engineer

ONE, ONES

Son pronombres que se utilizan en lugar del nombre para no repetir este otra vezI need a pen. Have you got one? (one = a pen)

This one / that oneWhich car is yours? This one or that one?

These / those (se suelen usar sin ones)Which flowers do you want? These or those?

The one…. The onesA: Which hotel did you stay at? B: The one near the stationA: Which cigarettes are yours? B: The ones on the table

The…….one The……onesDon´t buy that camera. Buy the other oneI don´t like the red shoes but I like the green ones

A/an……one (Some)…..onesThis cup is dirty. Can I have a clean one?My shoes are very old. I must buy some new ones

20

SINGULAR Y PLURAL

El plural de un nombre se forma generalmente añadiendo -sflowerflowers weekweeks placeplaces

Añadimos –es cuando acaban en –s, -sh, -ch, -xbusbuses dishdishes churchchurchesboxboxes

Cuando acaba en –y:

Si es vocal-y: añade –y+sdaydays boyboys

Si es consonante-y: cambia la “y” por –ie y añade -sbabybabies partyparties

-f/fe-vesShelfshelves knifeknives wifewives

Otros son iregulares:A mantwo menA womantwo womenOne foottwo feetA mousetwo miceA sheeptwo sheepA toothtwo teethA fishtwo fishA persontwo people

Otros nombres son siempre plural en inglesScissors, glasses, trousers, jeans, shorts, pyjamas, tigths

Police es plural en inglesThe police are coming

En ingles normalmente las palabras terminadas en –ics suelen ser singular:Athletics, gymnastics, mathematics, physics, electronics, economics, politics

Gymnastics is my favourite sport

Otras palabras coinciden en el singular y el plural:Means, series, species

Algunos nombres singulares en ingles son usados con el verbo en plural:Government, staff, team, family, audience, committee, company, firm

The staff at the school (=they) are no happy with their new working conditions.

Cuando pensamos en una suma de dinero, un periodo de tiempo, una distancia como una sola cosa, el verbo va en singular

Twenty thousand pounds was stolen in the robberyTree years is a long time to be without a jobSix miles is a long way to walk every day

21

CONTABLES E INCONTABLES

Los nombres contables son aquellos que se pueden contar:A car, two car three men, four houses etc.

Los nombres contables pueden ser singular o plural:Sing: a car, my car, the car, etc. No puede ir un nombre singular soloPlur: cars, some cars, two cars, the cars, many cars

Los nombres incontables son los que no se pueden contar:Water, rain, salt, air, rice, oil, plastic, money, music, tennisNo podemos decir con estas palabras: one money, two salt etc.

Los nombres incontables solo tienen una forma:Money, the money, my money, some money much money etc.Pero nunca puede ir un nombre incontable con a/anPero si que podemos decir: a piece of….(wood) Or a bottle of…..(milk)

A/AN y SOME:

1. A/an + nombre singular contableI need a new car

2. Some + nombre plural contableI need some new shoes

3. Some + nombre incontableI need some money

Algunas veces un nombre puede ser contable o incontable:A chiken (un pollo entero) some chikens (unos pollos enteros)Some chiken or a piece of chiken ( algo de pollo, un trozo de pollo)

Atencion! Las siguientes palabras son incontables en ingles es incont., no plural

Bread, weather, information, advice, hair, furniture, paper, news, accomodation, behaviour, damage, luck, permision, luggage, progress, baggage, chaos, scenery

Las bebidas son normalmente incontables (coffee / tea / beer / juice, etc) a no ser que estemos pensando en una copa, vaso, etc. que entonces son contables.

I don´t drink coffee very often incontablePero:

(en un restaurante) two coffees and a juice, please contablesolo en lenguaje hablado

22

THE (EL, LA, LOS, LAS)

Utilizamos el articulo THE cuando esta claro sobre que hablamosRome is a big city in Italy (There are many big cities in Italy and Rome is one)Rome is the capital of Italy (there is one capital in Italy)

Se utiliza para las expresiones: at the bottom, at the top, in the middle, on the right, on the left, etc.

Write your name at the top of the pageMy house is at the end of the streetDo you drive on the left or on the right in your country?

The same….We live in the same street

Utilizan articulo: the sun, the moon, the world, the sky, the sea, the ground, the country, the environment…

Pero no utlizamos the con space cuando significa: universo pero si cuando significa: espacio

Tambien con: the police, the fire brigade, the army (of a city, country

Con instrumentos musicales: the piano, the guitar, the trumpet, etc.

The radio, pero television (sin the)I often listen to the radioI like watching television

Without the: breakfast, lunch, dinnerI never have breakfast

No se pone articulo para expresar ideas generales:I like music (= music in general)I like flowers (= flowers in general) pero si digo:Your garden is very nice. The flowers are beautiful (flowers in your garden)

No se pone “the” con juegos y deportes.

My favourite sports are tennis and skiing

No se pone “the” con idiomas y con estudios academicos (history, biology…)Do you think English is difficult?Tom,s brother is studying physic and chemistry

No usamos “the” con: continentes, paises, ciudades, islas, montañas, etcFrance is a very large countryCairo is the capital of Egypt

Pero si utilizamos “the” si esos paises van precedidos por: repùblic, states, kingdom, union

The Republic of IrlandThe United States

Y tambien ponemos “the” con nombres plurales de paises, islas y montañas. Tambien con nombres de familia

The Netherlands, The Canary Islands The Andes The Taylors

Lugares en ciudades (calles, edificios,etc)

23

No usamos generalmente “the” con nombres de calles, barrios, parques etc.He lives in Coronation StreetWhere is Highfield Road, please?

