glossary introductionbbresources.s3.amazonaws.com/sites/3/buildup4_wb_append...amusement park...

museum /lqI'hALl/� museomusic shop /'lqIhBY�iFU/� tenda de músicaocean /'Nim/� océanooffice /'FcBg/� oficinaoptician /FU'WBim/� óptica/aoven /'Jdm/� fornoplate /UoMW/� pratopost office /'UNgW�FcBg/� oficina de correosreporter /pB'UGWL/� xornalista, reporteiro/ariver /'pBdL/� ríosailor /'gMoL/� mariñeiro/asausage /'gFgBb/� salchichascarf /gYEc/� bufanda; panosink /gBnY/� lavabosofa /'gLHcL/� sofástadium /'gWCBXiLl/� estadiosweater /'grCWL/� xerseiswimsuit /'grBlgIW/� traxe de bañotablecloth /'WMVoYoFe/� manteltheatre /'eBLWL/� teatrotiger /'WOZL/� tigrevacuum cleaner /'dDYqHLl�YoAmL/� aspiradoravalley /'dDoi/� valwatch (n) /rFa/� reloxoyoghurt /'qFZLW/� iogur

Unit 1amusement park /L'lqIhlLmW�UEY/� parque de atraccións

backpack /'VDYUDY/� mochilabeach /VAWi/� praiaboarding card /'VGXBn�YEX/� tarxeta de embarquecable car /'YMVo�YE/� teleféricocamera /'YælLpL/� cámaracampsite /'YælUgOW/� área de acampadacastle /'YEgo/� castelochurch /WiKa/� igrexaclimber /'YoOlL/� escalador/acredit card /'YpCXBW�YEX/��tarxeta de créditodiary /'XOLpi/� axenda; diariodump /XJlU/� vertedoiroessay /'CgM/� ensaio, redacciónheadquarters /kCX'YrGWLh/� oficina central, sedehuman rights /kqIlLm�'pOWg/� dereitos humanosincrease /Bm'YpAg/� aumentar, acrecentar

introdUction

actor /'DYWL/� actor, actrizairport /'CLUGW/� aeroportoart gallery /'EW�ZDoLpi/� galería de arteastronaut /'DgWpLmGW/� astronautabakery /'VMYLpi/� panadaríabath /VEe/� bañeirabeans /VAmh/� feixóns, feixós, xudíasbelt /VCoW/� cintobiscuit /'VBgYBW/� galletabread /VpCX/� panbroccoli /'VpFYLoi/� brócolibus station /'VJg�gWMim/� estación de autobusesbutcher’s /'VHaLh/� carnizaríabutter /'VJWL/� manteigachair /aS/� cadeirachef /iCc/� chef, cociñeiro/acinema /'gBmLlL/� cine, cinemacliff /YoBc/� cantil; barronca, precipiciocupboard /'YJVLX/� armariocurtains /'YKWBmh/� cortinasdentist /'XCmWBgW/� dentistadepartment store /XB'UEWlLmW�gWG/� grandes almacéns

desert /'XChLW/� desertodishwasher /'XBirFiL/� lavalouzadoctor /'XFYWL/� doutor/a, médico/aearrings /'BLpBnh/� pendentesegg /CZ/� ovoelectric kettle /BoCYWpBY�'YCWo/� fervedor eléctrico (de auga)

engineer /CmbB'mBL/� enxeñeiro/afactory /'cæYWpi/� fábricafield /cAoX/� campo, eidofish /cBi/� pescado, peixeforest /'cFpBgW/� bosquefridge /cpBb/� frigorífico, neveirafruit /cpIW/� froitaglass /ZoEg/� vasohair dryer /'kCL�XpOL/� secador (de pelo)hairdresser /'kCLXpCgL/� perruqueiro/ajungle /'bJnZo/� xungla, selvalake /oMY/� lagolamp /oDlU/� lámpadalibrary /'oOVpLpi/� biblioteca

GLoSSArY

1Build up 4 Galician © B Burlington Books

items /'OWLlh/� obxectos, artigoslitter /'oBWL/� lixomarket /'lEYBW/� mercadomobile phone /lNVOo�'cNm/� teléfono móbilmoney belt /'lJmi VCoW/�bolsa de cinturamonument /'lFmqHlLmW/� monumentomurderer /'lKXLpL/� asasino/anational park /mDimLo�'UEY/� parque nacionalnecklace /'mCYoLg/� colarpack (v) /UDY/� facer a equipaxe, pór, poñer / meter (na maleta)

passport /'UEgUGW/� pasaporteport /UGW/� portopub /UJV/� bar, pubresort /pB'hGW/� complexo turísticosquare /gYrS/� prazastormy /'gWGli/� turbulento/asuitcase /'gIWYMg/� maletasurvey /'gKdM/� enquisa, estudotonne /WJm/� toneladatop /WFU/� cumio, cumevisitors’ centre /'dBhBWLh�gCmWL/� centro de visitantesvolunteer /dFoLm'WBL/� voluntario/ayouth hostel /'qIe�kFgWo/� albergue xuvenil

Unit 2alarm /L'oEl/� alarmaarrest /L'pCgW/� arrestarbe worth /VA�'rKe/� valercatch /YDa/� coller, atraparclue /YoI/� pista, indiciocomplain /YLl'UoMm/� queixarsecriminal /'YpBlBmo/� delincuente, criminaldrawer /XpG/� caixónelderly/'CoXLoi/� maior, de idade avanzadaevidence /'CdBXLmg/� proba(s)examine /BZ'hDlBm/� inspeccionar, esculcar, examinar

fingerprint /'cBnZLUpBmW/� pegada dixitalfootprint /'cHWUpBmW/� pegada, pisadaguard /ZEX/� vixiar, custodiarinvestigate /Bm'dCgWBZCBW/� investigarlarge /oEb/� grande, importantelobby /'oFVi/� vestíbulomess /lCg/� desfeita, desordenature reserve /'mMaL�pBhKd/� reserva naturalpiece of art /UAg�Fd�'EW/� obra de artepunishment /'UJmBilLmW/� castigo

reception desk /pB'gCUim�XCgY/� recepciónreward /pB'rGX/� recompensarobber /'pFVL/� ladrón/oa

robbery /'pFVLpi/� rouboroll /pNo/� correr; caerrun away /pJm�L'rCB/� escapar, fuxirsafe (adj) /gMc/� a salvosafe (n) /gMc/� caixa fortescreen /gYpAm/� pantallasearch /gKa/� procurar, rexistrar, buscarsecurity guard /gB'YqHLpLWi ZEX/� garda xurado / de seguridade, seguranza

shoot /iIW/� dispararsolve /gFod/� resolversteal /gWAo/� roubarsuspect /'gJgUCYW/� sospeitoso/asuspicious /gL'gUBiLg/� sospeitoso/avictim /'dBYWBl/� vítimawaterhole /'rGWLkNo/� pía, charqueiraweapon /'rCULm/� armawitness /'rBWmLg/� testemuña

Unit 3advertisement /LX'dKWBglLmW/� anuncioamazingly /L'lMhBnoi/� incribelmente, de xeito incríbel

amusing /L'lqIhBn/� divertido/a, gracioso/aarticle /'EWBYo/� artigoatmosphere /'DWlLgcR/� ambiente, atmosferabest-seller list/VCgW'gCoL�oBgW/� listaxe dos máis vendidos

blog /VoFZ/� blogbook/film review /'VHY/'cBol�pBdqI/� crítica / recensión de libro/película

career /YL'pBL/� carreira profesionalcinnamon /'gBmLlLm/� canelacomic /'YFlBY/� cómic, banda deseñadacomplicated /'YFlUoBYMWBX/� complicado/a, complexo/a

creative /YpA'MWBd/� creativo/acritical /'YpBWBYo/� crítico/adepressing /XB'UpCgBn/� deprimente disability /XBgL'VBoLWi/� discapacidade

educational /CXjH'YMiLmo/� educativo/a, instrutivo/a

encourage /Bm'YJpBb/� animar / alentar aencouraging /Bm'YJpBbBn/� alentador/aencyclopedia entry /BmgOYoL'UAXiL�CmWpi/� entrada da enciclopedia

2

glossary

Build up 4 Galician © B Burlington Books

entertaining /CmWL'WCBmBn/� entretido/a, ameno/afail /cMo/� fracasarflour /'coPL/� fariñagenre /'jEmpL/� xéneroimaginative /B'lDbBmLWBd/� imaxinativo/ainstruction manual /Bm'gWpJYim�lDmqHLo/� manual de instrucións

label /'oCBVo/� etiquetalaundry /'oGmXpi/� lavandaríaletter /'oCWL/� cartamanagement /'lDmBblLmW/� controlmidnight /'lBXmOW/� medianoitenoon /mIm/� mediodía novel /'mFdo/� novelanutrition fact /mqI'WpBim�cæYW/� valor nutricionalplay (n) /UoM/� obra (de teatro)poem /'UNBl/� poema, poesíarecipe /'pCgLUi/� receita (de cociña)report (n) /pB'UGW/� informerescue /'pCgYqI/� rescatarscholar /'gYFoL/� estudoso/ascience fiction /gOLmg�'cBYim/� ficción científicaserious /'gBLpiLg/� serio/asingle /'gBno/� solteiro/askill /gYBo/� habelencia, habilidade, mañasucceed /gLY'gAX/� conseguir, acadar, triunfartext message /'WCsW�lCgBb/� mensaxe de textotravel guide /'Wpædo�ZOX/� guía turística / de viaxetrend /WpCmX/� moda, tendenciaunusual /Jm'qIjHLo/� pouco común / correntewebsite /'rCVgOW/� sitio webyoungster /'qJngWL/� mozo/a

