goksura (soumya n.)

§d‚d¤d‰¦dd“®d¸¶£dgPNµ «dUµdI¶dSd

I¶dyeLµ±djSd‰ ±d«d§d‚ªd |e¦de®d‰œ¦da Ig¶è «dy Qy®d

±d®d‰I¶dSdy‰°dg ±d®d‰Qd ||”

W ¦d«dde«d ¥d¦®d¦£deT«dŠ AdeQ Qy®d«dŠ

±dgTd ±dgTz®d‰e¦Q£d §ddQ §dÑ«dŠ |

¬ddyIy¶ ¡dTd è™ªdSd «dm£Sdg ¦dd¯dI¶«dŠ

Qd£ddT«df¯dda e®de®d¥ddz°d¥df¦dd«dŠ |

¥d¦®d¦£deTa T«dd¦dd¤da ±d®d‰ Tdy›d e¦d®ddTI¶«dŠ

AdSdg®dy‰Q §d‚®d£dd‰Ta ®d¦Qy §dfSdj°d QdSdI¶«dŠ |

±d®dy‰ ¡d¦ddZ ±dgešd¦ddy ªd®d¦£dg

W ¯dde¦£dZ ¯dde¦£dZ ¯dde¦£dZ ||

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

It is my pleasure to submit the compilation work on so gratitude and obedience.

I would like to thank to our honorable President SRI AROOR RAMESH RAO for providing all the facilities necessary for undertaking such a work. I express my sincere thanks to Prof. D.S.LUCAS, Dean of Postgraduate department, for his valuable unconditional support throughout the work.

I am very much greatful to my respected teacher Dr. SANJAYA. K. S. Head of the department of Dravyaguna for his kind suggestions, encouragement, helps in completing the work successfully.

I rendered my sincere thanks to our Principal Dr.JAGADEESH KUNJAL for his unwavering attention and support towards our academic progress.

I extend my special thanks to Dr.Pradeep H.R., Dr.Sathish N.S. and Dr.V.Sreedhar, and lecturers, for their sincere helps and suggestion throughout the work.

I would like to thank Mr.Sathish and Miss.Triveni librarians, for providing books for the work.

I would like to thank all my lecturers, friends and well wishers who helped me directly or indirectly to complete my work.

I extend profound respect to my beloved parents Mr.M.Nithyanand and Mrs.Vanajakshi, for their blessings and support.

Finally I thank my sister Ramya and brother Mallikarjuna for their support. Above all, I bow the almighty, without his consent none of this would have been possible.

Soumya.N

1

CONTENTS

Sl.No. TOPIC Pg.No.

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

10.

11.

12.

13.

14.

15.

16.

17.

18.

19.

20.

21.

22.

23.

24.

25.

INTRODUCTION

HISTORY

NIRUKTI

NATURAL ORDER

VERNACULAR NAMES

SYNONYMS

HABITAT OF THE DRUG

HISTORY OF FAMILY

VEGETATIVE CHARACTERS OF FAMILY

CONTROVERSY

FLOWERING AND FRUITING TIME

VARIETIES

PARTS USED

PROPERTIES

POSOLOGY

DOSHAGHANA KARMA

ROGAGHNA KARMA

AMAYIKA PRAYOGA

FOLK USE

SUBSTITUTES

ACTION AND USE IN AYURVEDA AND SIDDHA

PHYTO CHEMISTRY

VISHISHTA YOGA

REFERENCES

BIBLIOGRAPHY

3-5

6-8

9-10

11-12

13-14

15-17

18-19

20-21

22-23

24-25

26-27

28-29

30-31

32-33

34-35

36-37

38-39

40-41

42-43

44-45

46-47

48-49

50-51

52-56

57-59

2

INTRODUCTION

Ayurveda is the ancient science

“AdSdg°ddy ®dyQZ AdSdg®dy‰QZ”Ayurveda is the science of life. Ayu is the outcome of the

combination of Shareera, Indriya, Satva and Atma. Hence the knowledge of Shareera, Indriya, Satva and Atma is known as Ayurveda.

eUµ£ddeUµ£da ±dgšda Qgšda ASdg±£d±Sd eUµ£ddeUµ£d«dŠ |

«dd¦da Ÿd £dŸJµ SdÎddy™£da ASdg®dy‰Q ±d DŸSd£dy ||

That science which impart the knowledge of Hitayu, Ahitayu, Sukhayu, Dukhayu and the Mana of the Ayu is known as Ayurveda.

Ayurveda originated from Brahma. The knowledge of Ayurveda reached to earth through Bharadwaja Rushi. Medical knowledge began with the scattered references in the Vedas. Then there was compiled Ayurvedic samhitas as a comprehensive treatise on the science of life. Ayurveda is an Upanga of Atharvaveda.

Ayurveda is based on certain fundamental theories which are in existence since time immemorial. The basic doctrines of Ayurveda like other does not have scope for any kind of modification through improvements.

Ayurveda explains about the theories of Tridosha, Satpadhatu, Triphala, Panchamahabhoota etc.