No usamos “the” con el nombre + airport/ station/ univerity/ castle/ etc.Munich Airport London Zoo Cambridge University

Pero si lo usamos con nombres de: hotels/ restaurants/ pubs/ cinemas/ theatres/ museums:

The Hilton (hotel) The star of India (restaurant)

Usamos “the” con nombres de oceans/ seas/ rivers/ canals:The Atlantic (Ocean) The Nile (river) The Suez Canal

The……..of…..The Republis of Irland The Tower of LondonThe Great Wall of China The Bank of England

The + north/ south/ west/ east/ middle (of…)I´ve been to the north of Italy but no to the south

Si no se pone el “of” entonces no llevan articuloNorth Spain, West Africa, Northen Spain

Noun + number no lleva “the” delanteOur train leaves from plataform 5

The + adj Ponemos “the” para expresar grupos de gente: the old, the young, the

unemployed etc Los viejos, los jovenes, los paradosDo you think the rich should pay more taxes to help the poor

The + nationality Cuando esa nacionalidad expresa la gente de esa nacionalidadThe French are famous for their food Los franceses son….

En este caso son plurales. Si queremos decir un frances o una francesa tenemos que decir: a Frenchman or a Frenchwoman.

Mr. / Mrs. / Captain / Doctor etc. + a name no llevan articulo “the”We called the doctor but We called Doctor Johnson

Ocurre lo mismo con: mount (=mountain) y lake (lago) + nombre sin theThey live near the lake but They live near Lake Constance

The + periodico the ABC The Harold etc. Empresas, compañias aereas sin “the” British Airways, IBM, Sony etc Iglesias despues de Saints (St.) sin “the” St John´s Church

24

SOME / ANY

Son determinantes que acompañan a los sustantivos. Pueden ir con contables e incontablesSi van con contables entonces el sustantivo ira en plural

SOME se utiliza para frases afirmativasThere is some ice in the frigde. (ice= incontable)I´m going to buy some eggs (eggs= contable que va en plural)

SOME tambien se utiliza en frases interrogativas cuando pides u ofreces algoCan I have some soup, please?Would you like some coffee?

ANY se utiliza para frases negativas e interrogativasThey didn´t make any mistakes (mistakes= contable sustantivo en plural)Is there any ice in the frigde?

Utilizamos ANY, al igual que sus compuestos, en frases afirmativas si el significado de esta es negativo

She went out without any moneyHe refused to eat anything

Usamos ANY despues de ifIf there are any letters for me, can you send them on to this addres

Usamos ANY cuando tiene el significado de “It doesn´t matter which” no importa cualYou can catch any bus. They all go to the centre

NOT + ANY NO NONE

NOT + ANYThere aren´t any good hotels in the town.Ann toke some photographs but I didn´t any

NO + noun ( no money, no job etc)He has got no moneyIt´s a nice house but there´s no garden

IMPORTANTE verbo negativo + anyVerbo positivo + no

I haven´t got any friends I have got no friends

NONE se utiliza solo, como respuesta a una pregunta hecha con How much o How many…? a diferencia de no que va seguido de sustantivo.

How much time have you got? None (= no time)How many people did you meet? None (= no people)

NONE of si va seguido de sustantivo. Ademas si este es plural el verbo puede ir en singular o plural

None of this money is mineNone of the shops was (or were) open

NO-ONE es para contestar a la pregunta WHO…?Who did you meet? No-one (= nobody)

25

COMPUESTOS DE SOME, ANY, NO y EVEY

ONE / BODY THING WHERE

SOMESOME ONE

SOMEBODYSOMETHING SOMEWHERE

ANYANYONE

ANYBODYANYTHING ANYWHERE

NONO-ONE

NOBODYNOTHING NOWHERE

EVERYEVERYONE

EVERYBODYEVERYTHING EVERYWHERE

Siguen las mismas reglas que some, any y no, recordando entre no y any que el verbo va en positivo o en negativo respactivamente.

There isn´t anywhere to go There is no money to go

Si son sujeto el verbo va en 3ª persona pues son palabras singularesEverybody is here

Aunque son palabras singulares y por tanto el verbo va en singular a menudo usamos: they, them, their despues de everybody, everything

Everybody said they enjoyed themselves

Diferencia entre ALL y EVERY

EVERY + sust singEvery day Cada diaEvery country has a national flag Cada pais tiene su bandera nacional

ALL + sust pluralAll the countries have a national flag Todos los paises tienen su bandera

ALL + sust. Sing (significa todo, completo)I watch TV every day (veo la TV todos los dias)I watch TV all day (veo la TV todo el dia, es decir el dia completo)

26

ALL (todo) MOST( la mayoria de ) SOME ( algo de ) NO, NONE, ANY( ninguno )

ALLMOSTSOME

NOANY

(sin OF)

CitiesPeopleMusicBuses

Si llevan el sustantivo detrás no llevan la preposicion “OF”All big cities have the same problemMost people like JackThere are no buses on SundaysThere aren´t any buses on Sundays

MOSTSOME

NOANY

OF

The…This/that

These/thoseMy/your…

Etc.

Si delante del sustantivo tienes un determinante entonces si que hay que poner “OF” aunque con ALL se tiende a que vaya sin “OF” vaya o no con determinaneMost of my friends live in LondonSome of this money is yoursHave you read any of these books?