Unit 4anesthetic /DmLg'eCWBY/� anestesia, anestésicobandage /'VDmXBb/� vendaxebeat (n) /VAW/� latexobone /VLHm/� ósobrass /VpEg/� latónbreathe out /VpAf�'PW/� exhalar, expirarcarbon dioxide /YEVNm�XO'FYgOX/� dióxido de carbono

clay /YoCB/� arxila, barrocotton /'YFWm/� algodóncrack /YpDY/� agretarsedefinitely /'XCcBmLWoi/� definitivamente, sen dúbidadevelopment /XB'dCoLUlLmW/� avancediscovery /XB'gYJdLpi/� descubrimento, descuberta

disease /XB'hAh/� enfermidade, doenzadrop /XpFU/� botar, verterfist /cBgW/� puñofizzy /'cBhi/� con gasgerms /bKlh/� xermes, microbiosget rid of /ZCW�'pBX�Fd/� desfacerse / liberarse deglass /ZoEg/� cristal, vidrogold /ZLHoX/� ouroheart /kEW/� corazónheat /kAW/� quentarinjury /'BmbLpi/� ferida, mancaduraleather /'oCfL/� coiro, pellift /oBcW/� erguerlung /oJn/� pulmónmelt /lCoW/� derreter(se), fundir(se)mould /lNoX/� mofo, balormuscle /'lJgo/� músculopainful /'UCBmco/� doloroso/apaper /'UMUL/� papelpatient /'UMimW/� pacienteperform /UL'cGl/� realizar, levar a caboplastic /'UoDgWBY/� plásticoporcelain /'UGgLoBm/� porcelanapot /UFW/� cazarola, cazola

procedure /UpL'gAbL/� intervención; procedemento

role /pLHo/� papel, rolrub out /pJV�'PW/� borrarrubber /'pJVL/� goma, cauchosanitation /gDmB'WMim/� hixiene, desinfecciónsilk /gBoY/� sedasilver /'gBodL/� pratasmallpox /'glGoUFYg/� varíolastove /gWNd/� estufasulphur /'gJocL/� xofresurgery /'gKbLpi/� cirurxíasurgical /'gKbBYo/� cirúrxico/asyrup /'gBpLU/� xaropetonic /'WFmBY/� tónico, reconstituíntetreatment /'WpAWlLmW/� tratamentotyre /'WOL/� pneumáticovaccine /'dDYgAm/� vacinawax /rDYg/� cerawood /rHX/� madeirawool /rHo/� la

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glossary


Unit 5alarming /L'oElBn/� alarmantecarousel /YDpL'gCo/� cabaliños, carruselchild-friendly /'WiOoXcpCmXoi/� adaptado/a / axeitado para nenos/as

childhood /'WiOoXkHX/� infanciacoffee grounds /'YFci ZpPmXh/� pousos / borra do café

deforestation /XAcFpB'gWMim/� deforestacióndrought /XpPW/� secaendangered animals /BmXMmbLX�'DmBlLoh/� animais en perigo de extinción

equation /B'YrMjm/� ecuaciónfabulous /'cDVqLoLg/� fabuloso/a, estupendo/aflood /coJX/� inundación, asolagamentoglobal warming /ZoNVo�'rGlBn/� quecemento global

go round /ZLH�'pPmX/� xirarheadmaster /kCX'lEgWL/� director (de colexio)heatwave /'kAWrMd/� vaga de calorhunger /'kJnZL/� famehurricane /'kJpBYLm/� furacánimpossible /Bl'UFgLVo/� imposíbelimpressive /Bl'UpCgBd/� impresionanteinappropriate /BmL'UpNUpiLW/� inadecuado/a, pouco axeitado/a

inconvenient /BmYLm'dAmiLmW/� inconveniente, inoportuno/a

litter /'oBWL/� lixomelting /'lCoWBn/� que se derretenightmare /'mOWlS/� pesadeloplant /UoEmW/� plantapollution /UL'oIim/� contaminaciónpredict /UpB'XBYW/� predicir, prognosticarprovide /UpL'dOX/� subministrar, fornecerpump (n) /UJlU/� bombapump (v) /UJlU/� bombearrecycling /pA'gOYoBn/� reciclaxerenewable energy /pB'mqILVo�CmLbi/� enerxía(s) renovábel(ábeis)

sensitive /'gCmgLWBd/� sensíbeltank /WDnY/� depósito, tanqueterrible /'WCpLVo/� terríbel, arrepiantetuna /'WqImL/� atúnunforgettable /JmcL'ZCWLVo/� inesquecíbelunfortunately /Jm'cGaLmLWoi/� lamentabelmente, desafortunadamente

urgent /'KbLmW/� urxentewildfire /'rOoXcOL/� lume devastadorwildlife /'rOoXoOc/� fauna e flora

Unit 6amazing /L'lMhBn/� asombroso/a; incríbelannounce /L'mPmg/� anunciarapologise /L'UFoLbOh/� desculparsebe in shape /VA�Bm�'iMU/� estar en formabreak a record /VpMY�L�'pCYGX/� superar unha marcachallenge /'WiDoLmb/� desafío, retochampion /'aDlUiLm/� campión/oacitizen /'gBWBhm/� cidadán/ácoach /YNWi/� adestrador/acomplain /YLl'UoMm/� queixarsecounty /'YPmWi/� condadodecide /XB'gOX/� decidirdye /XO/� tinguir, tinxirembarrassed /Bl'VDpLgW/� avergoñado/a, avergonzado/a

explain /BY'gUoMm/� explicarfinish line /'cBmBi�oOm/� liña de metaground floor /'ZpPmX�coG/� planta baixa, andar baixo

head /kCX/� director/ahope /kNU/� agardar, esperarinform /Bm'cGl/� informarjail /bMo/� cárcere, cadea, prisiónlatest /'oMWBgW/� último/amatch /læWi/� partidoparticipant /UE'WBgBULmW/� participanterace /pMg/� carreiraraise /pMh/� recadar; erguerrealise /'pALoOh/� decatarsereferee /pCcL'pA/� árbitro/arefuse /pB'cqIh/� negarse, rexeitarreport (v) /pB'UGW/� informar descore a goal /gYG�L�'ZNo/� meter un golsmoke signals /'glNY�gBZmLoh/� sinais de fumespread /gUpCX/� difundir, espallarsurf the Internet /gKc�fL�'BmWLmCW/� navegar por internet

talent /'WDoLmW/� talentotax /WæYg/� impostoteam /WAl/� equipotown crier /WPm�'YpOL/� pregoeiro/awarn /rGm/� avisar, advertirwinner /'rBmL/� gañador/a

4

glossary


Unit 7amphibian /Dl'cBViLm/� anfibio/aant /DmW/� formigabat /VDW/� morcegobear /VCL/� oso/abend /VCmX/� dobrarchimpanzee /aBlUDm'hA/� chimpancéclearly /'YoBLoi/� claramente, con claridadecompete /YLl'UAW/� competircondition /YLm'XBim/� afección, enfermidadeconduct /'YFmXJYW/� levar a cabo, realizarcrab /YpDV/� caranguexocrocodile /'YpFYLXOo/� crocodilocrow /YpN/� corvodonkey /'XFnYi/� burro/afast /cEgW/� axiña, rapidamentegently /'bCmWoi/� con coidado, con delicadezagoat /ZNW/� cabragoose /ZIg/� oca, gansogradually /'ZpDbHLoi/� pouco a poucohen /kCm/� galiñahook /kHY/� gancho, garfohousehold items /'kPgkLHoX�OWLlh/� artigos para o fogar

loud /oPX/� forte, alto/amake sense /lMY�'gCmg/� ter sentidomammal /'lDlo/� mamífero/a

normally /'mGlLoi/� normalmente, con normalidade

patiently /'UMimWoi/� pacientemente, con pacienciapeacock /'UAYFY/� pavo/a real, pavónpolitely /UL'oOWoi/� con educación, con amabilidade

properly /'UpFULoi/� axeitadamente, apropiadamente

sheep /iAU/� ovella(s)short-term memory /'iGWWKl�lClLpi/� memoria a curto prazo

sperm whale /'gUKl�rMo/� cachalotespider /'gUOXL/� arañasquirrel /'gYrBpLo/� esquíostraight /gWpMW/� recto/astrangely /'gWpMmboi/� de maneira estrañasuddenly /'gJXLmoi/� de súpeto, de socatotracing paper /'WpCBgBn�UMUL/� papel de calcoupside down /JUgOX�'XPm/� ao revéswire /'rOL/� aramio, arame