The Astanga of Ayurveda is Kaya, Bala, Graha, Urdwanga, Shalya, Damstra, Jara and Vrusha.

The main aim of Ayurveda is,

±®d±¤d±Sd ±®dd±¤Sd T´dPda A£dgT±Sd e®dI¶dT §d‚¯d«d¦d«dŠ Ÿd ||

The protection of health of a healthy individual (Swastha) and curing the disease of a diseased person (Atura).

Dravya guna is the science of drug

Q„®SddPda ›dgPdI¶«dd‰ePd §d‚Sddy›dd e®de®d¥dd±£d¤dd |

±d®d‰¯ddy SdÎd ®dPSd‰¦£dy ¯dd±Îda Q„®Sd›dgPda eUµ £d£d ||

(P.V.Sharma)

4

Dravya guna is the shastra which explains about the Guna, Karma, Prayoga etc. of the dravyas which are used as Ahara and Oushadha.

Guna word in the dravya guna means rasa, guna, veerya, vipaka, prabhava and karma of a drug.

Dravya is the upakarana of the physician who is treating a patient. So a physician should be thorough with the guna, karma and prayoga of dravya. If the physician doesn’t know about the dravya, he may kill the patient.

For a swastha person, to maintain his health, the knowledge of Ahara dravya is essential.

Shareera and dravyas are Panchamahabhootatmaka. So any diseases produced in shareera due to vrudhi or kshaya of bhootaghatakas can be treated with the Samanya and Vishesha gunayukta dravyas.

In modern dravya guna can be compared with pharmacology. The major divisions are – 1. Nama-Rupa-Vijnana [Pharmacognosy]

It deals with various names and synonyms and morphological character of drugs.

2. Guna-Karma-Vijnana [Pharmacodynamics] It discusses the properties (Guna) and action (Karma) of drugs. The action of drugs is interpreted on the basis of their properties.

3. Prayoga-Vijnana [Therapeutics] It explains about the uses of drugs in various the dosage and Anupana according to the properties and uses.

4. Bheshaja – Kalpana [Pharmacy] Storage and collection of drugs, various processings by which the drug becomes fit for use of the patients.

The drug Goksura - Tribulus terrestris Linn. comes under zygophyllaceae family.

The drug is commonly found in warm areas and upper gangetic plains. It is one of the best drug used in mootravirechana, mootrakruchra and

other disorders also. It is one of the ingredients used in the preparation of dashamoolarista.

5

HISTORY OF THE DRUGVEDIC PERIOD

The drug Tribulus terrestris is mentioned in Vedic period. Its synonyms are mentioned. BRIHATRAYEES Charaka samhita:

In Charaka samhita the drug Goksura has been mentioned in sutra sthana, chikitsasthana and in siddasthana.

Goksura has been mentioned in shwayathuhara, anuvasnopaga, mootravirechana, and krimighna, mahakashayas. Formulations like Goksuradi yoga etc. and other preparations like kwatha, grhta, churna, taila is also mentioned.

Sushruta samhita:The reference for this drug is mentioned in sutrasthana,

chikitsasthana, kalpasthana and in uttarasthana. It is mentioned in veedarigandhadi, veeratarvadi, laghupanchamoola, kantaka panchamoola and vatashmari bedani ganas.

Astanga hrudaya:The reference for this drug is mentioned in sutrasthana,

chikitsasthana, and in uttarasthana.

Kashyapa samhita:The use of the drug has been mentioned like chronic diarrhea, urinary

disorders.

Sharangadhara samhitaThe different preparations of kwatha has been mentioned for different

disorders like mootrakruchra, ashmari etc.

MEDIEVAL PERIOD Dhanvantari nighantu:

The synonyms of the drug is mentioned, it is mentioned in Guduchyadi varga. Raja nighantu:

The various synonyms are mentioned, along with its types, properties and indications. Madanapala nighantu:

The use of synonyms trikantaka has been mentioned.

7

Gada nighantu:The formulations and indications of drug is mentioned here.

Priya nighantu:This drug comes under laghu pachamoola varga. Its synonyms

formulations and indications of drug are mentioned. Kaiyadeva nighantu: The use of drug in various diseases is mentioned. Haritakyadi nighantu Astanga nighantu :It is mentioned under vaidaryadi gana. Mahoushadi nighantu: It is mentioned under bilvadi varga. Nighantu adarsha : It is mentioned under tiladi varga. Soushrutha nighantu Dravya guna hastamalaka Amara kosha Dravya guna kosha Hrudaya deepika nighantu Vanoushadi nidarshika Shabda kalpa druma Shaligrama nighantu- Mentioned under Guduchyadi varga. Chakradatta

MODERN PERIOD The wealth of India Indian material media Indian medicinal plants Classical use of medicinal plants Vegetative drugs of India Herbal cosmetics in ancient India Single drug Substitute

8

NIRUKTI

›ddy´dgT ›d®dda Im¶£dy ´dgT B®d I¶PLµIz¶Z

§ddQ®dy¥d¦dd£dŠ | ´dgTe£d ®dd ›ddy´dgTZ | ´dgTe£d ´dgT e®d¬dyšd¦dy || ›ddyeT®d ´dgTe£d ‘´dgT e®d¬ddyNµ¦dy’ ||

[e¦d.Ad.]