Para ver mejor la diferencia veamos un ejemplo:Most children like playing La mayoria de los niños (en general)Most of the children at this school are under 11 years

ALLMOSTSOME

NOANY

OF

ItThem

UsYou

Si van seguidos de un pronombre tambien llevan “OF”You can have some of this cake but not all of itHe´s got a lot of books but he hasn´t read any of them

27

BOTH (ambos) EITHER (el uno o el otro) NEITHER ( ni el uno ni el otro)

Pueden ir solos o seguidos de un sustantivo pero siempreBoth + sust. pluralEither, neither + sust. sing

Rosemary has two children. Both are marriedA: Do you like classical music or pop music B: BothWould you like tea or coffee? You can have eitherA: Do you want to go to the cinema or the theatre? B: Neither. I want to stay at homeAnn has got two sisters and a brother. Both sisters are marriedI read two books but neither was very interesting.There are two ways from here to the station. You can go either way

Si delante del sustantivo tienes un determinante o un pronombre entonces que hay que poner “OF”. Con both solo es necesario ponerlo con pronombre ya que con determinante da igual ponerlo o no.

I like both (of ) those picturesI haven´t read either of these booksNeither of my parents is English porque Neither debe ir en singular

Podemos decir:Both…. and…..

Both Ann and Tom were lateI was both tired and hungry when I arrived home

Neither……nor ……Neither Liz nor Robin came to the partyShe said she would contact me but she neither wrote nor phoned

Either…..or……I´m not sure where he´s from. He´s either Spanish or ItalianEither you apologise or I´ll never speak to you again

28

A LOT MUCH MANY (mucho, muchos)

MUCH + sust. incontable (recordar que si el sujeto es incontable el verbo va en singular)

MANY + sust. plural A LOT (OF) + sust. incontable o sust. plural

Much money, much time, much food, much coffeeMany books, many people, many shops, many questionsA lot of….. money, time, food, coffee, people, shops, etc.

Much y many son mas usadas en oraciones interrogativas y negativas, pero too much, too many, so much, so many se pueden utilizar en frases afirmativas.

Do you drink much coffee?How much money have you got?Do you know many people?How many photographs did you take?She hasn´t got much moneyHe hasn´t got many friends

A lot (of) es mas usual en frases positivasI drink a lot of coffee but I drink a lotThere is a lot of (food, money,etc) (verbo en singular)There are a lot of (trees, people, etc.) (verbo en plural)

Plenty of = muchos plenty = abundanciaThere´s no need to hurry. We´ve got plenty of time

(A) LITLE (A) FEW (un poco, poco)

(A) LITTLE va con sust. incontables (a) little (water, soup, money…)(A) FEW va con sust. contables (a) few (books, days…)

She didn´t eat anything but she drank a little waterLast night I wrote a few letters

No llevan “a” cuando significan “casi no, casi nada”There was little food in the frigde. It was nearly emptyThere was little people in the park. It was nearly empty

“a little” y “a few” expresan una idea positiva“little” y “few” expresan una idea negativa

They have a little money so they´re not poor (=some but not much)They have little money so they´re very poor (=nearly no money)

29

GET (conseguir)

Get es un verbo comodin que adquiere muchos significados según el contexto o la palabra que le siga

GET something / somebody = receive, buy, fetch, find Recibir, comprar, ir a buscar, encontrar

Did you get my letter last week? (=receive)I like your pullover. Where did you get it? (=buy)A: Hello, can I speak to Ann please? B: one moment I´ll get her (=fetch)Is it difficult to get a job in your country? (=find)

GET + adjetivo =become (convertirse)

Drink your coffee. It´s getting coldI´m sorry he´s ill. I hope he gets better soon.Linda and Bob are getting married next weekI went for a walk and got lost

GET TO a place =arrive (llegar a)

Can you tell me how to get to the city centre?

GET HOME (llegar a casa)

What time did you get home last night

GET IN subir GET OUT (a car) bajar

GET ON subir GET OFF (a bus, a train, a plane) bajar

GET UP levantarseWhat time do you usually get up during the week?

GET READY prepararseHow long does it take you to get ready to leave in the morning?

GET LOSE perderseWhen was the last time you get lose?

GET ON …..…… WITH llevarse …….……. con (best / worst) (mejor / peor)

Who do you get on best with in your family?

GET MARRIED casarseWhy do you think people usually get married?

TO BE GETTING …(better / worse) mejorar / empeorarWhich problems in your country are getting better?

30

GO

GO TO….(go to London, go to work, go to a concert, go to sleep)

I´m going to France next weekI went to the dentist on Friday

GO HOME

GO ON….(holiday, a trip, an excursion, a cruise)

We go on holiday to Scotland every yearSchoolchildren often go away on scholl trips

GO FOR ….(a walk, a run, a swim, a drink, a meal, a holliday)

The sea looks nice. Let´s go for a swimLast night we went for a meal. The restaurant was very good

GO -ING (go swimming, go shopping, go skiing, etc)Se utiliza para deportes y actividades

Are you going shopping this afternoon?George went fishing last Sunday. He caught a lot of fish

31

GO HOME / GO TO WORK / GO TO THE CINEMA

WITHOUT “THE

Go to work / get to work / be at work / start work / finish work / etc aquí work es sustantivo

Go to school* / be at school / start school / leave school / etc Go to university* / be at university / etc Go to church* / be at (or in) church / etc Go to bed* / be in bed / etc Go to hospital* / be in hospital / etc Go to prision* / be in prision / etc Go / get / arrive / come / walk / leave / etc….HOME

Go home, get home,…

WITH “THE” Go to the cinema

go to the theatre go to the bank go to the post office go to the doctor go to the dentist go to the toilet go to the station go to the airport go to the city centre

GO TO SCHOOL OR GO TO THE SCHOOLLo mismo que le ocurre a todos los que llevan *, si vas a estos sitios para lo que estan no llevan “the”. Pero si vas a otra cosa entonces si que llevan.. Veamos algunos ejemplos:

Alison is ten years old. Every day she goes to school. She´s at school now. School start at 9 and finish at 3

ButToday Alison´s mother wants to speak to her daughter´s teacher. So she has gone to the school to see her. She´s at the school now.