Unit 8ambition /Dl'VBim/� ambiciónbe certain /VA�'gKWm/� estar certo/a, ter a certezabe the first /VA�fL�'cKgW/� ser o primeiro/abeak /VAY/� bico, peteirobeat (v) /VAW/� bater / gañar abeg /VCZ/� rogar, suplicarbrave /VpMd/� valentedefeat (n) /XB'cAW/� derrota, fracasodetermined (adj) /XB'WKlBmX/� decidido/a, resolto/adisappointed /XBgL'UQmWBX/� decepcionado/a, desilusionado/a

dishonour /XBg'FmL/� deshonraeast /AgW/� lesteequipment /B'YrBUlLmW/� equipo, materialexplore /BY'gUoG/� explorarexplorer /BY'gUoGpL/� explorador/aface problems /cMg�'UpFVoLlh/� enfrontarse a / arrostrar problemas

finch /cBma/� pimpín (ave)

frozen /'cpNhm/� conxelado/ageographical features /bAL'ZpDcBYLo�cAaLh/� accidentes xeográficos

get nervous /ZCW�'mKdLg/� poñerse / pórse nervioso/a

give up /ZBd�'JU/� abandonar, renderse (~ hope: perder a esperanza)

go on /ZLH�'Fm/� continuar, seguirinfluential /BmcoH'Cmio/� influente, prestixioso/ajourney /'bKmi/� viaxemedical school /'lCXBYo�gYIo/� facultade de medicina

mile /lOo/� millaname /mMl/� chamar, bautizarnorth /mGe/� norteNorwegian /mG'rAbm/� noruegués, esaon your own /Fm�qG�'Nm/� (ti) só/soaprize /UpOh/� premioproud /UpPX/� orgulloso/areach your destination /pAa�qG�XCgWB'mMim/� chegar ao teu destino

route /pIW/� ruta, camiñorun out of /pJm�'PW�Fd/� quedar sen (algunha cousa)

set out /gCW�'PW/� saír, partirsleeping bag /'goAUBn�VDZ/� saco de durmirsouth /gPe/� sur South Pole /gPe�'UNo/� Polo Surstick /gWBY/� pau, vara

5

glossary


succeed /gLY'gAX/� conseguir, acadar, triunfarsurvive /gL'dOd/� sobrevivirtheory /'eBLpi/� teoríathrow out /epN�'PW/� expulsartravel by land / air / sea/Wpædo�VO�'oDmX/'CL/'gA/� viaxar por terra /ar / mar

variety /dL'pOLWi/� variedade, diversidade

voyage /'dQBb/� viaxe / travesía (en barco)west /rCgW/� oestewonder /'rJmXL/� preguntarse

Unit 9amused /L'lqIhX/� divertido/a, entretido/a (he was not ~: non lle fixo graza)

annoyed /L'mQX/� enfadado/a, molesto/a (get ~: enfadarse, molestarse)

antisocial /DmWi'gNio/� antisocialappointment /L'UQmWlLmW/� cita (make an ~: pedir hora / cita)

behaviour /VB'kMdqL/� comportamento, condutabill /VBo/� facturabridge /VpBXj/� ponte, vínculo, vencellochat /aDW/� parolar; chatearconfused /YLm'cqIhX/� confundido/a, desconcertado/a (get ~: enguedellarse, ensarillarse)

connect /YL'mCYW/� conectar, poñer / pór en contacto

delighted /XB'oOWBX/� encantado/aenergetic /CmL'bCWBY/� enérxico/a, cheo/a de enerxía

enthusiastic /BmeqIhi'DgWBY/� entusiasta, entusiasmado/a

exhausted /BZ'hGgWBX/� canso/a, esgotado/agive a rest /ZBd�L�'pCgW/� dar un descansogreet /ZpAW/� saudarhang out /kæn�'PW/� pasar o tempohardly /'kEXoi/� apenasheadache /'kCXMY/� dor de cabezaignore /BZ'mG/� ignorarinteract /BmWLp'DYW/� interaccionar, relacionarseirritable /'BpBWLVo/� irritábelisolate /'OgLoMW/� illar

keep in touch /YAU�Bm�'WJWi/� manter(se) en contacto

laptop computer /'oDUWFU�YLlUqIWL/� ordenador portátil

lift /oBcW/� erguer, alzarline /oOm/� liña (telefónica)log on /oFZ�'Fm/� conectarse (a internet)

lonely /'oNmoi/� só/soa, senlleiro/a, solitario/amark /lEY/� cualificación (escolar)miserable /'lBhpLVo/� malpocado/a, desgraciado/arequire /pB'YrOL/� requirir, necesitarschoolwork /'gYIorKY/� rendemento académicoshare /iS/� compartirshocked /iFYW/� sorprendido/a, perplexo/a, estupefacto/a

sweat /grCW/� suarupset /JU'gCW/� alterado/a, inquedo/a, anoxado/a (get ~: molestarse, anoxarse)

6

glossary


introdUction Unit

Classroom languageI forgot my pen. /O�cLZFW�lO�'UCm/� Esquecín o meu bolígrafo.Can you repeat that, please? /YLm�qI�pB'UAW�fDW�UoAh/� Podes repetir iso, por favor?How do you spell (jealous)? /kP�XL�qI�gUCo�('XjCoLg)/� Como se soletrea (jealous)?Should we read pages (22 and 23)? /iLX�ri pAX�UCBbBh�(WrCmWi 'WI�LmX�WrCmWi 'epA)/� Debemos / Deberiamos ler as páxinas (22 e 23)?

Unit 1

Getting aroundHow do I get to the (port)? /kP�XI�O�'ZCW�WI�fL�(UGW)/� Como vou / chego ao (porto)?How far is it? /kP�'cE�Bh�BW/� A que distancia está?Turn left. /WKm�'oCcW/� Xira á esquerda.Go straight. /ZLH�'gWpMW/� Sigue recto.How many would you like? /kP�'lCmi rHX�qI�oOY/� Cantos/as querías?I’d like (six) tickets. /OX�oOY�('gBYg)�WBYBWg/� Quería (seis) billetes / entradas.I’d like a double room. /OX�oOY�L�'XJVo�pIl/� Quería un cuarto dobre.It’s (£60) a night. /BWg�('gBYgWi�UPmXh)�L�mOW/� Son (60 libras) a noite.

Making plansWhy don’t we (visit a museum)? /rO�'XNmW�ri (dBhBW�L�lqIhALl)/� Por que non (imos a un museo)?How about (Madame Tussauds)? /'kP�LVPW�(lDXLl�WHgGXh)/� Que tal / che parece (Madame Tussauds)?Let’s (go to the theatre), too. /oCWg�(ZCH�WL�fL�'eBLWL)�WI/� (Imos / Vaiamos ao teatro) tamén.

Unit 2

Talking about past eventsWhat were you doing (yesterday evening)? /rFW�rL�qI�XIBn�(qCgWLXM�'AdmBn)/� Que estabas a facer (onte pola tarde)?

Who was with you? /kI�rLh�'rBf�qI/� Quen estaba contigo?What were you wearing? /rFW�rL�qI�'rCLpBn/� Que levabas posto?

InterviewingWhat happened? /rFW�'kDULmX/� Que ocorreu / sucedeu / pasou?What were you doing when (the suspect took out a gun)? /rFW�rL�qI�'XIBn�rCm�(fL�gJgUCYW�WHY�PW�L�ZJm)/� Que estabas a facer cando (o sospeitoso/a sacou unha pistola)?

What did the (robbers steal)? /rFW�XBX�fL�(pFVLh�'gWAo)/� Que (roubaron os ladróns/ladras)?Can you describe the (robbers)? /YLm�qI�XB'gYpOV�fL�(pFVLh)/� Podes describir os (ladróns/ladras)?What were they wearing? /rFW�rL�fM�'rCLpBn/� Que levaban posto?

Unit 3

Agreeing and disagreeingWhat?! I can’t believe it! /rFW�O�YEmW�VB'oAd�BW/� Que?! Non podo crelo!Well, that’s true. /rCo�'eDWg�WpI/� Pois é verdade.

SPEAKinG GUidE


How can you say that? /kP�YLm�qI�'gM�eDW/� Como podes dicir iso?Sorry, but I just don’t feel that way. /gFpi�VLW�O�bJgW�XNmW�'cAo�fDW�rM/� Perdoa, pero non penso que sexa así.

Making recommendationsHave you read (Twilight)? /kLd�qI�pCX�('WrOoOW)/� Liches (Crepúsculo)?It’s about (a girl and a boy). /BWg�L'VPW�(L�ZKo�LmX�L�VQ)/� Trata sobre (unha rapaza e un rapaz).The characters are (students). /�fL�'YæpLYWLh�E�(gWqIXmWg)/� Os personaxes son (estudantes).The plot is (exciting). /�fL�'UoFW�Bh�(BYgOWBn)/� O argumento é (emocionante).It’s very (entertaining). /BWg�'dCpi (CmWLWCBmBn)/� É moi (entretido/a).

Unit 4

Discussing an objectExcuse me, what’s this? /BY'gYqIg�lA�rFWg�fBg/� Desculpe, que é isto?Here, have a look. /kBL�kLd�L�'oHY/� Mira, bótalle unha ollada.It was made in (Italy). /BW�rLh�lMX�Bm�('BWLoi)/� Estaba feito/a / Fíxose en (Italia).What is it made of? /rFW�Bh�BW�'lMX�Fd/� De que está feito/a?It’s (beautiful), but it’s very (expensive). /BWg�('VqIWBco)�VLW�BWg�dCpi (BY'gUCmgBd)/� É (precioso/a), mais é moi (caro/a).

Talking about a processIs (Spanish) spoken in (Argentina)? /Bh�('gUDmBi)�gULHYLm�Bm�(EXjm'WAmL)/� Fálase / Falan (español) en (Arxentina)?

Were (vaccines) invented by (Jenner)? /rL�('dDYgAmh)�/BmdCmWBX�VO�('bCmL)/� Foron (as vacinas) inventadas por (Jenner)?