10

NATURAL ORDER

Kingdom : PlantaeDivision : SpermatophyteSubdivision : AngiospermClass : DicotylydoneSubclass : ArchichlamydeaeOrder : GeranialesFamily : Zygophyllaceae

12

VERNACULAR NAMES

Sanskrit : GoksurakaClassical name : GoksuraEnglish : Land caltrops, puncture vineKannada : Naeggila mullu, Sanna negguluTelugu : PelleruTamil : NerunjiMalayalam : NerinjilMarathi : SarateBengali : GokhariGujarati : Mahana gokharuPunjabi : BhakhraOriya : GukhuraUrdu : Khar-e- khasak khurdAssam : GoksuraPersian : KhorkhasakArab : HasakAfghanistan : KrundaBurma : CharatteChines : Chili, tsili tseSouth Africa : Devils thornSpanish : AbrojosBori : SkarwadiCanarese : NegaluCentral provinces : GokhruIndio-china : Qui kien sae, tal leLadak : Kokullak, bashaSind : Land caltropsSpanish : AbrojosDeccan : KanteghokruFrench : Croix de chevalierKarvironda : OkuroNasirabad : BhakraPushtu : Gokantaka, chandrama

14

SYNONYMS

Synonyms CS

SS

AH

RN

PN

KN

DN

SN

AN

MN

BN

Sd N

SgN

MPN

HN

AK

VN

HrN

Gokshura + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +Gokshuraka - - - + - - + + + - - - - - - + - -Ikshugandhika - - - - - - - - - + + + - - - + - -Kantaphala - - - - - + + + - - - - - + - - - -Kshuraka - - - + - - - - - - - - - + - - - -Gokantaka - - - + - + + + + + + - + + + + - +Chanadruma - - - + - - - - - - - - - - - - +Trikantaka + + + + - - - + + + - - + - - + +Palamkasha - - - - - - - - - + - - + - - + - -Bhakshyakanta - - - - - - + - - - - - - - - - - -Bhukshura - - - - - + - - - - - - - - - - - -Vanashrungataka - - - - + - - - - - - - + - + + - -Shvadamstra + + + + + + + + + + - - + + + + + -Shadanga - - - - - - - - - - - - - + - - - -Sthalashrungataka - - - - - - - + + - - - + - - - -Svadukantaka + + + - - - - - - + - - + + - + +Vyaladamstraka - - - + - - - - - - - - - + - - - -Kantaka - - - + - - - - - - - - - - - - - -Kanti - - - + - - - - - - - - + - - - - -Bahukantaka - - - + - - - - - - - - - - - - - -Kshura - - - - - - - - - - + + - - - - - -Kshudrakshura - - - - - - - - - - - - + - - - - -Ardrakantaka - - - - - - - - - - - + - - - - - -

C.S. - Charaka samhita S.S. - Sushruta samhitaA.H. - Astanga hridaya R.N. - Raja nighantuK.N. - Kaiyadeva nighantu D.N. - Dhanvantari nighantuS.N. - Soushrutha nighantu A.N. - Astanga nighantuM.N. - Maoushadha nighantu B.N. - Bhavaprakasha nighantuSd.N. - Shodala nighantu Sg.N. - Shaligrama nighantuMp.N.- Madanaphala nighantu H.N. - Haritakyadhi nighantuA.K. - Amara kosha V.N. - Vanoushadi nidarshikaHr.N. - Harithakyadhi nighantu

16

SYNONYMS ›ddy´dgT - ›d®dda Im¶£dy ´dgT B®d

I¶PLµIz¶Z §ddQ®dy¥d¦dd£dŠ | B´dg›de¦¥dI¶ - B´ddyeT®d ›d¦¥ddyí±Sd I¶PLµR¶¬d - I¶PLµeI¶£da R¶¬d«d±Sd |

[¥d.e¦d.] ´dgTI¶ - ´dgT B®d £df

´PdI¶PLµI¶£®dd£dŠ | ›ddyI¶PLµI¶ - ›d®ddaI¶PLµI¶Z | ŸdPdQ„h«d - ŸdPd§dÎdZ ´dg§dZ | [Td.e¦d.] eÎdI¶PLµI¶- ÎdSdZ I¶PLµI¶dZ R¶¬dyí±Sd |

[A.e¦d.] §d¬daI¶°dd - §d¬da «dda±da I¶°de£d

eUµ¦de±£d, I¶PLµeI¶£®dd£dŠ | ªd´dI¶PLµI¶ - I¶PLµeI¶£®dyíe§d ªd´SdZ | ªdj´dgT - ªdge®d ´dgT B®d | [e¦d.Tdy.] ®d¦dÚdm»ïdLµ - ®d¦dy ¡dd£dZ

Údm»ïdLµI¶dI¶dTZ | ÛdQaÝ†d - ¯dg¦ddy QaÝy†®d, £df

´PdI¶PLµI¶£®dd£dŠ | °dNµ»ï - °dNµ»ïde¦d

I¶PLµI¶±deUµ£dd¦Sd±Sd | ±¤d¬dÚdm»ïdLµI¶ - ±¤d¬dy ¡dd£dZ

Údm»ïdLµI¶dI¶dTZ | [±ddy.e¦d] ±®ddQgI¶PLµI¶ - ªd´SdI¶PLµ I¶£®dd£dŠ |

17

HABITAT OF THE DRUG

It is common weed of the pasture lands, road sides, and other waste lands, chiefly growing in hot, dry and sandy regions through out India and upto 3000 m in Kashmir.