Jack had an accident last week. He was taken to hospital. He´s still in hospital now.But

Jill has gone to the hospital to visit Jack. She´s at the hospital now.

GO TO THE SEA OR GO TO SEASi lleva “the” entonces significa que vas al mar

I´d like to live near the seaSi no lleva “the” significa estar o ir de travesia

Keith is a seaman. He spends most of his life at sea

32

COMPARATIVES

Las palabras de una sola silaba añaden -erLong Longer Big BigerSmall Smaller Short Shorter

Las palabras que tienen dos silabas y acaban en –y añaden –er y cambian –y por -iHappy Happier Angry AngrierDirty Dirtier Sunny Sunnier

Pero los adverbios de dos silabas que acaban en –y no siguen la regla anterior sino que ponen delante more:More slowly / more quietly / more seriously / more carefully

Las palabras de dos o mas silabas ponen delante moreMore handsomeMore polite

Excepciones:Bad / badly WorseGood / well BetterFar Further / farther

Algunos adjetivos de dos silabas pueden poner –er o more: quiet / clever / narrow / shallow / simple

It´s too noisy here. Can we go somewhere quieter / or / more quiet

EjemplosBob is rich but Peter is richer Bob es rico pero Peter es mas ricoPeter is richer than Bob Peter es mas rico que Bob

A bit / a little / shightly + older / more expensive etc. un poco mas….Much / a lot / far + older / more expensive etc mucho mas…..

Jill is a bit older than GaryCould you speak a bit more slowly? = Could you speak a little more slowly?This bag is shightly heavier than the other oneCanada is much bigger than FranceHer illness was much more serious than we thought at first =Her illness was a lot more serious than we thought at first =Her illness was far more serious than we thought at first

Harder and harder / more and more + adj cada vez mas pesada , mas y mas pesadaIt´s becoming harder and harder to find a jobIt´s becoming more and more difficult to find a jobYour English is improving. It´s getting better and betterThese days more and more people are learning English

The + comparativo + the + better Cuanto mas………….mejorWhat time shall we leave? The sooner the better Cuanto mas pronto mejorWhat sort of box do you want? The bigger the better Cuanto mas grande mejor

The + comparativo + the + comparativo para decir que una cosa depende de otraThe warmer the weather, the better I feelSi el tiempo es caluroso, me encuentreo mejorThe more expensive the hotel, the better the serviceCuanto mas caro es el hotel el servicio es mejorThe more electricity you use, the higher your bill will beSi usas mas electricidad la factura sera mas alta

33

COMPARATIVO DE IGUALDAD AS + ADJ. + AS TAN …COMO NOT AS + ADJ. + AS NO TAN… COMO

Peter is as tall as Bob tan alto comoPeter is not as tall as Bob no tan alto como = (not so …… as)

solo en frases negativas

Not as much…as…/ not as many… as… no tanto comoI haven´t got as much money as youI don´t know as many people as you

The same… as…. El mismo…. queI arrived at the same time as Tom

Twice as…as / three times as……as Dos veces mas………. QuePetrol is twice as expensive as it was a few years agoTheir house is about three times as big as ours

Despues de “ than “ o “ as “ usamos pronombre personal objeto si no hay verboYou are taller than I am but You are taller than meI can´t run as fat as he can but I can´t run as fast as him

SUPERLATIVO

Las palabras de una sola silaba añaden -estLong Longest Big BigestSmall Smallest Short Shortest

Las palabras que tienen dos silabas y acaban en –y añaden –est y cambian –y por -iHappy Happiest Angry AngriestDirty Dirtiest Sunny Sunniest

Las palabras de dos o mas silabas ponen delante the mostThe most handsomeThe most polite

Excepciones:Bad WorstGood BestFar Furthest / farthest

Despues de un superlativo usamos in con lugaresThat church is the oldest building in the town de la ciudadWhat is the longest river in the world? del mundo

Tambien usamos in con organizaciones, grupos de gente etc.Who is the best student in the class ? de la clase

Usamos of para un periodo de tiempoYesterday was the hottest day of the year

Se suele utilizar un present perfect despues de un superlativoWhat´s the best film you´ve ever seen?That was the most delicious meal I´ve had for a long time