Unit 5

Making predictionsI think I’ll (go to Paris) this year. /O�eBnY�Oo�(ZCH�WL�'UDpBg)�fBg�qR/� Creo que (irei a París) este ano.I’m sure (Sue) will (help us). /Ol�'iHL�(gI)�rBo�(kCoU�Jg)/� Estou certo/a de que (Sue) (nos axudará).I predict (drought) will (end) one day. /O�UpB'XBYW�(XpPW)�rBo�(CmX)�rJm�XM/� Prognostico que (a seca) (rematará) algún día.

I imagine (pollution) will (increase). /O�B'læbBm�(ULoIim)�rBo�(BmYpAg)/� Imaxino que (a contaminación) (aumentará).

Discussing imaginary situationsIf I (were you), I would (use renewable energy). /Bc�'O�(rL�qI)�O�rHX�(qIh�pBmqILVo�CmLbi)/� Se (fose ti), eu (empregaría enerxías renovábeis).

Unit 6

Expressing an opinionPersonally, (I would love to try it).�/'UKgLmLoi (O�rHX�oJd�WI�WpO�BW)/� Persoalmente, (encantaríame intentalo).In my opinion, (it was amazing). /Bm�lO�L'UBmqLm�(BW�rLh�LlMhBn)/� Na miña opinión (foi incríbel).If you ask me, (it’s a dangerous idea). /Bc�qI�'EgY�lA�(BWg�L�XMmbLpLg�OXR)/� Se queres a miña opinión, (é unha idea perigosa).

Reporting a news itemI heard / read about�(a robbery).�/O�kKX/pCX�LVPW�(L�'pFVLpi)/� Oín / Lin acerca de (un roubo).The reporter /�article said that�(he gave unusual punishments).�/fL�pB'UGWL/'EWBYo�gCX�fDW�(kA�ZMd�JmqIjHLo�

UJmBilLmWg)/� O xornalista / artigo dicía que (impoñía castigos pouco correntes).The writer explained that (he gave fines for playing loud music). /fL�'pOWL�BYgUoMmX�fDW�(kA�ZMd�cOmh�cG�

UoMn�oPX�lqIhBY)/� O escritor/a explicou que (puña multas por poñer a música alta).


speaking guide

Unit 7

Expressing possibility and certaintyDefinitely. /'XCcBmLWoi/� Sen dúbida / Por suposto / Xaora.Probably. /'UpFVLVoi/� Probablemente / Seica.That’s one possibility. /eDWg�'rJm�UFgLVBoLWi/� Esa é unha posibilidade.I doubt it. /O�'XPW�BW/� Dubídoo.No way! /mN�'rM/� Nin falar!, Non tal!

Describing people, places and thingsIt’s an (animal) that (lives in swamps). /BWg�Dm�('DmBlo)�fDW�(oBdh�Bm�grFlUg)/� É un (animal) que (vive en pantanos).Is it a (crocodile)? /Bh�BW�L�('YpFYLXOo)/� É un (crocodilo)?

Unit 8

Reacting to suggestionsThat’s a nice idea! /eDWg�L�mOg�O'XR/� Esa é unha boa idea!Why didn’t I think of that? /rO�XBXmW�'O�eBnY�Fd�fDW/� Como non pensei niso?I’d rather not. /OX�'pEfL�mFW/� Preferiría que non.You must be joking! /qI�lJgW�VA�'bNYBn/� Debes estar de chanza!

Making decisionsWe have to /�We�don’t have to (take a computer).�/ri 'kLd�WI�/ri 'XNmW�kLd�WI�(WMY�L�YLlUqIWL)/� Temos / Non temos que (levar ordenador).

We must remember /�We mustn’t forget (sunscreen).�/�ri 'lJgW�pBlLlVL/ri 'lJgmW�cLZCW�(gJmgYpAm)/� Cómpre lembrarnos de / Non debemos esquecer (o protector solar).

Don’t you think we should (take a camera)? /'XNmW�qI�eBnY�ri iLX�(WMY�L�YælLpL)/� Non cres que deberiamos (levar cámara)?

It might be a good idea to (take toothpaste). /BW�'lOW�VA�L�ZHX�OXR�WL�(WMY�WIeUCBgW)/� Quizais sexa unha boa idea (levar pasta de dentes).

I can’t live without (a mobile phone). /O�'YEmW�oBd�rBfPW�(L�lNVOo�cNm)/� Non podo vivir sen (teléfono móbil).

Unit 9

Expressing preferencesI don’t really like (watching TV). /O�'XLHmW�pBLoi oOY�(rFaBn�WA�dA)/� En realidade non me gusta (ver a televisión).Don’t you just love /�hate�(rock music)?�/'XNmW�qI�bJgW�oJd/kMW�(pFY�lqIhBY)/� Non che encanta / odias (a música rock)?

Actually, I prefer (R & B). /'DYWiToi O�UpBcK�(E�mX�VA)/� En realidade, prefiro (o R & B).I’d much rather (meet friends). /OX�'lJa�pEfL�(lAW�cpCmXh)/� Prefiro moito máis (quedar cos amigos).

Making comparisons(Mobile phones) are better than (other phones). /('lNVOo�cNmh)�E�VCWL�fLm�('JfL�cNmh)/� (Os teléfonos móbiles) son mellores que (os outros teléfonos).

(My laptop computer) is the best (computer in the world). /(lO�'oDUWFU�YLlUqIWL)�Bh�fL�VCgW�(YLlUqIWL�Bm�fL��

rKoX)/� (O meu ordenador portátil) é o mellor (ordenador do mundo).(Diane) is more (enthusiastic) than (Ben). /(XO'Dm)�Bh�lG�(BmeqIhiDgWBY)�fLm�('VCm)/� (Diane) é máis (entusiasta) que (Ben).

(His brother) is the most (antisocial person I know). /(kBh�'VpJfL)�Bh�fL�lNgW�(DmWigNio�UKgm�O�mN)/� (O seu irmán) é a (persoa) máis (antisocial que coñezo).

Yes, but it’s / they’re too (expensive)./'qCg�VLW�BWg/fS�WI�(BY'gUCmgBd)/� Si, pero é / son (caro/a, caros/as) de máis.


speaking guide

INTRODUCTION

O Present Simple emprégase para expresar hábitos e verdades xerais e para falar de gustos, opinións e horarios.I often go swimming after school. (A miúdo vou nadar despois do colexio.)My sister cleans her room every Sunday. (A miña irmá limpa o seu cuarto todos os domingos.)They love dogs. (Encántanlles os cans.)

En afirmativa engádese -s á 3ª persoa do singular, mais aos seguintes verbos engádeselles -es:• Os rematados en ss, sh, ch e x: pass ➝ passes wash ➝ washes teach ➝ teaches mix ➝ mixes• Os rematados en o: do ➝ does go ➝ goes • Os rematados en consoante + y. Neste caso, cámbiase o y por un i: study ➝ studies carry ➝ carries pero play ➝ plays

A negativa fórmase poñendo don’t / doesn’t diante do verbo.I don’t play volleyball. (Non xogo ao voleibol.)

Para preguntar ponse do ou does + o suxeito + o verbo. Lembra que as respostas curtas só levan o pronome suxeito + do / does ou don’t / doesn’t, segundo cumpra.Do you study French? Yes, I do. / No, I don’t. (Estudas francés? Estudo. Si. / Non.)

Describe accións que están a ocorrer mentres falamos. Fórmase con to be en presente + o verbo principal rematado en -ing, e en negativa engadímoslle not ou n’t ao verbo to be. They are painting the wall. (Están a pintar a parede.)I’m not cooking dinner. (Non estou a cociñar a cea.)

En interrogativa o suxeito vai detrás de to be, e nas respostas curtas só empregamos am, is ou are en afirmativa ou negativa.Are they doing their homework? Yes, they are. / No, they aren’t. (Están a facer os deberes? Están. Si. / Non.)

Antes de lle engadir -ing a un verbo, repara nestas regras ortográficas:• Se remata en e mudo, perde esa letra:

come ➝ coming• Se é de 1 sílaba e remata en 1 vogal + 1 consoante, dóbrase a consoante:

fit ➝ fitting• Se remata nun l, dóbrao:

travel ➝ travelling• Se ten 2 sílabas e é palabra aguda, dobra a consoante final:

permit ➝ permitting• Se remata en ie, cámbianse estas dúas letras por un y:

lie ➝ lying

As expresións temporais máis empregadas co Present Continuous son now, right now e at the moment.

O Present Continuous

O Present Simple

GRammaR appeNDIx

10 Build up 4 Galician © B Burlington Books

1 �Complete�the�sentences�with�the�verbs�in�brackets.�Use�the�Present�Simple.

1. Mybabysisteralways (smile)atme.

2. you (buy)CDsatthatmusicshop?

3. Myparents (notdrink)coffeeinthemorning.

4. GeorgeandDave (listen)tojazzmusic.

5. Linda often

(notwin)swimmingcompetitions.

6. Bill (know)yourfriends?

7. Tom (carry)allhisbookstoschooleveryday.

8. yourfather

(drive)aredcar?

Check Yourself!2 �Complete�the�sentences�with�the�verbs�in�

brackets.�Use�the�Present�Continuous.

1. Thegirlsinmyclass

(plan)apartynow.

2. MrsGraham (notteach)usmathsrightnow.

3. yourparents

(cook)dinnernow?

4. Who (shout)rightnow?

5. He (repair)thewashingmachineatthemoment.

6. you (jog)intheparknow?

7. What you (do)rightnow?

8. They (notstudy)geographyatthemoment.

Contraste entre o Present Simple e o Present Continuous

O Present Simple fala de accións habituais, mentres que o Present Continuous sinala o que está a ocorrer no presente e que rompe a rutina.I often play basketball, but now I’m playing football. (Polo xeral xogo ao baloncesto, pero agora estou a xogar ao fútbol.)

