Grade Intersection2011.4.142011.5.19

Public transport facility & Parking facility

General• Public transport (also public transportation or public trans

it) is a shared passenger transportation service which is available for use by the general public.

• Public transport modes include buses, trolleybuses, trams and trains, 'rapid transit' (metro/subways/undergrounds etc) and ferries.

• Intercity public transport is dominated by airlines, coaches, and intercity rail. High-speed rail networks are being developed in many parts of the world.

• Share taxi offers on-demand services in many parts of the world and some services will wait until the vehicle is full before it starts. Paratransit is sometimes used in areas of low-demand and for people who need a door-to-door service.

History• The omnibus, the first organized public transit system within a city,

appears to have originated in Paris, France, in 1662. • The omnibus was introduced to London in July 1829. • The first passenger horse-drawn railway was opened in 1806

between Swansea and Mumbles. • In 1825, George Stephenson built the Locomotion for the

Stockton and Darlington Railway, north east England, which was the first public steam railway in the world.

Early trolley car in Newton, Massachusetts.

Need for public transport• Provides alternative mode for travel• Reduces traffic congestion, improves mobility / saves

system-wide travel time • Helps lead the Nation towards its goals and policies of

protecting the environment, conserving energy, and providing for the health, safety and security of its citizens

• Enhances economic opportunities by creating vibrant communities, revitalizing business districts and activity centers

Need for public transport

Mode• Airline An airline provides scheduled service with aircraft between airports.

Air travel has high up to very high speeds, but incurs large waiting times prior and after travel, and is therefore often only feasible over longer distances or in areas where lack of ground infrastructure

makes other modes of transport impossible. • Bus and coach Bus services use buses on conventional roads to carrying numerous

passengers on shorter journeys. Buses operate with low capacity (i.e. compared with trams or trains), and can operate on conventional roads, with relatively inexpensive bus stops to serve passengers.

Mode• Trains • Passenger rail transport is the conveyance of passenger

s by means of wheeled vehicles specially designed to run on railways. Trains allow high capacity on short or long distance, but require track, signalling, infrastructure and stations to be built and maintained. Urban rail transit consists of trams, light rail, rapid transit, people movers, commuter rail, monorail suspension railways and funiculars.

Commuter, intercity, and high-speed rail Commuter rail is part of an urban area's public transport; it provides

faster services to outer suburbs and neighboring towns and villages. Trains stop at all stations, that are located to serve a smaller suburban or town center.

Mode Trams and light rail Trams are rail vehicles that run in city streets or dedicated tra

cks. They have higher capacity than buses, but must follow dedicated infrastructure with rails and wires either above or below the track, limiting their flexibility.

Light rail is a modern development (and use) of the tram, with dedicated right-of-way not shared with other traffic, step-free access and increased speed. Light rail lines are, thus, essentially modernized interurbans.

Rapid transit A rapid transit railway system (also called a metro, undergrou

nd, or subway) operates in an urban area with high capacity and frequency, and grade separation from other traffic.

Mode Personal rapid transit Personal rapid transit is an automated cab service that runs

on rails or a guideway. This is an uncommon mode of transportation (excluding elevators) due to the complexity of automation.

Cable Propelled Transit Cable-Propelled Transit (CPT) is a transit technology that

moves people in motor-less, engine-less vehicles that are propelled by a steel cable.

Ferry A ferry is a boat or ship, used to carry (or ferry) passengers,

and sometimes their vehicles, across a body of water.

Urban public transport facility• Bus only lanes A bus lane or bus only lane is a lane restricted to buses, and generally use

d to speed up public transport that would be otherwise held up by traffic co

ngestion. Bus lanes give priority to buses and cut down on journey times where road

s are congested with other traffic. According to the American Public Transportation Association (APTA) and t

he National Transit Database (NTD), the world's first designated bus lane was created in Chicago in 1939.

The first bus lanes in Europe were established in 1962 in the German city of Hamburg.

On January 15, 1964 the first bus lane in France was designated along the

quai du Louvre in Paris. On 26 February 1968 the first bus lane in London was put into service on

Vauxhall Bridge.

Bus only lanes The installation of bus

lanes requires additional space to either be constructed (increasing the impact of the road on the surrounding area, and possibly requiring private land) or taken from existing lanes, reducing the capacity of the road for private vehicles.

Bus lane on Broadway (New York City)

Bus only lanes

A bus lane on Gloucester Road in Hong Kong, with the words "bus lane" painted in English and "巴士綫 " in Chinese

BRT• BRT is a term applied to a variety of public transportation

systems using buses to provide faster, more efficient service than an ordinary bus line.

The goal of these systems is to approach the service quality of rail transit while still enjoying the cost savings and flexibility of bus transit.

BRT systems come in a variety of forms, such as dedicated busways with their own rights-of-way (e.g., the Ottawa Transitway or the Pittsburgh MLK East Busway), bus services using HOV lanes, dedicated freeway lanes (e.g., Honolulu's CityExpress) and limited-stop buses on pre-existing routes.