It is found through out India up to an altitude of 5400m. It is widely distributed over fields, grounds, warmer regions of the world and growing widely with aroma of sugar cane.

Found in tropical regions in India, Konkan, Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh, Deccan, Peninsula, Bengal, Bihar, Madras and very common in upper Gangetic plains, Ceylon and abundant in university campus.

19

HISTORY OF FAMILY – Zygophyllaceae

Zygophyllaceae is the largest family consisting of 26 genera and 250 species. Primarily pan tropical with ranges extending in to temperate regions of northern and southern hemispheres. The numbers are especially abundant in the drier areas of the Mediterranean regions.Habit:

Procumbent herbs or shrubs with slender, cylindrical light brown, aromatic roots, branches often joined at nodesLeaves:

Opposite, or alternate, bifoliate or pinnate, rarely trifoliate Stipules- Paired, persistent, often spinescentFlowers:

Rarely blue hermophrodite, actimorphic or ZygomorphicSepals: 5 rarely 4, free or connected at the base, imbricate rarely valvate.Petals:

4-5 rarely absent, hypogynous free and disk present.Stamens: Same or triple the number of petals often unequal in length filaments, free, anther 2 celled. Ovary:

Superior, sessile, rarely stipulate, usually 4-5 celled style simple, stigma sessile ovals 2 or more in each cell.Fruits:

Various but never baccate seeds mostly with some endosperm- Embryo as long as seed straight or slightly curved.

21

VEGETATIVE CHARACTERS OF THE DRUG

Habit:This is an annual or rarely perennial hersut/ silky villous grayish

white/rusty brown, with many slender spreading branches one – two feet or more in length and about 0.05 inch in thickness.Leaves:

Leaves are opposite abruptly pinnate with persistent lance late acute stipules of the pair of leaves at a made one is most often considerably smaller or occasionally absent.Leaflets:

3-6 or more pairs almost sessile or neither short petiole 0.2 -0.5 inch in length sub equal along, entire rounded or oblique at base micronate at apex and with a close pressed grey villous pubescent.Flowers:Axillary or leaf – opposed, solitary, pedicles 1.2- 2 cm long, slender, hairy.Sepals: 6mm lanceo late, acute, hairy.Petals: 1 cm long oblong- obovate, claw short hairyOvary: bristly, style short stout. stigmatic lobes longer than the diameter of the style.Fruit:Globose, consisting of 5 hairy or nearly glabrous often muriculate woody cocci, each with 2 pairs of hard sharp spines Seeds several in each coccus with transverse partitions between them

23

CONTROVERSY

Goksura literally means the hoof of the cow. Trikantaka literally means the fruit with three spines. The drug which the vaidyas use at present as Goksura is not like the hoof of a cow or its fruit with the spines. The Goksura which we all are using in medicines is of 2 kinds.

1. A spreading plant – Tribulus terrestris (Zygophyllaceae) a small Goksura.

2. An erect plant is pedalium murex (pedalineae) a big fruited variety.

The big fruited variety should be used in medicine as Shivadasa Sen the commentator of Chakradutta.

Charaka and Sushruta have not mentioned of these two varieties, Sharangadharas has used the whole plant with root, leaves and flowers. The root of pedalium murex is bright orange red colour and the plant contains abundance of mucilage. So much that if we dip the plant in waters for 5 minute it becomes very weight with mucilage

Gureu raised his doubt and published on article He pointed out martynia annu (Martyniaceae) the vinchudo or vaganakha in Gujarati seems to be the real Goksura and trikantaka both, Vagbhata has used the nrutyakundala beejani in ashmari chikitsa. This nrutyakundala according to him is also plant as the fruit are just like ear rings. He used the plant as a good diuretic.

25

FLOWERING AND FRUITING TIME

Rainy to autumn seasons and on words

27

VARIETIES

There are mainly 2 types of Goksura Laghu Goksura - Tribulus terrestris Brhad Goksura - Pedalium murex

According to Some authors it is of 3 types: Tribulus terrestris (Zygophyllaceae) Pedalium murex (Pedalineae) Xanthium strumarium linn (Compositae)

29

PARTS USED

The useful parts of the drugs are,1. Fruits2. Root

According to some references the whole plant is used.