Repara en que as expresións temporais axudan a distinguir un tempo verbal do outro.

Os verbos “estáticos”Empregamos os verbos estáticos para expresar sentimentos, gustos e desexos. Refírense a estados no canto de accións, polo que non se adoitan empregar na forma continua. Kevin likes watching crime films. (A Kevin gústalle ver películas policiais.)

Answers, see page 30

3 �Complete�the�sentences�with�the�verbs�in�brackets.�Use�the�Present�Simple�or�the��Present�Continuous.

1. Adam (play)theelectricguitarrightnow.

2. thechildrenusually (ride)theirbikesintheafternoon?

3. Myfriend (notgo)tosleepbefore12o’clockattheweekend.

4. Eric (listen)tohisfavouriteCDnow?

5. BobandJack (notsmile)atthemoment.

6. Rhoda (watch)basketballgameseverySaturday.

7. We (sail)onabigshipnow.

8. you (want)anewcomputergame?

11

GRAMMAR APPENDIX


O Past Simple

O Past Simple emprégase para expresar accións pasadas e para contar historias. Por iso adoita haber na frase algunha expresión temporal que sinale cando ocorreu a acción (in 2003, yesterday, last month, two weeks ago, etc.).Anne had lunch on the beach yesterday. (Anne comeu na praia onte.)

Lembra que aos verbos regulares engádeselles -ed seguindo estas regras ortográficas :

• Se remata en e mudo, engádese só o d: hate ➝ hated love ➝ loved• Se remata en consoante + y, cambia o y por un i: cry ➝ cried try ➝ tried pero play ➝ played• Se é de 1 sílaba e remata en 1 vogal + 1 consoante que non sexa w ou x, dóbrase a derradeira consoante: plan ➝ planned stop ➝ stopped pero fix ➝ fixed • Se ten 2 sílabas, remata en 1 vogal + 1 consoante e pronúnciase como palabra aguda, dóbrase a derradeira

consoante: prefer ➝ preferred regret ➝ regretted pero listen ➝ listened• Se remata nun l, dóbrase: travel ➝ travelled cancel ➝ cancelled

Os verbos irregulares son diferentes e cómpre saber de memoria as súas formas de pasado.

A negativa fórmase poñendo didn’t diante do verbo e é igual en todas as persoas do singular e do plural.The man didn’t find his passport. (O home non atopou o seu pasaporte.)

Para preguntar ponse did diante do suxeito e o verbo. Lembra que nas respostas curtas só levan o pronome suxeito e did ou didn’t, segundo corresponda.Did you take your credit card? Yes, I did. / No, I didn’t. (Colliches a túa tarxeta de crédito? Collín. Si. / Non.)

As preguntas con partículas interrogativas fórmanse do mesmo xeito; só cómpre poñelas ao comezo.What did she eat in the restaurant? (Que comeu no restaurante?)

UNIT 1

1 �Complete�the�sentences�with�the�verbs�below.�Use�the�Past�Simple.

notdo•notintroduce•stay•buynottake•go

1. We atabeautifulresort.

2. I tothebeachyesterday.

3. He anyphotographs.

4. They theirhomeworklastMonday.

5. She anewsuitcaseforherholiday.

6. You metoyourbrother.

2Write�questions�with�the�words�below.

1. they/enjoy/thetennismatch/yesterday

2. histeacher/shout/athim

3. where/yoursister/buy/thosejeans

4. you/kiss/yourmother/thismorning

5. when/yourbrother/come/home

6. what/yourfather/cook/fordinner/lastnight

12

GRAMMAR APPENDIX


Used to

Used to, que só ten a forma de pasado e vai seguido doutro verbo na forma base, expresa feitos ou estados que eran habituais noutro tempo e logo deixaron de selo. Tradúcese polo pretérito imperfecto do verbo “adoitar” ou do verbo que o segue.He used to write a diary. (El adoitaba escribir / escribía un diario.)

En afirmativa, como só ten forma de pasado, é o mesmo en todas as persoas do singular e do plural.We used to live near a castle. (Adoitabamos vivir / Viviamos preto dun castelo.)

A negativa fórmase coma sempre, con didn’t, e daquela used perde o d final.They didn’t use to go to church. (Non adoitaban ir / ían á igrexa.)

E en interrogativa poñemos did diante do suxeito e de use to.Did you use to go to the beach on Sundays? Yes, I did. / No, I didn’t. (Adoitabas ir? / Ías á praia os domingos? Si. / Non.)


Complete�the�sentences�with�the�verbs�in�brackets.�Use�the�Past�Simple.

1. We (eat)chocolatecakeyesterday.

2. Myparents (notwatch)thefilmonTVlastnight.

3. MrsGordon (explain)theproblem?

4. He (notrepair)thedishwasher.

5. theaeroplane (land)ontime?

6. Lisa (wear)hercyclingshoestwodaysago.

7. Thatman (notstop)attheredlight.

8. When you (arrive)inLondon?

Check Yourself!


Complete�the�sentences�with�the�verbs�in�brackets.�Use�the�correct�form�of�used to.

1. Myparents (live)inEngland.

2. I (noteat)broccoli,butnowIdo.

3. you (ski)whenyouwereyounger?

4. Mygrandmother (buy)fruitinthatmarket.

5. yourfriends (listen)totheBackstreetBoys?

6. Whenmysisterwasyounger,she (notdrink)coffee.

7. Mybrother (study)French.

8. thestudents (wear)uniformsatyourschool?

Check Yourself!

13

GRAMMAR APPENDIX


Emprégase para dicir o que estaba a ocorrer nun momento concreto do pasado e para describir dúas ou máis accións prolongadas e simultáneas no pasado, unidas por while ou as. Fórmase con was / were + o verbo principal rematado en -ing.The police officer was investigating a robbery yesterday morning. (O policía estaba a investigar un roubo onte pola mañá.)The robber was hiding while the police officer was looking for him. (O ladrón estábase a agochar mentres o policía estaba a procuralo.)

En negativa engádese not (ou n’t) a was e were.She wasn’t talking to the victim. (Non estaba a falar coa vítima.)

En interrogativa ponse was ou were + o suxeito + o verbo rematado en -ing. Nas respostas curtas emprégase o pronome suxeito e was / were ou wasn’t / weren’t.Were you looking for a clue? Yes, I was. / No, I wasn’t. (Estabas a procurar unha pista? Estaba. Si. / Non.)

As preguntas con partículas interrogativas fórmanse do mesmo xeito; só cómpre poñelas ao comezo.What was the suspect doing an hour ago? (Que estaba a facer o sospeitoso hai unha hora?)

UNIT 2


Check Yourself!

O Past Continuous

1� Complete�the�sentences�with�the�verbs�below.�Use�the�Past�Continuous.

jog•stand•try•examine•nothold•nottalk

1. Thepoliceofficer theevidenceforhoursafterthecrime.

2. Thesuspect tohidewhenthepoliceofficerwalkedintotheroom.

3. Therobber aweaponatthetimeoftherobbery.

4. thevictim intheparkat8o’clocklastnight?

5. Thewitness onhismobilephoneatthetimeofthecrime.

6. Where thesecurityguard at4o’clockyesterday?

Complete�the�sentences�with�the�verbs�in�brackets.�Use�the�Past�Continuous.

1. Sam (notclean)hisroomathalfpasteight.

2. Ellen (write)alettertohergrandparentsfiveminutesago.

3. yourbrother (swim)inthepoolyesterdayafternoon?

4. Thegirls (notstudy)fortheirexamanhourago.

5. SusieandMark (have)dinnerat7o’clockyesterdayevening?

6. We (visit)theartmuseumattwoo’clockintheafternoon.

7. What you (do)at9o’clocklastnight?

8. I (hide)underthebedatthetimeoftherobbery.

14

GRAMMAR APPENDIX


O Past Simple emprégase para indicar que a acción ocorreu e rematou no tempo especificado na frase, mentres que o Past Continuous se emprega para se referir a accións prolongadas que estaban a ocorrer no pasado.Empréganse xuntos para sinalar que en medio dunha acción longa ocorreu algunha cousa. A acción máis curta leva when e o verbo en Past Simple, e a acción longa leva as conxuncións while ou as e o verbo en Past Continuous.I was sleeping when I heard a strange noise. (Estaba a durmir cando escoitei un ruído estraño.)While I was sleeping, I heard a strange noise. (Mentres estaba a durmir, escoitei un ruído estraño.)

2Circle�the�correct�answers.

1. Thesecurityguardsearched/wassearchingmybagwhentherobberenteredthebank.

2. Thesmallchildwaspullinghismother’sarmwhilesheheld/washoldingthebaby.

3. Whileourteacherwasexplainingthemathsproblem,aboywasfalling/fellfromhischair.

4. Wedothelaundry/weren’tdoingthelaundrywhilemymotherwascookingdinner.

5. Iwasn’tsleepingwhenyoucalled/werecalling.

Check Yourself!Complete�the�sentences�with�the�verbs�in�brackets.

1. Whilemyfather (clean)thehouse,mymother

(cook)dinner.

2. Tina (chat)withherfriendswhenhermother

(call)her.

3. you (jump)onmybedwhileI

(have)ashower?

4. Thechildren (tell)horrorstorieswhenthey

(hear)aloudnoise.

5. Where you (go)whenyou

(see)theaccident?

6. Mybrother (notwash)thedisheswhilemysister

(do)thelaundry.