34

WORD / VERB + PREPOSITION

To wait for esperar aTo look at mirar aTo look for buscarTo work at trabajar enTo work as trabajar comoTo work for trabajar paraTo ask for pedirTo be interested in estar interesado enTo be married to estar casado conTo be similar to ser similar aTo be afraid of tener miedo deTo be good at ser bueno en una cosaTo agree with estar de acuerdo conTo laugh at reirse deTo listen to escuchar aTo look after cuidarAt the age of a la edad deTo die of morir deTo dream about sb./sth. soñar conTo be on holiday estar de vacacionesTo be at home estar en casaTo sell sth. for vender algo porTo speak to sb. About sth. hablar con alguien de algoTo spend money on gastar dinero enTo steal sth. from sb. robar algo de alguienTo write ( a letter ) to sb. escribir una carta a alguienTo throw sth. at lanzar algo a alguienTo be in love with estar enamorado de alguienTo worry about sb. / sth. preocuparse por algoTo be tired of estar cansado de To get in touch with sb. ponerse en contacto con alguienTo be bored with sb. / sth. estar aburrido deTo believe in creer enTo belong to pertenecer aTo argue with sb. about sth. discutir con alguien de algoTo depend on depender deTo deal with tratar conTo get on (well) with sb. llevarse bien con alguienTo be fed up with sb. / sth. estar harto deTo look forward to desearTo operate on sb. operar aTo be in a mess estar hecho un lioTo relay on sb. / sth. confiar enBy chance, by accident por casualidadAn advertisement for un anuncio de o paraAccording to según el…Out of order fuera de servicio, rotoSimilar to parecido aDifferent from diferente aIn time a tiempoAt the age of a la edad deA story about sb. / sth. una historia deOn the way (to school) de camino a

35

ANOTHER (otro, otra) OTHER (otros, otras) OTHERS (otros)

ANOTHER (sing.) acompaña a un nombreAnother carAnothe day

OTHER (plur.) acompaña a un nombreOther problemsOther activities

OTHERS se utiliza cuando actua como pronombre (no acompaña a ningun nombre)The others los otros

ENOUGH

(Not) enough + noun no suficienteWe wanted to play football but we didn´t enough players

(Not) enough without nounI´ve got some money but not enoughNo thanks. I´ve got enough

Adjetivo / adverbio + enough (good enough, warm enough) bastante + adj.He isn´t tall enough

Enough for sb. / sth.This pullover isn´t big enough for me

Enough to do sth.I haven´t got enough money to buy a car

¡OJO! ENOUGH + NOUN ADJ. + ENOUGH

TOO

Too much (incontables) / Too many (contables) demasiadoI don´t like the weather here. There is too much rainLet´s go another restaurant. There are too many people here.

Too + adj. Too big (demasiado grande)I can´t work. I´m too tired

Diferencia entre too (demasiado) y Not enough (no suficiente)There´s too much sugar in my coffee hay demasiada azucar en mi café.There´s not enough sugar in my coffee. No hay suficiente azucar en….

The radio is too loud. Can you turn it down, please?The radio isn´t loud enough. Can you turn it up, please?

Too…..for sb. / sth.These shoes are too big for me

Too…..to do sth.It´s too cold to go out

36

ORDEN DE LOS ADJETIVOS

Los adjetivos de opinion (nice, interesting, delicious, beautiful) van antes que los de hecho o reales (long, hot etc.)

A nice long summer holidayAn interesting young man

Si utilizamos dos o mas adjetivos los ponemos en el siguiente orden:1º- Tamaño 2º- Edad 3º- Color 4º- Procedencia 5º- De lo que estan hechos

a tall young man (1, 2)big blue eyes (1, 3)A small black plastic bag (1, 3, 5)A large wooden table (1, 5)An old Russian song (2, 4)An old white cotton shirt (2, 3, 5)

Los adjetivos de talla y peso van antes que los de formaA large round tableA tall thin girlA long narrow street

Si son dos colores los separamos por “and”A black and white dress

ADJETIVOS

Los adjetivos no tienen ni genero ni numero y se colocan siempre delante del nombreIt´s a nice day todayAnn has got blue eyes

Look / feel / smell / taste / sound + adjetivoYou look tiredDon´t cook that meat. It doen´t smell good

PREGUNTAS CON “HOW”

How long…? cuanto tiempoHow long are you going to stay in London?

How long ago…? hace cuanto tiempoHow long ago did you live in London?

How often…? Cada cuanto tiempo, con que frecuenciaHow often do you go to the cinema?

La respuesta a esta pregunta es:

I go to the cinema……Every day todos los diasonce a month una vez al mestwice a year dos veces al año(three, four, five) times a month 3,4,5 veces al mes

How far…? A que distanciaHow far is the station from the theatre?

37

THERE….. and IT…..

Usamos there para hablar de algo por 1º vezThere´s a new restaurant in Keen StreetThe journey took a long time. There was a lot of traffic

It= un particular hecho, cosa, lugar, situacion etc.We went to the new restaurant. It´s very good

ComparaI don´t like this town. There´s nothing to do here. It´s a boring place

There significa tambien: to / in / at + ese lugarThe new restaurant is very good. I went there (to the restaurant) last night

Utilizamos IT para hablar de distancias, la hora y el tiempo atmosfericoIt´s a long way from here to the airportWhat day is it today?It was windy

ALL EVERY WHOLE

all and eveybody / everyone: No usamos “all” para decir todo el mundoEverybody enjoyed the party (not “all”) butAll of us enjoyed the party

all and everything: Podemos utilizar uno u otro

I´ll do all I can to help or I´ll do everything I can to help

Pero normalmente no utilizamos “all” soloHe thinks he knows eveything (not “…he knows all)

Utilizamos “all” en la expresion “all about”todo sobre…They told us all about their holidays

Tambien utilizamos “all” para expresar: la(s) unica(s) cosa(s)All I´ve eaten today is a sandwich

all and whole: Whole significa entero y se utiliza la mayor parte de las veces con un sustantivo

singularDid you read the whole bookShe has lived her whole life in Scotland

Whole lleva el articulo o determinante delante mientres que “all” lo lleva despuesThe whole book all the bookHer whole life all her life

Podemos utlizar “a” delante de whole. No utilizamos whole con incontablesA whole packet of biscuits

every / all / whole con palabras de tiempo Evey se utiliza para expresar que algo ocurre a menudo (cada…….)