31

PROPERTIESRasa : MadhuraGuna : Gura, Snigdha Veerya : SheetaVipaka : Madhura

Properties of the drug mentioned by different nighantus

Rasa Guna Veerya VipakaPriya nighantu Madhura - Moola- Ushna

Phala – Sheeta-

Raja nighantu Madhura - Sheeta -Madanaphala nighantu

Madhura - Sheeta -

Kaiyadeva nighantu

Madhura - Sheeta -

Haritakyadhi nighantu

Madhura Sheetala - -

Shaligrama nighantu

Madhura Snigdha Sheeta -

Mahoushadi nighantu

Madhura - Sheeta -

33

POSOLOGY

Posology means that one which deals with the dose of the preparations. For the success of the treatment a correct dosage form of the drug should be given. The dosage of the drug varies according to the condition and the types of the diseases. By observing the age of the patient, structure, body weight etc. the drug is to be administered by knowing the potency of the drug, mode of action, and its form.Dose of the drug Goksura is as follows:

Phala churna : 3-6gm Kwatha : 50-100ml Patra churna : 1 tola Guggulu : 1-4 pills

35

DOSHAGHNA KARMA

The reference are given as, Dosha - Vatapitta shamaka Tridosha shamakaDhatu - Shukra vikara haraMala - Mootrala

37

ROGAGHNA KARMA

The drug Goksura is used for the treatment of different diseases. Ashmari Mootra kruccha Mootragata Bastishota Prameha Datu kshaya Shukra vikara Kasa Swasa Hrudya Raktapitta Agnimandya Arsha Vibhanda Vedanayukta vikara Vatavyadhi Sularoga Yonivyapath Nadi daurbalya

Brhat Goksura: Mootra kruccha Pradara Rasayana Kusta Vrishya Brhmana Ashmari

39

AMAYIKA PRAYOGA Consumption:

Powder of Goksura fruits and asvagandha mixed with honey is taken with milk. It alleviates consumption and cough. Calculus:

1. Ghrta cooked with decoction of Goksura and eight times milk should be taken.

2. Root of Goksura, kokilaksa, erenda and two types of brhati pounded of together with milk and dissolved in sweet curd for a week.

3. Powder of the seeds of Goksura mixed with honey and taken with sheep milk for a week breaks calculus.

Intrinsic hemorrhage: Milk cooked with draksha or four parnis (Salaparni, prsniparni, mudgaparni and masa parni) or bala madhuka or Goksura and satavari checks hemorrhage.Haematuria:

Milk cooked with satavari and Goksura or four parnis checks hemorrhage particularly urethral. Dysuria: Gruel prepared with Goksura and kantakari and added with liquid jaggery is useful in dysuria One should take decoction of Goksura seeds mixed with yavaksara. It alleviates dysuria, gravels and calcules. Decoction of the whole plant of Goksura mixed with honey and sugar should be taken. It alleviates the disorders of dysuria. To promote hair growth: Goksura and sesamum flowers are mixed with equal quantity of honey and ghee. This paste applied on head promotes growth of hair. As Rasayana:Goksura –rasayana One taking powder of the Goksura, amlaka and guduchi with ghee and honey becomes potent, stable happy black haired and with life span. As Aphrodisiac: Goksura, iksuraka, satavari, kapikacchu, nagabala and atibala this powder taken with milk in night acts as a good aphrodisiac. Amavata:Decoction of sunthi and Goksura used regularly in morning digests ama reduces pain and is thus useful in amavata and lumbago.

41

FOLK USE

Take a Goksura and impure carbonate of potash 5 parts, each make a decoction in the usual way.Dose: 1 drachm used in painful micturition.

Take Goksura 10, carbonate of iron and lime 6, cinnamomum cassia 5, cardamoms 6, sugar 10 parts mix and make a powder.Dose: 10-15 grains used in jaundice.

Take a Goksura 4 drs, terminalia chebula 3 drs, oxalis corniculate 3 drs, mix and reduce the whole to a fine powder.Dose: ½-1 drachm 3 times a day used in gonorrhoea, gleets and genitor urinary diseases.

43

SUBSTITUTES

The fruits of pedalium murex linn are occassionally substituted being often considered as a larger form.

45

ACTION AND USE IN AYURVEDA AND SIDDHA

Madhura rasam, seetha veeryam, mootralam, vrishyam, dipanam, balakaram, pusthikaram in asmari, prameham, arsas, krichram, swasa, kasam, hridrogam

Action and use in Unani:Murakabul, khuva, diuretic, aphrodisiac, increases semen removes

stones, causes nuzj in madda, in colic due to heat.

47

PHYTO CHEMISTRY

The drug Goksura - Tribulus terrestris linn in India has been traditionally used in Ayurvedic medicine.The constituents of the fruit are,1. An alkaloid - 0.001%2. A fixed oil - 3.5%3. An essential oil in small quantities4. Fair amount of nitrates.The other constituents found in,

Herb is Harman, diosgenin, gitogenin and chlorogenin Seed- Harmine and saponin Leaves- Glycosides Stem- Polysaccharides

49

VISHISHTA YOGA

Goksuradi churna Goksuradi Guggulu Goksuradi avaleha Goksuradi kwatha Goksuradi modakam Dashamoolarista Dashamoola kwatha Trikantakadya ksheera Trikantakadi kwatha Trikantakadi beeja churna Swadamstra ghritam Swadamstra Tailam Swadamstra Kashaya Swadamstra Panchakam Brhat varunadi kwatha Abhayarista