7. Ned (hold)hisbabysisterwhenshe

(start)tocry?

8. MrEvans (notwatch)thefootballgamewhen

MrsEvans (come)home.


Contraste entre o Past Continuous e o Past Simple

15

GRAMMAR APPENDIX


O Present Perfect Simple

O Present Perfect Simple emprégase para falar de: • accións pasadas cuxos efectos son visíbeis no presente. My best friend has written me a letter. (O meu mellor amigo escribiume unha carta. [velaquí])

• accións ocorridas ao longo do tempo sen dicir cando. I have read many entertaining novels. (Teño lido moitas novelas entretidas.)

• accións que comezaron no pasado e aínda continúan. Por iso ás veces tradúcese o verbo en presente. People have used paper money since the 10th century. (A xente empregou / emprega billetes desde o século X.)

• accións que acaban de ocorrer. Engádese just entre o auxiliar e o participio. I have just found the perfect travel guide. (Acabo de atopar a guía de viaxes perfecta.)

Fórmase co auxiliar have ou has + o participio do verbo principal (rematado en -ed se é regular). Cómpre lembrar que a forma contraída de have é ’ve e a de has é ’s.

En negativa engádese not ou n‘t a have ou has.I haven’t seen many good advertisements. (Non teño visto moitos anuncios bos.)

En interrogativa ponse have ou has + o suxeito + o participio, e nas respostas curtas só se pon o pronome suxeito + have ou has en afirmativa ou negativa.Have you ever flown in a helicopter? Yes, I have. / No, I haven’t. (Voaches algunha vez nun helicóptero? Voei. Si. / Non.)

As expresións temporais que se empregan co Present Perfect Simple son: already, always, never, ever, yet, just, for y since, e todas agás yet, for e since van entre have e o participio. They’ve never met each other. (Nunca se coñeceron.)I haven’t seen Brad since 2008. (Non vin a Brad desde 2008.)

UNIT 3

1 �Complete�the�sentences�with�the�verbs�in�brackets.�Use�the�Present�Perfect�Simple.

1. I (noteat)breadfortwoweeks.

2. Ourvisitors just

(arrive).

3. Mymother (visit)Japanseveraltimes.

4. Tony (notride)abikesince2007.

5. Liz (notdo)herhomeworkyet.

2 �Write�questions�with�the�words�below.�Use�the�Present�Perfect�Simple.�

1. you/ever/be/toItaly

2. yourteacher/ever/teach/Year10

3. Bill/feed/thedog/sinceyesterday

4. you/see/thenewhorrorfilm/yet


Complete�the�sentences�with�the�verbs�in�brackets.�Use�the�Present�Perfect�Simple.

1. Bob (sing)inabandfortwoyears.

2. Mike (nothave)ashoweryet.

3. youever (meet)Ronny?

4. I (notbuy)Judyapresentyet.

5. Thechildren (go)tobed.

6. she (leave)forLondonyet?

7. Myfriend just (win)therace.

8. We ever (notbe)inEngland.

Check Yourself!

16

GRAMMAR APPENDIX


O Present Perfect Simple garda relación co momento actual, mentres que as accións en Past Simple non afectan ao presente.

As expresións temporais empregadas co Present Perfect Simple non sinalan cando ocorreu a acción, mentres que as empregadas co Past Simple si especifican en que momento concreto ocorreu.I have already cooked the chicken. (Xa cociñei o polo.)I cooked the chicken yesterday. (Cociñei o polo onte.)

3Write�sentences�with�the�words�below.�Use�the�Present�Perfect�Simple�or�the�Past�Simple.

1. PoliceOfficerThomas/protect/us/fromthecriminal/lastweek/.

2. MrsReed/plan/theannualdanceparty/severaltimes/.

3. thebus/notpass/FirstStreet/yet/.

4. yourfamily/go/totheswimmingpool/yesterday/?

5. they/nottouch/theglassitems/intheshop/yesterday/.

6. yourgrandfather/ever/drive/alorry/?

4Circle�the�correct�time�expression.

1. Lastweek,/Recently,athiefstolemymother’sfavouritenecklace.

2. Didyousleepatthecampsitelastsummer/sincethesummer?

3. Ihaven’tfinishedmyprojectyesterday/yet.

4. Wehavestudiedforthetesttwodaysago/fortwodays.

5. Thebanddidn’tplayrockmusicyesterday/yet.

6. HasNancytwominutesago/justleft?


Circle�the�correct�answers.

1. Ididn’tread/haven’treadtheinstructionmanualyet.

2. Mybrotherbought/hasboughtanewcomputerlastweek.

3. Didyouenjoy/Haveyouenjoyedtheconcertlastnight?

4. MrCampbelldrew/hasdrawnsomeamusingpicturessincelastmonth.

5. Haveyoulookedonthewebsiteyesterday/yet?

6. Wedidn’ttake/haven’ttakenourcameratotheamusementparkyesterday.

7. Youhavejust/tenminutesagogivenmeagreatidea.

8. Thepolicearrested/havearrestedthethieftwohoursago.

Check Yourself!

Contraste entre o Present Perfect Simple e o Past Simple

17

GRAMMAR APPENDIX


A voz pasiva en presente e en pasado

Coa voz pasiva saliéntase a acción do verbo e adoita omitirse o suxeito que a realiza, quer porque non é importante, quer porque se sobreentende ou se descoñece quen é. En galego, moitas veces tradúcese o verbo na voz activa ou na forma impersoal con “se”.

Fórmase con to be en presente ou pasado + o participio doutro verbo.Rice is grown in Asia. (O arroz cultívase en Asia.)Silver was used as money a long time ago. (A prata empregábase como cartos hai moito tempo.)

En negativa engádese not ou n’t ao verbo to be e en interrogativa ponse to be diante do suxeito.Gold and silver aren’t found in the sea. (O ouro e a prata non se atopan no mar.) Is English spoken in Hong Kong? (Falan / Fálase inglés en Hong Kong?)

Para dicir quen ou que realiza a acción, faise ao final da frase logo da preposición by.The first vaccine was created by Edward Jenner. (A primeira vacina foi creada por Edward Jenner.)

UNIT 4

1 �Complete�the�sentences�with�the�verbs�in�brackets.�Use�the�Present�Simple�Passive,�affirmative�and�negative.

1. Beforepeoplecanenteranaeroplane,theirsuitcases (search).

2. Everyyear,ourphotographs (take)byMrStevens.

3. Silk always (notuse)tomaketies.

4. Beforeasuspect (arrest),thepoliceexaminetheevidence.

5. Pancakes (make)withflourandwater.

6. Houses usually (notbuild)withwoodthesedays.

2Write�questions�with�the�words�below.�Use�the�Present�Simple�Passive.�

1. thefloors/usually/sweep/intheevening

2. meat/sell/inthisshop

3. when/yourplants/water

4. yourcarpets/clean/withavacuumcleaner

5. howoften/yourdog/feed

3Complete�the�sentences�with�the�verbs�below.�Use�the�Past�Simple�Passive.

give•wash•order•steal•design

1. Theseclothes byafamousfashiondesigner.

2. Allthedishes beforeIleft.

3. Thepatient treatmentforhisdisease.

4. Fivepizzas forthepartylastnight.

5. Nomoney fromherhandbag.

18

GRAMMAR APPENDIX


GRAMMAR APPENDIX

4Change�the�words�in�bold�to�make�negative�sentences.�Use�the�words�in�brackets.

1. Hispaintingwasshowninanartgallery.(amuseum)

2. Thecurtainswerewashedinthesink.(thewashingmachine)

3. TheMonaLisawaspaintedbyDaVinci.(Renoir)

4. Vegetableswereeatenbyeveryone.(beans)

5. Hisarmwasbrokeninthebasketballgame.(foot)

6. The HobbitwaswrittenbyJ.R.R.Tolkien.(J.K.Rowling)

5Write�questions�with�the�words�below.�Use�the�Past�Simple�Passive.

1. Yesterday/sing/bytheBeatles

2. when/thesesandwiches/make

3. thecriminals/give/fairpunishments

4. theWorldCup/watch/bymanypeople

5. where/thesalmon/cook


Complete�the�sentences�with�the�verbs�in�brackets.�Use�the�Present�Simple�Passive�or�the�Past�Simple�Passive.�

1. Swimsuits (notsell)inthisdepartmentstoreinthewinter.

2. Hundredsofcars (steal)lastyear.

3. thatTVprogramme (watch)bymanychildreneveryday?

4. Histyres (change)everyyear.

5. Theirbeds (notmake)yesterday.

6. thistextmessage (send)aweekago?

7. Newtreatmentsfordiseases (discover)allthetime.

8. theseprojects (see)byyourteacherlastweek?

Check Yourself!

His painting wasn’t shown in a museum.

19

GRAMMAR APPENDIX


O futuro

• Will emprégase para facer predicións sobre algo que ocorrerá con seguranza, para facer promesas e para expresar decisións súbitas que se toman no momento de falar.

En afirmativa adoita contraer co suxeito (’ll) e en negativa coa partícula not (won’t). Nas preguntas vai diante do suxeito e nas respostas curtas ponse o pronome suxeito + will ou won’t.

Many people will suffer from global warming in the future. (Moitas persoas sufrirán o quecemento global no futuro.)

We won’t solve the problem of deforestation in a decade. (Non resolveremos o problema da deforestación nunha década.)

Will you win the race? Yes, I will. / No, I won’t. (Gañarás a carreira? Gañarei. Si. / Non.)