The bus service is very good. There´s a bus every ten minutes / every days /etc.

All y whole expresan el periodo completo desde el principio al finalWe spent all day / the whole day on the beach

38

EACH AND EVERY

Significan lo mismo “cada” y a menudo es posible usar uno u otro Pero no son exactamente lo mismo, hay algunas diferencias:

1. Usamos “each” cuando pensamos en las cosas una a una, mientras que “every” las piensa como un grupo

Each time (or every time) I see you , you look different

2. “each” se utiliza para un numero pequeño de cosas, mientras que “every” se utiliza para un gran numero

Study each sentence carefully (una a una)Every sentence must have a verb (todas en general)

3. Para dos cosas utlizamos “each” (not “every”)In a football, each team has 11 players

4. Usamos “every” (not “ each”) para decir como de a manudo suceden las cosasThere´s a bus every ten minutes(not “each ten minutes)

Podemos utilizar each + noun every + nounEach book every book

Podemos utilizar “each” solo, “every” no puede ir solo (hay que poner every one)None of the rooms was the same. Each was different (=each room)

Or: each one was differentHave you read all these books? Yes every one

Everyone and every oneEveryone se utiliza solo para personas

Everyone enjoyed the partyEvery one se utiliza para cosas o personas y es similar a “each one”

He is invited to lots of parties and he goes to every one

ADVERBIOS DE FRECUENCIA

Always, usually, often, sometimes, never, ever, rarely/ seldom

Van situados delante del verbo excepto con el verbo to be que van detrásI always go to work by carAnn often plays tennisI am never illI was always late for school

Van situados entre el verbo auxiliar y el principalI will always remember youIt doesn´t often rain here

Also, just, still alredy, both, all siguen las mismas reglas

39

HAVE AND HAVE GOT

Podemos usar have or have got indistintamente para expresar posesion, pertenencia.We´ve got a new car or We have a new car

Tambien podemos utilizar uno u otro indistintamente para expresar dolor o enfermedadI have / I´ve got a headache

En estos dos casos no podemos utilizar la forma continua (I´m having, are having…)

En frases interrogativas y negativas hay tres posibilidadesHave you got any money?Do you have any money?Have you any money? (menos usual)

I haven´t got any moneyI don´t have any moneyI haven´t any money (menos usual)

Para el pasado solo utilizamos had or did, didn´t (interrogativas o negativas) sin GOTAnn had a long fair hair when she was a childI didn´t have a watch, so I didn´t know the timeDid you have a car, Didn´t you?

No utilizamos la forma have got para acciones y experiencias como:Breakfast / dinner / a cup of coffee / a cigarette etc.A bath / a shower / a swim / a rest / a party / a holiday / a nice time

HAVE An accident / an experience / a dreamA look (at sth.) / a chat (with sb.)Difficulty / trouble / funA baby (dar nacimiento a un niño)

Recuerda que no puedes utilizar “have got” en estas expresiones en las que have tiene otro significado:

I usually have a sandwich for my lunch (have= eat) (nunca have got)I´ve got some sandwiches. Would you like one? (aquí si que tiene significado de posesion)

En estas expresiones podemos utilizar la forma continuaFred is on holiday. He says he´s having a wonderful time

40

WHEN…. / IF………

When I went out, it was raining.En esta frase hay dos partes: 1ª: When I went out y 2ª: it was rainingSe puede empezar por una u otra, pero si empezamos por “when” entonces hay que separarlas por coma. Si “when va en medio entonces no lleva coma. Ocurre lo mismo con “if”

When you´re tired, don´t drive but Don´t drive when yuo´re tired

If we don´t hurry, we´ll be late but We´ll be late if we don´t hurry

Lo mismo ocurre en frases con: “before”, “while”, “after”Always look both ways before you cross the road butBefore you cross the road, always look both ways

While I was waiting for the bus, it began to rainIt began to rain while I was waiting for the bus

When I am, When I go / If I am, If I go para el futuroI will be in London next week:When I am in London, I´m going to visit the cathedral

If I´m late this evening, don´t wait for me. Hacemos lo mismo con: before / while / after / until

Please close the window before you go out (not “before you will go”)I´ll wait here until you come back

Diferencia entre “if” y “when”“If” indica posibilidad, pero no seguridad mientras que “when” indica seguridadIf I go out = es posible que salga pero no estoy seguroWhen I go out = voy a salir fuera, es seguro

NOUN + NOUN

A menudo juntamos dos palabras para significar una cosa, idea o persona, como por ejemplo: a tennis ball, a bank manager, a road accident pelota de tenis, jefe de banco, accidente de carretera.

Tennis ball pelota de tenises decir la primera palabra es como el adjetivo, luego cuando tengamos la palabra en español “pelota de tenis” colocamos primero en ingles la que le precede el “de” y luego la otra

Tennis ball

Si hay mas de tres palabras se sigue la misma regla: la mesa de la recepcion del hotel1º hotel 2º recepcion 3º mesa

the hotel reception desk

Notar la diferencia entre:A wine glass un vaso de vino (es decir que sirve para vimo pero que puede que este vacio)A glass of wine un vaso de vino (es decir un vaso que tiene vino)

Cuando usamos noun + noun el primer nombre es como un adjetivo. Muchas veces el significado es plural pero el nombre va en singular

Bookshop tienda de libros

Suele ocurrir lo mismo con la segunda palabra:A four-week English course (not “weeks”)A three-page letter (not “pages”)

41

TO (PARA) FOR (PARA) SO THAT (PARA QUE + Sub.)