51

REFERENCES

›ddyy´dgTZ ¯df£d¬dZ ±®ddQg©d‰¬dIm¶QŠ©de±£d¯ddy¥d¦dZ | «d¥dgTdy Qf§d¦ddy ®dm°SdZ §dgeÝQÚdd¯«dTfUµTZ | §d‚«dyUµ Ûdd±dI¶d±dd¯d‰Z Im¶ŸJ…µUmµQ„dy›d ®dd£d¦dg£dŠ ||

[ªdd.e¦d.›dgNgµŸSddeQ ®d›d‰ 45-41] ›ddy´dgTdy «d¥dgTdy ®dm°Sddy Qf§d¦ddy

©d¬d§dge°LµIm¶£dŠ || ¯df£d¬ddy ©de±£d ®dd£dœ¦dy Qdy°dÎdSd e¦d®dU‰µPd«dŠ | UmµQ„dy›d«dyUµ Im¶ŸJ…µd¯«dÛdd±dI¶d±dè¡ddUµTZ || [Iz¶.e¦d.69-70]›ddy´dgTÙSd [´dgQ„›ddy´dgT - ©dmUµ£dŠ

›ddy´dgT] ±Sdd£d«dgªddz ›ddy´dgTI¶f ±dgTf£d¬ddz

©d¬d§d‚Qdy £ddy «d¥dgT ©dmaUµPdf Im¶ŸJ…µd¯«dTf «dyUµ e®dQdUµ¦dd¯d¦df T±ddSd¦df £dÎd ©dmUµ£dŠ ›dgPddy£dTZ || [Td.e¦d.¯dd£dd®deQ ®d›d‰. 43]

›ddy´dgTdy «djÎdIm¶ŸJ…µœ¦ddy ®dm°SdZ ±®ddQgZ ±d«dfTe¡d£dŠ | ¯dj¬dUmµQ„dy›d¯d«d¦ddy ©dmaUµPddy «dyUµ¦dd¯d¦dZ || [¥d.e¦d.]

T™£de§dÏdy - . . . .. . . ±®dQaÝ†ªdd ¯d£dd®dSdd‰a

T™£de§dÏd±dde¥d£da §dSdZ | ®dd¡dfI¶TPddy - ÛdQaÝ†d §dSd±dd . . . . . . ¦dTZ |

¡dTSd §df£d±ddTdyíe§d . . . . . . . || [¯ddyOµ¬d ›dQe¦d›d‚Uµ.2-9-58]

53

¯ddy¥dy - ŸdjPd‰ ÛdQaÝ†dR¶¬d®dde¡d›d

‰a¥dd . . . . . . | . . . . . ¯ddy¤da Ÿd I¶d±da e¦dUµe¦£d §dga±dd«dŠ ||[Td¡d «dd£dd‰PNµ]

Ad«d®dd£dy - ¯dgPMµf›ddy´dgT™®dd¤dZ §d‚d£dZ . . . . |

. . . . . I¶Lµf¯dj¬da §ddŸd¦da èIŠ¶§d‚Pdd¯d¦d«dŠ || [Ÿd¸¶QÏd 25-9]

I¶R¶¡d«djÎdIm¶ŸJy…µ ÛdQaÝ†deQ™®dd¤dZ ÛdQaÝ†de®d Ûd£ddySda ®dd I¶R¶Im¶ŸJ…

µe®d¦dd¯d¦d«dŠ | [Ÿd¸¶QÏd, «djÎdIm¶ŸJ…µ 32-13]

Te£d®dÕ‰¦dd¤d‰a ›ddy´dgTdeQ «ddyQI¶«dŠ ªdd®d§d‚I¶d¯d, ®dde¡dI¶T¦ddeQI¶T, 72/25-23

Im¶e£±d£d±daªddy›d¡d¦Sd ¦d§dga±dI¶£®dy §dSde£d ›ddy´dgT ŸdjPd‰a Jµd›d

´dfTyPd±dde¥d£da ±d«d¥dg | . . . . . . Sd¡¡de¦d£da Ig¶§d‚Sddy›dyPd ||

[ªdd.§d‚.®dd.72-49] UmµQ„dy›ddQSdZ eŸdeI¶£±ddSdda - Ÿd¸¶QÏd, UmµQ„dy›d, eŸd.31/27-30] A¯«dTf §d‚e£dI¶dTd¤d‰a eÎdI¶PLµI¶©df¡dŸdjPd‰«dŠ ÛdQaÝ†dœdm£d«dŠ [Ÿd¸¶QÏd, A¯«dTf .eŸd.34-

34] A¯«dSdd‰«dŠ - «dj¬da ÛdQaÝy†´dgI¶dyè©dgI¶d¦dŠ . . . . |

. . . . . §dySd e®d¦de¦£d ±d«dd¯«deT ªdyQ¦ddSd || [Ÿd.±d.eŸd.26-62]

