go to section: water, water everywhere if you have ever seen a photograph of earth from space, you...
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Water, Water Everywhere
If you have ever seen a photograph of Earth from space, you know that much of the planet is covered by water. Water makes life on Earth possible. If life as we know it exists on some other planet, water must be present to support that life.
Section 2-2
Interest Grabber
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1. Working with a partner, make a list of ten things that have water
in them.
2. Exchange your list for the list of another pair of students. Did your lists contain some of the same things? Did anything on the other list surprise you?
3. Did either list contain any living things?
Section 2-2
Interest Grabber continued
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Objective: You will be able to differentiate between inorganic and organic compounds.
Do Now: Read all of page 44 Explain why carbon can create so many
different kinds of molecules
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Inorganic versus Organic compounds
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Types of Organic Compounds Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins
Nucleic Acids
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6
CCarbon12.011
Section 2-1
An Element in the Periodic Table
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Molecular Diversity Arising from Carbon Skeleton Variation
H
HH
H
H
H H H
H
H
H
H H H
H H H
H H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H H H H
H H
H H
H H H H
H H
H H
HH
HH
H
H
H
C C C C C
C C C C C C C
CCCCCCCC
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
CC
C
C
C
H
H
H
HH
H
H
(a) Length
(b) Branching
(c) Double bonds
(d) Rings
Ethane Propane
Butane 2-methylpropane(commonly called isobutane)
1-Butene 2-Butene
Cyclohexane Benzene
H H H HH
Figure 4.5 A-D
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Objective: You will be able to describe the structure and function of carbohydrates
Do Now: Read “Macromolecules” on p. 45Differentiate between monomers and polymers
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Functions
– Readily available source of energy– Energy storage– Strong building materials
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Structure
– Consists of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen
– Hydrogen and oxygen are always in a 2:1 ratio
– Can have a linear or a ring structure
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Figure 5.2 The synthesis and breakdown of polymers
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Figure 5.5 Examples of disaccharide synthesis
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Starch
Glucose
Section 2-3
Figure 2-13 A Starch
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Figure 5.6 Storage polysaccharides
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Figure 5.9 Chitin, a structural polysaccharide: exoskeleton and surgical thread
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Lipids have several functions:
Long term energy storage Make up cell membranes
Work as steroids
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Structure of Lipids
Consists of one glycerol and three fatty acids
Fatty acids are long chains of carbon and hydrogen
Greater than 2:1 ratio of hydrogen to oxygen
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Figure 5.10 The synthesis and structure of a fat, or triacylglycerol
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Figure 5.11 Examples of saturated and unsaturated fats and fatty acids
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Figure 5.14 Cholesterol, a steroid
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Objective: You will be able to describe the structure and function of nucleic acids.
Do Now:•Read “Nucleic Acids” on p. 47•List the parts of a nucleotide
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Nitrogenousbase
Nucleoside
O
O
O
O P CH2
5’C
3’CPhosphate
groupPentose
sugar
(b) NucleotideFigure 5.26
O
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1
2
3
Synthesis of mRNA in the nucleus
Movement of mRNA into cytoplasm
via nuclear pore
Synthesisof protein
NUCLEUS
CYTOPLASM
DNA
mRNA
Ribosome
AminoacidsPolypeptide
mRNA
Figure 5.25
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General structure Alanine Serine
Section 2-3
Figure 2-16 Amino Acids
Amino group Carboxyl group
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General structure Alanine Serine
Section 2-3
Figure 2-16 Amino Acids
Amino group Carboxyl group
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CarbonCompounds
include
that consist of
which contain
that consist of that consist of that consist of
which contain which contain which contain
Section 2-3
Concept Map
Carbohydrates Lipids Nucleic acids Proteins
Sugars and starches
Fats and oils Nucleotides Amino Acids
Carbon,hydrogen,
oxygen
Carbon,hydrogen,
oxygen
Carbon,hydrogen,oxygen, nitrogen,
phosphorus
Carbon,hydrogen,oxygen,
nitrogen,
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General structure Alanine Serine
Section 2-3
Figure 2-16 Amino Acids
Amino group Carboxyl group
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Aminoacids
Section 2-3
Figure 2-17 A Protein
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Matter and Energy
Have you ever sat around a campfire or watched flames flicker in a fireplace? The burning of wood is a chemical reaction—a process that changes one set of chemicals into another set of chemicals. A chemical reaction always involves changes in chemical bonds that join atoms in compounds. The elements or compounds that enter into a chemical reaction are called reactants. The elements or compounds produced by a chemical reaction are called products. As wood burns, molecules of cellulose are broken down and combine with oxygen to form carbon dioxide and water vapor, and energy is released.
Section 2-4
Interest Grabber
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1. What are the reactants when wood burns?
2. What are the products when wood burns?
3. What kinds of energy are given off when wood burns?
4. Wood doesn’t burn all by itself. What must you do to start a fire? What does this mean in terms of energy?
5. Once the fire gets started, it keeps burning. Why don’t you need to keep restarting the fire?
Section 2-4
Interest Grabber continued
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2–4 Chemical Reactions and EnzymesA. Chemical Reactions
B. Energy in Reactions
1. Energy Changes
2. Activation Energy
C. Enzymes
D. Enzyme Action
1. The Enzyme-Substrate Complex
2. Regulation of Enzyme Activity
Section 2-4
Section Outline
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Reaction pathwaywithout enzyme Activation energy
without enzyme
Activationenergywith enzymeReaction pathway
with enzyme
Reactants
Products
Section 2-4
Effect of Enzymes
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Energy-Absorbing Reaction Energy-Releasing Reaction
Products
Products
Activation energy
Activation energy
Reactants
Reactants
Section 2-4
Figure 2-19 Chemical Reactions
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Energy-Absorbing Reaction Energy-Releasing Reaction
Products
Products
Activation energy
Activation energy
Reactants
Reactants
Section 2-4
Figure 2-19 Chemical Reactions
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Glucose
Substrates
ATP
Substratesbind toenzyme
Substratesare convertedinto products
Enzyme-substratecomplex
Enzyme(hexokinase)
ADPProducts
Glucose-6-phosphate
Productsare released
Section 2-4
Figure 2-21 Enzyme Action
Active site
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Glucose
Substrates
ATP
Substratesbind toenzyme
Substratesare convertedinto products
Enzyme-substratecomplex
Enzyme(hexokinase)
ADPProducts
Glucose-6-phosphate
Productsare released
Section 2-4
Figure 2-21 Enzyme Action
Active site
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Glucose
Substrates
ATP
Substratesbind toenzyme
Substratesare convertedinto products
Enzyme-substratecomplex
Enzyme(hexokinase)
ADPProducts
Glucose-6-phosphate
Productsare released
Section 2-4
Figure 2-21 Enzyme Action
Active site
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Glucose
Substrates
ATP
Substratesbind toenzyme
Substratesare convertedinto products
Enzyme-substratecomplex
Enzyme(hexokinase)
ADPProducts
Glucose-6-phosphate
Productsare released
Section 2-4
Figure 2-21 Enzyme Action
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Atomic Structure
Energy Levels and Ionic Bonding
Covalent Bonding
Enzymatic Reactions
Career links on forensic scientists
Interactive test
Articles on organic chemistry
For links on properties of water, go to www.SciLinks.org and enter the Web Code as follows: cbn-1022.
For links on enzymes, go to www.SciLinks.org and enter the Web Code as follows: cbn-1024.
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