• Be going to significa “ir” + infinitivo e emprégase para falar de plans e intencións. I’m going to recycle these bottles. (Vou reciclar estas botellas.)

• O Present Continuous con valor de futuro anuncia o que ocorrerá con toda seguranza no futuro próximo, pois xa se fixou de antemán.

I’m visiting the museum this afternoon. (Irei. / Vou ao museo esta tarde.) É importante amentar cando ocorrerá a acción, sobre todo no Present Continuous con valor de futuro, pois,

aínda que semella un presente, na realidade anuncia algo futuro.


1. Don’tworry.Thepolicewillcatch/won’tcatchthethief.

2. Iamgoingtotake/aregoingtotakemycamera.Iwanttotakephotographs.

3. Hewillforget/won’tforgethispassport.Healwaysremembersit.

4. Myfather’slawyerwillknow/won’tknowtheanswer.Let’saskhim.

5. Weisleaving/areleavingat8am.Pleasebeready.

6. Sheisn’tgoingtosweep/aren’tgoingtosweepthefloor.She’sgotavacuumcleaner.

7. Wemuststoppollutingsowewilldestroy/won’tdestroyourplanet.

8. Myparentswillbe/won’tbefurious.Ibroketheirfavouriteporcelainplate.

Check Yourself!


UNIT 5

1Complete�the�sentences�with�the�verbs�in�brackets.�Use�the�tenses�listed.

will

1. Bob (win)thecompetition.Heswimsveryfast.

2. Mymother (notbuy)theseshoes.They’retooexpensive.

3. I (catch)theball.Youcanthrowittome.

be going to

4. We (notpark)ourcarhere.

5. He (repair)myshoestomorrow.

PresentContinuous

6. We (stay)inayouthhostelinParistomorrow.

7. Lenny (nottake)abigsuitcaseonhistripnextweek.

20

GRAMMAR APPENDIX


O primeiro e o segundo condicional

O primeiro condicional expresa o que ocorrerá se se cumpre a condición sinalada. A afirmativa fórmase con if + Present Simple na condición e un verbo con will no resultado.If I’m hungry, I’ll eat some fish. (Se teño fame, comerei algo de peixe.)

Para formar a negativa pódese negar o verbo que vai en presente, o que vai en futuro, ou ambos os dous.If we don’t eat, we will be hungry. (Se non comemos, teremos fame.)If we eat, we won’t be hungry. (Se comemos, non teremos fame.)If you don’t study for the exam, you won’t pass. (Se non estudas para o exame, non aprobarás.)

O segundo condicional refírese a situacións hipotéticas no presente. Fórmase con if + Past Simple na condición e would (ou a contracción ’d) + un verbo na forma base no resultado. Se o verbo da oración condicional é to be, empregamos were en todas as persoas.If I were a fashion designer, I’d use recycled materials. (Se eu fose deseñador de moda, empregaría materiais reciclábeis.)

Formamos a negativa como o primeiro condicional. If we didn’t use cars, there would be less pollution. (Se non empregaramos coches, habería menos contaminación.)

Para dar consellos, emprégase sempre If I were you (“eu de ti”). If I were you, I would be careful. (Eu de ti tería coidado.)

2Complete�the�sentences�with�the�verbs�in�brackets.�Use�the�First�Conditional.

1. He (have)anaccidentifhe (drive)fast.

2. Ifyou (notwork)hard,you (notget)goodmarks.

3. Ifwe (recycle)plasticbottles,we (have)lesslitter.

4. Hermother (make)uspancakesifwe (getdressed)quickly.

3Complete�the�sentences�with�the�verbs�in�brackets.�Use�the�Second�Conditional.

1. Ben (play)basketballifheweretaller.

2. Ifwedidn’thaveadrought,we (notworry)aboutusingwater.

3. IwouldvisityouifI (have)thetime.

4. Ifyourfather (run)everyday,hismuscleswouldn’thurt.


FirstConditional

1. Mumwillcookforyouifyoudo/willdotheshopping.

2. Ifyouaskyourteacher,shehelp/willhelpyou.

3. Iftheymove/willmovetotheUSA,wewon’tseethemforalongtime.

4. Isweep/willsweepthefloorifyouwashthedishes.

SecondConditional

5. Myparentsbought/wouldbuythatcarifitweren’texpensive.

6. IfPaulenteredthecompetition,hewon/wouldwin.

7. IfIdidn’thave/wouldn’thaveabasketballgame,Iwouldcleanmyroom.

8. Theywouldworkintheshoppingcentreiftheydidn’tlive/wouldn’tlivefaraway.

Check Yourself!


21

GRAMMAR APPENDIX


O estilo indirecto en oracións enunciativas

UNIT 6

O estilo indirecto emprégase para contar o que alguén dixo mais sen repetir exactamente as súas palabras.Polo xeral, emprégase o verbo say en pasado seguido dunha oración de complemento directo introducida por that, quítanse as comiñas propias do estilo directo e cámbiase o verbo e o pronome suxeito. Tamén podemos comezar co pasado do verbo tell seguido do complemento indirecto.“I’m finishing the match,” Sharon said. (estilo directo) Sharon said that she was finishing the match. (Sharon dixo que estaba a rematar o partido.) “The race is on Wednesday,” the coach said to me. (estilo directo)The coach told me that the race was on Wednesday. (O adestrador díxome que a carreira era o mércores.)

Como o verbo que introduce o estilo indirecto vai en pasado, o da oración subordinada dá un salto atrás no tempo, isto é, o Present Simple pasa a Past Simple, o Present Continuous a Past Continuous, will convértese en would, etc. Tamén mudan os demostrativos, os posesivos, os modais e as expresións de tempo e lugar. Repara nestes exemplos: “I’m watching TV,” Kate said. ➝ Kate said that she was watching TV. (Kate dixo que estaba a ver a televisión.)“I must study for my exams today,” Pam said. ➝ Pam said that she had to study for her exams that day. (Pam dixo que tiña que estudar para os seus exames ese día.)“We’ll start the new unit tomorrow,” the teacher said. ➝ The teacher said that we would start the new unit the following day. (A profesora dixo que comezariamos a nova unidade ao día seguinte.)

1Complete�the�sentences�with�the�correct�form�of�the�verbs.

1. Ninasaid,“Iusuallyeatcornflakesinthemorning.”

Ninasaidthatsheusually cornflakesinthemorning.

2. Mybrotherssaid,“Wearewatchingthefootballgame.”

Mybrotherssaidthatthey thefootballgame.

3. “Youmustbrushyourteethtwiceaday,”saidthedentist.

ThedentistsaidthatI myteethtwiceaday.

4. ThewomanonTVsaid,“By2050,mostcountrieswilluserenewableenergy.”

ThewomanonTVsaidthatby2050,mostcountries renewableenergy.

5. “Myfriendsdon’tlikerapmusic,”saidJohn.

Johnsaidthathisfriends rapmusic.

2Change�the�direct�speech�sentences�to�reported�speech.

1. “It’sabeautifulday,”saidmymother.

2. Ericsaid,“Mysisterdoesn’trunfast.”

3. Thegirlssaid,“Wemustwalkquicklyorwe’llbelate.”

4. “Iamdoingmyhistoryhomework,”saidTom.

5. Juliasaid,“Iwillprobablycomehomeatteno’clock.”

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GRAMMAR APPENDIX


3Complete�the�sentences�with�the�correct�time�expressions.

1. Tinasaid,“ChrisandDianewillbeingoodshapebynextyear.”

TinasaidthatChrisandDianewouldbeingoodshapeby .

2. “Itwillrainnextweek,”saidthereporter.

Thereportersaidthatitwouldrain .

3. Isaid,“Youcan’ttakemycameratoday.”

Isaidthatyoucouldn’ttakemycamera .

4. “Iamreadinganinterestingbooknow,”saidMia.

Miasaidthatshewasreadinganinterestingbook .

5. Myparentssaid,“Wearen’tstayinginahoteltomorrow.”

Myparentstoldusthatweweren’tstayinginahotel .

4Change�the�direct�speech�sentences�to�reported�speech.

1. Mothersaid,“Tommyisapologisingtohissisternow.”

2. Lindasaid,“Ihopetobreakarecordnextweek.”

3. “Youmustinformusofyourplanstomorrow,”myparentssaid.

4. “Theaudiencewillenjoytheconcerttonight,”saidthemusician.

5. Fathersaid,“Deanisrefusingtodohishomeworktoday.”


1. IsaidthatIwascleaningmyroomnow/then.

2. Shetoldusthatherfamilyhad/haslunchinthesamerestauranteverySaturday.

3. Motherexplainedthatthechildrenusuallywatch/watchedTVafterschool.

4. ThesalespersonsaidthatIcan/couldbuyanewjacketforonly€20.

5. WesaidthatLaurawouldwinthegymnasticscompetitionnextweek/thefollowingweek.

6. ThereportersaidthatthespaceshuttlewasreturningtoEarththenextday/tomorrow.

7. Wesaidthatwewerewearing/arewearingjeansforthepartythatnight.

8. TheytoldmethatImust/hadtotakemypassportwithme.

Check Yourself!


23

GRAMMAR APPENDIX


Os pronomes relativos

UNIT 7

Os pronomes relativos introducen unha oración subordinada que dá información sobre un substantivo chamado antecedente. Van detrás del e poden facer de suxeito ou de complemento (neste último caso é común omitilos na conversa).

Who e that empréganse indistintamente cando o antecedente é unha persoa.I like people who / that can solve problems. (Gústame a xente / Gusto da xente que sabe resolver problemas.)He’s the person (who / that) I want to talk to. (El é a persoa coa que quero falar.)