Usamos “to” para expresar el proposito de una accion: el porque alguien hace, tiene o necesita algo, o porque algo existe.

A friend of mine phoned to invite me to a partyThis wall is to keep people out the gardenI need a bottle opener to open this bottle

Usamos TO + VERB. y FOR + NOUNI´m going to Spain for a holidayI´m going to Spain to learn Spanish

¡Ojo! Podemos decir: for (sb.) to (do sth.)There weren´t any chairs for us to sit on, so we had to sit on the floor

Podemos utilizar: FOR + -ING para expresar el proposito general de una cosa, aunqueTambien podemos utilizar “to”

This knife is only for cutting bread (or “to cut bread”)

SO THAT para que + subj. Y lo utilizamos en vez de “to” para:

Cuando el proposito es negativoI hurried so that I wouldn´t be late

Con can y couldShe´s learning English so that she can study in Canada

Cuando una persona hace algo para que otra persona haga algo mas I gave her my address so that she could contact me

42

HE SAID THAT… (el dijo que…) HE TOLD ME THAT… (el me dijo que…)

Cuando digo lo que dijo alguien lo puedo decir de dos formas:Estilo directo: John said “ I´m feeling ill” en la que reproduzco literalmente lo que el dijoEstilo indirecto “reported speech” en la que se dice lo que dijo pero en pasado:John said that he was illGeneralmente despues de said/told that… el verbo va en pasado:

Am / is was (She said) “I´m working”She said that she was working

Are were (I said) “The shops are open”I said that the shops were open

Have/has had (I said to him) “I´ve finished my work”I told him that I had finished my work

Can could (Tom said) ”I can´t come to the party”He said that he couldn´t come to the party

Will would * (My friends said to me) ”The exam will be easy”They told me that the exam would be easy

Do/does did (I said) ” It doesn´t matter”I said that it didn´t matter

Like liked (Mary said) ”I like tomatoes”She said that she liked tomatoes

That no es necesario ponerlo en estas frasesHe said that he was tired or He said he was tired

Si el estilo directo va en pasado, el indirecto puede ir en past simple o cambiarlo a past perfectDirecto: Tom said: “I woke up feelling, so I didn´t go to work”Indirecto: Tom said that he woke up feelling, so he didn´t go to work or Tom said that he had woken up feelling ill, so he hadn´t gone to work

No siempre el estilo indirecto cambia del presente al pasado. Cuando lo que alguien dijo se mantiene todavia o aun es verdadero podemos mantener el presente en el estilo indirecto.

Directo: Sonia said: “I wants to go to Madrid next year”Indirecto: Sonia said that she wants to go to Madrid next year

Cuando el estilo directo es un imperativo el estilo indirecto se construye con el infinitivo, precedido de “not” si el imperativo es negativo pero con los verbos tell and ask, aunque said es tambien posible.

Directo: “Stay in bed for a few days” The doctor said to meIndirecto: The doctor told me to me to stay in bed for a few days

Directo: “Please, don´t tell anybody what happened” Ann said to meIndirecto: Ann asked me not to tell anybody what (had) happened

Cuando el estilo directo es una interrogacion el indirecto no es interrogacion.Directo: The police officer said to us: “Where are you going?”Indirecto: The police officer asked us where we were going

Directo: Clare said “What time do the banks close?”Indirecto: Clare wanted to know what time the banks closed

43

PREFER (Preferir) WOULD RATHER (Preferiria)

Prefer lo podemos utilizar co “to” o con “-ing”I prefer to live in the country or I prefer living in the country

Hay varias estructuras con prefer: Prefer sth. to sth.

I prefer this coat to the coat you were wearing yesterday

Prefer doing sth. to doing sth.I prefer driving to travelling by train

Prefer to do sth. rather than * do sth *Sin “to”I prefer to drive rather than travel by trainAnn prefers to live in the country rather than (live) in a city

Would prefer (I´d prefer) (preferiria) va seguido siempre de toI´d prefer to go by car preferiria ir en coche

Would rather va seguido siempre de infinitivo sin “to”. Si es negativo con “not”I´d rather go by carI´m tired. I´d rather not go out this evening

Would rather + do sth. + than + do sth. Es como un comparativoI´d rather stay at home tonight than go to the cinema

Preferiria que tu hicieras algo = I´d rather you did sth. verbo en pasado pero en español no tiene significado de pasado sino de subjuntivo

I´d rather you came with us preferiria que vinieras con nosotros

Hay una estructura que puede confundirse con I´d rather que es: I HAD BETTER + inf. sin “to” (I´d better) que significa: seria mejor

You had better go to the doctor Seria mejor que fueras al medico

I THINK SO / I HOPE SO

Algunos verbos pueden llevar “so” cuando no queremos repetir otra vea la frase“Are those people English?” I think so (= I think they are English) creo que si“Will you be at home tomorrow evening?” I expect so espero que si

“Do you think Kate has been invited to the party?” I suposse so supongo que si

Tambien podemos utilizar: I hope so / I guess so / I´m afraid so

La forma negativa de estas estructuras es:I think so / I expect so I don´t think so / expect soI hope so / I guess so / I´m afraid so I hope not / I guess not / I´m afraid notI suposse so I suposse not or I don´t suposse so

44

EXPRESIONES + -ING

Cuando las siguientes expresiones van seguidas de un verbo, este tiene que acabar en –ing:

It´s no use….. No sirve de nadaThere´s nothing you can do about the situation, so it´s no use worring about it

It´s no good…… No es buenoIt´s no good trying to persuade me. You won´t succeed

There´s no point in….. No sirve de nadaThere´s no point in having a car if you never use it

It´s (not) worth……. (no) merece la penaI live only a short walk from here, so it´s not worth taking a taxi

Have difficulty -ing… Tener dificultad para.I had difficulty finding a place to live

A waste of money…. Una perdida de dineroIt´s a waste of money buying things you don´t need.