54

eÎdI¶PLµI¶±Sd ©df¡dd¦dda . . . . . | . . . . . . . . . . ªdyQ¦da §dT«dŠ || [±dg.±d.eŸd.7-19, ®d‚Ô«dd¥d®d, 34-28]

›ddy´dgTI¶±Sd ©df¡dd¦dda . . . . . . | . . . . . §dd¦d¢Ÿdd¯«deT§dd£d¦d«dŠ || [UµeT£d.±d.3-31-13]

¯ddy°dTdy›d ŸdjPd‰a ÛdQaÝ†dR¶¬da ®dde¡d›d¦¥dd . . . . |

. . . . . ¯ddy°da Ÿd I¶d±da Ÿd e¦dUµe¦£d§dga±dd«dŠ || [Td¡d«dd£dd‰¦Nµ,12-3]

Ad«d®dd£dy ¯dgPMµf›ddy´dgTI¶ ™®dd¤dZ §d‚d£dZ

§d‚d£de¦d‰°dye®d£dZ || . . . . . . . . . . . èIŠ¶§d‚Pdd¯d¦d«dŠ ||

[Ÿd¸¶QÏd 25-9] T±ddSd¦d ŸdjPd‰a ÛdQaÝ†d«d¬dI¶d«dm£dd¦dda . . . . . |

. . . . . . . . . ±d«ddZ ¯d£da ¡df®de£dIm¶°PdIy¶¯dZ || [A.Umµ.D.39-160]

«djÎd«dd›d‰¡dŠT™£dàd®dy ¯d£dd®ddTf›ddy´dgTI¶Z Îdm£da ®dd . . . . . . . |

. . . . . . Sd¦dŠ «djÎd«dd›dd‰£dŠ ±dè¡da §d‚Sdde£d || [Ÿd.±d.eŸd.4-85]

«djÎdIm¶ŸJ…µ eŸd£±ddSdda ›ddy.§d‚Sddy›d eÎdI¶PLµI¶deQ ™®dd¤dZ

eÎdI¶PLµI¶dØa œdm£d«dŠ || [Ÿd¸¶QÏd 32/22-28]

«djÎdœdd£dy - eÎdI¶PLµI¶dØ ±dde¥d£da ´dfTa - [Ÿd¸¶QÏd 33-9]

A¯«dTf eŸd. ›ddy. Sddy›dd

55

ÛdQaÝ†deQ §dd¦dI¶«dŠ ÛdQaÝ†deQ I¶°ddSd [Ÿd¸¶QÏd, A¯«dTf. eŸd.34/30-31]

¯dIm¶¡¡dy «djÎdIm¶ŸJy…µ ™®dd¤da ›ddy´dgT©df¡d±Sd . . . . . |

. . . . . ¯dIm¶¡¡d¢Ÿd §df£dZ ¯dfœd‚a e®d¦dd¯dSdy£dŠ || [®dmÔ«dd¥d®d 32-16, ªdd.§d‚.eŸd.35-33, Ÿd¸¶QÏd]

A¯«dSdd‰Sd œdm£da ÛdQaÝ†d±®dT±dy¦d e±dÕ«dŠ |

´dfTyPd Ÿdz®ddÝ›dgPdy¦dŠ §dySd«dŠ || [Ÿd.±da.eŸd.26-74]

«djÎd«dd›dd‰£dŠ ±dè¡da §d‚®dmÏdy «djÎdy ›ddy´dgTIz¶Z Údm£da ®dd | [Ÿd.±da.eŸd.26-

74] ¡®dTUµT ©d¬ddeQ œdm£d ©d¬dda ÛdQaÝ†d©dmUµ£df I¶¬d±df

¥dd®d¦dfa | [Ÿd.eŸd.3/223] A¯«dTfªdyQ¦dd¤d‰«dŠ eÎdI¶PLµI¶¯Sd . . . . . . |

. . . . . . ±d§£ddUµ«d¯«dTf ªdyQ¦da e§d©dy£dŠ || [±dg.±d.eŸd.7]

ÛdQaÝ†d£dz¬d«dŠ ÛdQaÝ†d±®dT±d§d‚±¤ddz Ùdz ±d«ddz

§dSd±dd ±dUµ || . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Ÿd Qg›¥dy¦d §dySdd I¶¬§dZ §d‚¯d±Sd£dy || [Ÿd.±d.eŸd.28-146/148]

«djÎdIm¶ŸJy…µ ›ddy´dgèeU‰µ£dZ Im¶ŸJy…µ |

[A.Umµ.D.40-50] A¯«dTf Tdy›dy

56

eÎdI¶PLµI¶±Sd ©df¡dd¦dda. . . . . . | . . . . . §dySd«d¯«deT ¦dd¯d¦d«dŠ ||

[ªdd.§d‚.A¯«deTTdy›dde¥dI¶T 3-64] T™£de§dÏdy Q„d´dSdd §dePd‰¦dfeªd®dd‰ . . . . . . |

. . . . . T™£de¡d£dŠ ±dde¥d£da §dSdZ ||[®d‚Ô«dd¥d®d 9-98]