BRT attempts to combine the advantages of a rail system (noticeably right-of-way, which improves punctuality and frequency) with the advantages of a bus system (low construction and maintenance costs, low vehicle costs, right-of-way not required for entire length, and for the ability of feeder bus services to join a trunk busway).

BRT• Brt System in Delhi

BRT System in Delhi TransMilenio BRT system in Bogotá, Colombia, holds a record 40,000 passengers per hour.

BRT Lane-Many BRT systems, such as Ottawa's OC Transpo and Brisbane's

South-East Busway, are based on multiple bus routes sharing a common dedicated busway to bypass congestion, especially to/from a central business district. In this form, the BRT system's passenger capacity is limited by vehicle capacity multiplied by vehicle headway of the busway.

Cost-The capital costs of implementing BRT lines in general is more cost-eff

ective than constructing LRT lines. A study by the United States Government Accountability Office found that the average capital cost per mile for busways was $13.5 million while light rail average costs were $34.8 million.

Costs vary considerably due to factors such as cost of the roadway, station structures, park-and-ride facilities, traffic signal systems and vehicles.

BRT Environmental impact-The typical diesel engine on the bus causes noticeable levels of

air pollution, noise and vibration. With hybrid vehicles and the new forms of trolleybus, BRT designers hope to increase ride quality and decrease pollution. As the energy use for acceleration is proportional to the vehicle mass, electric traction allows lighter vehicles, faster acceleration and energy that can be fed back into

batteries or the grid through regenerative brakes.

Urban public transport facility

Common bus

BRT Taxi

设计准则• 设计原则1. 公共交通专用通道2. 公共交通停靠站3. 公共交通首末站、保养厂、修理厂

设计原则

1.公共交通专用车道

2.公共交通停靠站• 1

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公共交通首末站、保养厂、修理厂

JInan• 公交专用道建设步伐加快， BRT专用道建设取得突破性发展。常规公交专用长度增加约 13 公里， BRT专用道总长度达 35.94公里，公交运营平均速度由约 10公里 /小时提高到平均 15-17公里 /小时，快速公交最快线路平均运行速度达 22.5公里 /小时。• 公交线网覆盖面进一步扩大。至 2009年底，济南市公交总公司共拥有各类公交线路 188条，线路全长 3354.2公里，网长达到 1039公里，快速公交线网长度 73 公里。

BRT-1至 6号线相继开通试运行，初步形成“三横三纵”网络， BRT日客运量超过 20万人次，济南市成为全国首座形成 BRT网络的城市， BRT系统建设荣获山东省人居环境奖。济南市公共交通逐步形成以 BRT为骨干，常规普通线路为主体，大站快速线、小区线、郊区线路为补充的线网架构。 2009年济南城市公交日均客运量达到 220万余人次 ,全年完成客运量 8.04亿人次，较 2005年增长约 41.5％，公共交通在日常出行中发挥了日益重要的作用。

Parking lot• Parking lot (Commonwealth English: car park), also

known as car lot, is a cleared area that is more or less level and is intended for parking vehicles. Usually, the term refers to a dedicated area that has been provided with a durable or semi-durable surface.

The usual parking lot is paved with asphalt. Some are paved with concrete. Many are gravel lots. A few of the newer lots are surfaced with permeable paving materials.

Parking lots have their own special type of engineering. While parking lots have traditionally been an overlooked element of development projects by governmental oversight, the recent trend has been to provide regulations for the configuration and spacing of parking lots, their landscaping, and drainage and pollution abatement issues.

The arrangement of the parking spaces relative to the driving lanes can feature perpendicular parking spaces, angle parking (most common in North America, especially in large lots), or parallel parking (least common in parking lots, and usually only for a few spaces), or possibly some combination of these.

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Diagram of example parking lot layout with angle parking as seen from above. White arrows show direction of allowed travel in each lane

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• Parking lot in Manhattan, United States with capacity increased thor

ugh multiple level stacked parking using mechanical lifts

Environmental considerations • Parking lots tend to be sources of water pollution because of their ex

tensive impervious surfaces. Virtually all of the rain (minus evaporation) that falls becomes urban runoff. To avoid flooding and unsafe driving conditions, the lots are built to effectively channel and collect runoff. Parking lots, along with roads, are often the principal source of water pollution in urban areas.

• Traditionally, the runoff has been shunted directly into storm sewers, streams, dry wells or even sanitary sewers. However, most larger municipalities now require construction of stormwater management facilities for new lots.

• An alternative solution today is to use permeable paving surfaces, such as brick, pervious concrete, stone, special paving blocks, or tire-tread woven mats. These materials allow rain to soak into the ground through the spaces inherent in the parking lot surface.

• Some parking lots have charging stations for battery vehicles. Some regions with especially cold winters provide electricity at most parking spots for engine block heaters, as antifreeze may be inadequate to prevent freezing.

Parking lot• 1