A waste of time…… Una perdida de tiempoIt was a waste of time reading this book. It was rubbish

Spend / wast (time)He spents hours trying to repair the clockI waste a lot of time daydreaming

To be busy Estar ocupadoShe said she couldn´t see me. She was too busy doing other things

PREPOSICION + -ING

Si una preposicion va seguida de un verbo este acaba en –INGAre you interested in working for us?I´m not very good at learning laguagesShe must be fed up with studyingWhat are the advantages of having a car?I bought a new bicycle instead of going away on holidayCarol went to work in spite of feeling illI prefer driving to travelling by train (porque aquí “to” es una preposicion)I ran ten kilometres without stoppingBefore going out, I phoned SarahWhat did you do after leaving school?

By + -ing para decir como ocurre algoThe burglars got into the house by breaking a winbow and climbing inYou can improve your English by reading more

45

ADJETIVOS ACABADOS EN -ING Y -ED (BORING / BORED)

Hay muchos adjetivos acabados en -ing y en –ed por ejemplo: boring and boredBoring califica a una cosa mientras que bored califica a una persona

Jane´s job is boring El trabajo de Jane es aburridoJane is bored with her job Janes esta aburrida con su trabajoJane is bored because her job is boring

“A person is boring” significa que hace a otra persona aburridaGeorge always talks about the same things. He´s really boring

Otros ejemplos:My job is interesting I´m not interested in my jobMy job is satisfying I´m not satisfied wiyh my jobThe film was disappointing. I expected it to be much better decepcionanteI was disappointed with the film. . I expected it to be much better decepcionado

ADJETIVOS Y ADVERBIOS (QUICK / QUICKLY)

Muchos adverbios se forman añadiendo –ly al adjetivoAdj: Quick serious careful quiet heavy badAdv: Quickly seriously carefully quietly heavily badly

No todas las palabras acabadas en –ly son adverbios, algunos adjetivos acaban tambien en –ly:Friendly lively elderly lonely silly lovely

Los adjetivos califican a un nombre mientras que los adverbios califican a un verbo.Tom is careful driver Tom drove carefully along the norrow roadPlease be quite Please speak quietly

El adjetivo va delante del nombre, aunque con los verbos copulativos va detrás del verboShe speaks perfect English

Adj noun

Los adverbios van: verb + obj + adv.She speaks English perfectly

Verb Obj. Adv.

Tambien podemos poner un adverbio delante de un adjetivo o delante de otro adverbio:(adv + adj)It´s a reasonably cheap restaurant and the food is extremely good(adv + adj)Oh! I´m terribly sorry. I didn´t mean to push you(adv + adv) Maria learns languages incredibly quickly(adv + adv) The examination was surprisingly easy

Podemos utilizar un adverbio delante de un participio pasado (injured, organised, written, etc.)The meeting was very badly organisedTwo people were seriously injured in the accident

Good / wellGood es el adjetivo y well es el adverbio

Your English is good You speak English wellUsamos well con los participios pasados

Well-dressed well-educated well-paidWell es adjetivo cuando significa con buena salud

A:How are you today? B: I´m very well, thanks (not “very good”)

46

Fast / hard / lateEstas palabras son adjetivo y adverbio a la vez

Jack is a very fast runner (adj.) Jack can run very fast (adv.)Ann is a hard worker (adj.) Ann works hard (adv.)

Hardly apenasThey hardly know each other apenas se conocen el uno al otro

A menudo usamos Hardly + any / anyone / anybody / anything / anywhereI´ll have to go shopping. We´ve got hardly any foodThe exam results were very bad. Hardly anybody in our class passedShe ate hardly anything. She wasn´t feeling hungry

La posicion de “hardly” puede ser:She ate hardly anything or She hardly ate anythingWe´ve got hardly any food or We´ve hardly got any food

A menudo usamos can / could + hardly para expresar que algo es casi imposible de hacerYour writting is terrible. I can hardly read itMy leg was hurting me. I could hardly walk

Hardly ever casi nuncaI´m nearly always at home in the evenings. I hardly ever go out.

47

ALTHOUGH / THOUGH / EVEN THOUGH IN SPITE OF / DESPITE

Despues de although (aunque, si bien) ponemos sujeto + verboWe went out although it was raining

Despues de “in spite of” o “despite” (significan ambas a pesar de, pese a) ponemos: nombre, pronombre (this, that, what…) o –ing

In spite of (or despite) the rain, we enjoyed our holidayI didn´t get the job in spite of (or despite) having all the necesary qualificationsShe wasn´t well, but in spite of (or despite) this she went to workIn spite of (or despite) what I said yesterday, I still love you

Compara although con becauseWe went out although it was rainingWe didn´t go out because it was raining

Compara “in spite of” con “because of” (a causa de)We went out in spite of the rainWe didn´t go out because of the rain

Algunas veces usamos though (aunque, sin embargo, aun asi) en vez de althoughI didn´t get the job though I had all the necesary qualifications

En ingles hablado usamos “though” al final de la fraseThe house isn´t very nice. I like the garden though (=but I like the garden)

Even though aunque

Even though I was really tired, I couldn´t sleep

48