«djÎdIm¶ŸJy…µ ÛdQaÝ†dI¶PLµI¶dTfªSdda «djÎdIm¶ŸJy…µ

±d¥ddePd£d«dŠ || [Ÿd.±da.±dj.2-22] ÛdQaÝ†d±®dT±dy £dz¬da . . . . . . . . |

. . . . . Sddy¡Sda £dÎdde¦d¬dè¡dd§dUµ«dŠ ||[±dg.±da.D.59-19]

™®dd¤da ›ddy´dgT©df¡d±Sd . . . . .. | . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ÿd ¯dI‰¶Td¯«deT¦dd¯d¦d«dŠ ||

[®dmÔ«dd¥d®d, 32-16, ªdd.§d‚.eŸd.35-36] Iy¶¯d±da®d¥d‰¦d «ddy´dTe±£d¬d §dg°§ddePd . . . . . |

. . . . . . Iy¶¯d±da®d¥d¦da §dT«dŠ || [¯dT»ï¥ddT.±da.3-11-22]

«djÎdIm¶ŸJy…µ ®dyQ¦ddªdd«dŠ ™®dd¤da ±d§dÎd«dj¬d±Sd . . . . . . |

. . . . . . «djÎdIm¶ŸJ…µè¡dd§dUµ«dŠ ||[©d¦›d±dy¦d, «djÎdœdd£d, 30, ªdd.§d‚.eŸd.36-

30] «djÎd¸g¶ŸJy…µ ±¤d¬dÚdma›dd£dI¶R¶¬dz®dd‰ . . . . . |

. . . . . . ™¬dy¯de«d®dy¯ddy ¦d«d±I¶dTZ || [®dzØ «d¦ddyTd«d,7-3]

±d«dj¬d›ddy´dgT™®dd¤dZ e±d£dd«dde´dI¶±daSdg£dZ |

57

¦dd¯dSdy¦dŠ «dmÎdIm¶ŸJ…µdePd £d¤dd Ÿddyy§§d±d«dfTPd«dŠ || [¯dd.±da.2-2-109]

›dg¬«dyQde¥dI¶a œdm£d«dŠ ±dg°d®df §d¢Ÿd«dj¬Sddz Ùy ±ddÛd›d¦¥dd

§dg¦d¦d‰®dd I¶d¬dd eJµêdèUµd Ÿdz®d Td±¦dd ›ddy´dgTI¶dy ©d¬dd || [›d.e¦d.343]

58

BIBLIOGRAPHY

1. Indian medicinal plants- Krithikar K.R. and B.D. Basu

2. Botanical and vernacular names of South Indian plants- Magadi R. Gurudev

3. Bhavaprakasha nighantu- Chunker K.C.

4. Nighantu Adarsha- Bapalal Vaidya G. Varanasi

5. Dravya guna hastamalaka- Dwivedi Vishwanath

6. Madanaphala nighantu- Khamaraj shrikrishna Das

7. Shaligrama nighantu- Khamaraj shrikrishna Das

8. Haritakyadhi nighantu- Khamaraj shrikrishna Das

9. Ayurvedic pharmacology and therapeutic uses of the medicinal plants- Gogte vaidya V.M.

10.Indian material media, Bombay- Nadakarni K.R.

11.Dhanvantari nighantu- Prof. Sharma P.V. and Guruprasad Sharma varanasi

12.Kaiyadeva nighantu- Prof. Sharma P.V. and Guruprasad Sharma varanasi

13.Madava dravya guna- Prof. Sharma P.V. varanasi

14.Chakradatta- Prof. Sharma P.V. varanasi

15.Astanga nighantu- Prof. Sharma P.V.

16.Classical uses of medicinal plants- Prof. Sharma P.V.

17.Shiva kosha- Shivadatta Mishra

18.Glossary of vegetative drugs in Brihatroyees- Thakur Balwant Singh

19.Raja nighantu- Tripati Sri Indradeva

60

20.Goda nigraham21.Priya nighantu22.Medicinal plants used in Ayurveda

- K.C. Chunker Dr.Chote Lat Yadav, S.R. Sharma23.Vanoushadi nidarshika -24.Some controversial drugs in Indian medicine

- Dr. Bapalal Vaidya25.Ayurvedokta aushada niruktimala

-Dr. J.L.N. Shastri26.Dravya guna vijnana

- Dr. Gyanendra Pandey27.Indian medicinal plants

- Orient Longman28.The wealth of India 29.Indigenous drugs of India

- Rai Bahadur Kannylal Dev30.Shodala nighantu31.Hrudaya deepika nighantu32.Mahoushadi nighantu33.A dictionary of the flowering plants in India34.Medicinal plants in India II (Karnataka)35.Vegetative drugs in India36.Vernacular names of South Indian plants37.Flora of Coorg38.Flora of Nilagiri and Pulney hill tops (vol I & II)39.Medicinal plants of India – Tamil nadu (II)40.Shabda kalpa druma41.Flora of Ujjani district42.Single drug remedies

- N.S. Mooss43.Sahashrayogam

- Dr. Ram Nivas Sharma44.Flora of Madras

61

goksura (soumya n.)

Documents