glycolysis & respiration -or- how to release the energy stored in the glucose
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Glycolysis & RespirationGlycolysis & Respiration
-Or-
How to release the energy stored in the glucose.
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The Main GoalThe Main Goal ? ?
= To make as much ATP as possible!= To make as much ATP as possible!
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Glucose (CGlucose (C66HH1212OO66))
• Recall that this molecule stored the energy of the sun in chemical form during photosynthesis.
• Now we have to release this energy so that it can be used efficiently.
• A fire releases this same energy but inefficiently (all at once) and much of the energy escapes as heat!
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GlycolysisGlycolysis
• -lysis: to break down. Glyco- refers to the glucose.(remember Hydrolysis)
• Glycolysis breaks down glucose and gets it ready for the next step.
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GlycolysisGlycolysis• Glucose 2 PGAL 2 Pyruvic Acids (6-Carbon) (3-Carbon) (3-Carbon)
• Draw Figure 4.10 on page 113 in text.Draw Figure 4.10 on page 113 in text.
• In the process of breaking glucose down from a six-carbon sugar to (2) three-carbon acids some energy is captured by the cell in the form of 6 ATP molecules.
• Remember, ATP is like the batteries for the cell.
NET ATP GAIN= 2 ATPNET ATP GAIN= 2 ATP
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RespirationRespiration• Takes place in the mitochondria.
• Takes the pyruvic acidpyruvic acid from glycolysis and gets more energy out of it.
• First changes Pyruvic acid (a 3-carbon compound) and drops off a carbon dioxide molecule leaving the 2-carbon molecule called acetic acidacetic acid..
• (Where have you heard of that before?)
Vinegar!Vinegar!
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Respiration—Kreb’s CycleRespiration—Kreb’s Cycle• In the Krebs Cycle acetic acid (yuk!) is first
changed into citric acid.• (Where have you heard of that before?)• From here it goes through a number of steps
which release CO2 and high energy compounds like NADH (no P), and FADH2.
• Kreb’s produces the CO2 that you exhale.
Citrus fruit (much better!)
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RespirationRespiration
• This is the beginning of
Pyruvic Acid -C3
Acetic Acid -C2
CO2
Citric Acid -C6
C4
From glycolysis
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Citric Acid -C6
CO2
C5
CO2
C4
C4Changes its structure
C4
C4
Changes its structure
C4
Acetic Acid -C2Changes its structure
Changes its structure
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Citric Acid -C6
C5
CO2
CO2
C4
C4
C4
C4
C4
Acetic Acid -C2
NAD+
NADH
NADH
NAD+
GDPGTPFAD+
FADH2
NAD+
NADH
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• As a result
– 2 CO2 are given off
– 3 NADH are made
– 1 FADH2 is made
– 1GTP is made
These are high energy molecules that will go to make ATP molecules
NET ATP GAIN = 2 ATPNET ATP GAIN = 2 ATP
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RespirationRespiration
• The final electron acceptor is oxygen.
• When glycolysis and respiration are finished the result is that 36 ATP molecules have been produced.
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Total Breakdown of GlucoseTotal Breakdown of GlucoseGlucose
Glycolysis
Pyruvic Acid
Kreb’s Cycle
ETC
2 ATP
2 ATP
32 ATP !!!
TOTAL =TOTAL =
36 ATP FOR 36 ATP FOR EVERY EVERY GLUCOSE.GLUCOSE.
Only when OOnly when O22 is present is present
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RespirationRespiration
• The overall reaction for The overall reaction for respirationrespiration is: is:
C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6H2O
• The overall reaction for The overall reaction for photosynthesisphotosynthesis was was:
6CO2 + 6H2O C6H12O6 + 6O2
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ComparisonsComparisons• Photosynthesis has two reactions called the light and
dark reactions.• The dark (light independent) reaction of
photosynthesis was called the Calvin Cycle because it had no clear cut end product.
• Energy production is broken down into two reactions - glycolysis and respiration.
• Respiration can also be called the Krebs (or citric acid) Cycle because there is no clear cut end product.
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