good morning all! happy march!
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Good Morning All! Happy March!. Morning Report: Thursday, March 1st. UTIs in Infants and Children. *Definitions, Epidemiology, and Host Factors . Infection of the urinary tract anywhere from the urethra to the renal parenchyma Most are infection of the mucosal surface of the urinary tract - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
Good Morning All! Happy March!Morning Report: Thursday, March 1st
UTIs in Infants and Children
*Definitions, Epidemiology, and Host Factors
Infection of the urinary tract anywhere from the urethra to the renal parenchyma• Most are infection of the mucosal surface of
the urinary tractOverall incidence of childhood UTIs:• Girls: 8%• Boys: 1-2%
Uncircumcised males: 0.7% Circumcised males: ~0.2%
*Definitions, Epidemiology, and Host Factors Age matters!• *Prevalence of UTIs in febrile infants
without an obvious source of infection 7-9% in infants <3mo 2% in males >3mo 2% in females >12mo
*Definitions, Epidemiology, and Host Factors Host factors• *Age• *Sex• Race• Circumcision status• GU abnormalities• Immune status
Methods for Diagnosis
Urinalysis• Nitrite
Demonstrates the presence of gram-negative bacteria
Specific but not sensitive• Leukocyte esterase
Detects presence of leukocytes Sensitive but not specific
• *Not alone sufficient to diagnose a UTI
Methods for Diagnosis
Urine culture• Gold standard when obtained by
Suprapubic aspiration Urethral catheterization “Clean catch” midstream specimen
*Microbiology
E.Coli• 70% of infections!
Pseudomonas aeruginosa Enterococcus faecalis Klebsiella pneumoniae Group B Streptococcus (neonates) Staphylococcus aureus Proteus mirabilis Coagulase-negative Staphylococcus
Pathogenesis
Uropathogenic bacterial strains have distinctive antigens and genes that enhance virulence• P-fimbriae, protectins, toxins and siderophores
*Constipation• Compression of bladder and bladder neck
increase of bladder storage pressure and PVR• Distended colon/ fecal soiling provides
abundant reservoir of pathogens
Clinical Presentation
Infant 0-3 mos Fever Hypothermia Vomiting Diarrhea Jaundice Feeding difficulty Malodorous urine Irritability FTT Hematuria
Infants 3-24mos
Cloudy/ malodorous urine
Frequency Hematuria Fever without a
source
Clinical Presentation
Preschool (2-6yo)
Abdominal or suprapubic pain
CVA pain Dysuria Urgency Secondary enuresis
Management
Action Statement 1
Action Statement 2
Action Statement 2
Let’s break it down, shall we?• If you feel the infant is well enough to
hold off on antibiotics then you should assess the likelihood of the patient having a UTI• So, how do I do that??
Action Statement 2
Febrile infant girls>boysUncircumcised boys> circumcised boysPresence of another clinically obvious
infection reduces likelihood of UTI by one-half
Action Statement 2
Action Statement 3
Action Statement 4
Action Statement 4
Action Statement 5
Action Statement 5
When to you perform the RUS?• If clinical illness is severe or substantial
clinical improvement is not occurring perform within the first 2 days of illness• If substantial clinical improvement is
demonstrated, imaging does not need to occur early during the acute infection and can be misleading
Action Statement 6
Action Statement 7
A Question…
You are evaluating a 5 yo girl who has a UTI. She has had four lower UTIs in the last 2 years, all of which resolved completely with oral antibiotics. She denies symptoms of urgency and frequency. The only significant finding on her medical history is constipation. Results of her RUS and VCUG are normal. Her growth parameters and PE findings are normal. You prescribe oral trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole. Of the following, the MOST appropriate additional step to help reduce the incidence of further UTI is to:• A. Begin an evaluation for immunodeficiency• B. Perform renal scintigraphy• C. Prescribe a stool softener and regular bowel routine• D. Prescribe oral oxybutynin • E. Refer her to a pediatric nephrologist
Thanks for your attention!Noon Conference: Common Mouth and Throat Infections, Dr. Riojas