Which e that empréganse para se referir a cousas ou animais.The bat is an animal that / which lives in a cave. (O morcego é un animal que vive nunha cova.) The horse is the animal (which / that) I like the most. (O cabalo é o animal que máis me gusta.)

Where emprégase cando o antecedente é un lugar.This is the place where I buy fruit. (Este é o sitio onde merco froita.)

1 �Complete�the�sentences�with�who,�which�or�where.

1. Thatisthenecklace hergrandmothergaveher.

2. Theboy scoredthewinninggoalismybestfriend.

3. Wevisitedtheplace myparentsmet.

4. Theperson isstandingnexttomymotherisafamousastronaut.

5. Theplate IboughtinBelgiumismadeofporcelain.

2Combine�the�sentences�with�who�or�which.

1. Imetaman.Heknowsyourmother.

2. Wetookphotographsofasquirrel.Itwaseatinganut.

3. Simonisahairdresser.Hecutsthehairofmanyfamouspeople.

4. Iboughtsomegoldearrings.Theywilllooknicewithmynecklace.


1. Lisaworeadresswhich/whohadpinkflowersonit.

2. Thatisthebuildingthat/whereIlive.

3. Sheisthegirlwhich/wholikesTony.

4. Thisisthecitywhich/whereIwasborn.

5. Jimisthetallestmanthat/whichIknow.

6. Wearegoingtoseethefilmwho/whichyousawlastweek.

7. Heistheboywho/whichhelpedme.

8. Iknowthepeoplewhere/wholiveinthehousenexttoyours.

Check Yourself!


24

GRAMMAR APPENDIX


Os compostos de some e any

Someone (alguén), somewhere (algures, algún sitio) e something (algunha cousa, algo) empréganse en oracións afirmativas; anyone, anywhere e anything empréganse en oracións negativas e interrogativas. Repara en como mudan de significado nestes exemplos:There wasn’t anyone in the classroom. (Non había ninguén na clase.) I can’t find my book about crocodiles anywhere. (Non podo atopar o meu libro sobre crocodilos en ningures.)I haven’t got anything to do. (Non teño nada que facer.)Does anyone want a sandwich? (Alguén quere un sándwich?) Are you going anywhere this afternoon? (Vas a algures esta tarde?)Do you want anything to drink? (Queres algo de beber?)

Lembra que, se fan de suxeito na frase, levan o verbo en singular.


1. Someone/Anyoneisplayingtheviolinrightnow.

2. Thereisn’tsomething/anythingtoeatinmyhouse.

3. IknowthatIputmyhomeworksomewhere/anywhereinmyschoolbag.

4. Doessomeone/anyoneknowtheanswer?

5. I’vegotsomething/anythingspecialforyou.


1. Hedidn’tbring…toeat. a. something b. anything c. anywhere

2. Therewasn’t…frommyclassattheparty. a. someone b. somewhere c. anyone

3. Shedid…differenttoherhair. a. something b. someone c. somewhere

4. Myfriendwenttoanamusementpark…intheUSA. a. anyone b. someone c. somewhere

5. I’veneverspokento…inyourclass. a. anyone b. anything c. anywhere

6. Isthere…thatIcangetagoodcupofcoffee? a. something b. somewhere c. anywhere

7. Imet…fromJapanyesterday. a. someone b. anyone c. somewhere

8. Let’shave…todrinkbeforewegoout. a. somewhere b. something c. anything


4 �Complete�the�sentences�with�some�or�any�compounds.

1. Didyoutell aboutmyparty?

2. Motheriscooking deliciousfordinner.

3. Iamlookingfor tohelpme.

4. Didyoudo excitinglastweekend?

5. Wewanttostay nearthebeach.

Check Yourself!

25

GRAMMAR APPENDIX


Os modais

UNIT 8

Son verbos especiais que non engaden -s na 3ª persoa do singular e sempre van seguidos dun verbo na forma base. Non se conxugan, só engaden not ou a contracción n’t en negativa e póñense diante do suxeito en interrogativa.

• Can significa “saber, ser quen de” cando expresa habilidade ou capacidade para facer algo, e “poder” cando expresa posibilidade ou permiso. James can play the piano very well. (James sabe tocar o piano moi ben.) You can rent a boat to go across Lake Victoria. (Podes alugar unha barca para cruzar o Lago Vitoria.)

• Could é o pasado de can. Expresa habilidade e posibilidade no pasado. Kate could swim when she was only two years old. (Kate sabía nadar cando tiña só dous anos.) They couldn’t explore that route. (Non puideron explorar esa ruta.)

En interrogativa tamén serve para pedir algo, pero de xeito máis educado ca con can. Could you lend me your sleeping bag for my journey? (Poderías emprestarme o teu saco de durmir para a miña viaxe?)

• Should úsase para dar consellos ou suxerir o que se debería facer. You should buy a new map. (Deberías mercar un mapa novo.)

• Must significa “deber” e expresa a necesidade, conveniencia ou obriga de facer algo. We must take appropriate equipment. (Debemos levar un equipo axeitado.)

• Mustn’t expresa o que non se debe facer porque non está ben ou está prohibido. We mustn’t swim in this river. (Non debemos nadar neste río.)

• Have to significa “ter que” e expresa a obriga ou necesidade de facer algo porque non hai máis remedio. Este verbo si se conxuga e por iso algúns considérano un semimodal. Repara en que a 3ª persoa do singular é has to. Paul has to get up early every day. (Paul ten que se erguer cedo cada día.) It is a dangerous route. They have to come back. (É unha ruta perigosa. Teñen que regresar.)

A negativa é don’t / doesn’t have to + o verbo na súa forma base, e significa “non ter que” ou “non ter por que”. You don’t have to come back until five o’clock. (Non tes que volver até as cinco.)

Para preguntarmos, poñemos do ou does + o suxeito + have to + o verbo na súa forma base.Do I have to take my passport? Yes, you do. / No, you don’t. (Teño que levar o meu pasaporte? Teño. Si. / Non.)

• May (“poida que”, “talvez”, “se cadra”) e might (“puidese / podería ser que”) expresan posibilidade, aínda que no segundo caso é máis remota. En interrogativa may emprégase para pedir permiso ou favores de maneira moi educada. We may reach our destination tomorrow. (Poida que cheguemos ao noso destino mañá.) I might visit you next summer. (Puidese ser que te visite o vindeiro verán.) May I use your camera? (Podo empregar a túa cámara?)

26

GRAMMAR APPENDIX



1. Mybrothercan/shouldplaybasketballforhours.Henevergetstired.

2. MrsThomsonmustn’t/can’tcook.MrThomsonalwayspreparesdinner.

3. Myteacherwasbusyandcan’t/couldn’thelpmeyesterday.

4. Youshould/mustn’thelpyourgrandmothercarryherbags.

5. Ishouldn’t/mustbehomeby12o’clockormymotherwillbeangry.

6. Wecouldn’t/mustn’tsleeplatetomorrow.We’llmisstheclasstrip.

7. Can/Shouldyouexplainthehomeworktome?

8. Wemustn’t/mustfinishourprojectbyFriday.Ourteacherwon’tacceptitnextweek.

9. Can/Couldhereadwhenhewasfiveyearsold?

10. Should/Couldwebringanythingtothepartytonight?

2Complete�the�sentences�with�the�affirmative�or�negative�form�of�have to.

1. I walktodaybecausemyparentscan’tdriveme.

2. You buynewshoes.You’vegotenoughshoes.

3. Someone washthedishes.Alltheplatesaredirty.

4. She getupearly.There’snoschooltoday.

3Complete�the�sentences.�Use�the�correct�form�of�can,�could,�should,�must�or�have to.

1. mymotherrideabikewhenshewasagirl?

2. Yourfather parkhiscarhere.It’sillegal.

3. Iwearmyblackshirtormywhiteone?Whichlooksbetter?

4. He traveltotheUSA.Hehasn’tgotapassport.

5. You walkquickly.We’vegotalotoftime.


1. Itmay/maynotraintoday.It’scloudy.

2. Thebabyiscrying.Shemight/mightnotbehungry.

3. Imight/maynotfinishontime,butI’lltry.

4. May/MightIwearyourjacket?


1. Can/MustIhavesomethingtoeat?I’mhungry.

2. Wecouldn’t/mightgotothebeachtoday.It’sabeautifulday.

3. Heshould/can’tbeanactor.He’sgottalent.

4. Sheshouldn’t/shouldwearthathat.Itdoesn’tlooknice.

5. Youmightnot/don’thavetoshout.Icanhearyou.

6. May/MustIuseyourphone?Myphoneisbroken.

7. Ourteamcould/hastopractisealot.We’renotverygood.

8. Myfathercan/couldrunquicklywhenhewasyoung.

Check Yourself!


27

GRAMMAR APPENDIX


O comparativo e o superlativo

Para formar o comparativo e mais o superlativo cómpre reparar en se o adxectivo é curto ou longo.

• Aos adxectivos curtos engádeselles a terminación -er / -est. Ademais, co comparativo emprégase than e co superlativo the. Peter is stronger than Alex. (Peter é máis forte que Alex.) You’re the cleverest person in your class. (Es a persoa máis intelixente da túa clase.)

Para engadir -er / -est cómpre seguir estas regras ortográficas: - Se remata en e mudo, só se engade r ou st: wide ➝ wider nice ➝ nicest - Se remata en 1 vogal + 1 consoante, dóbrase a consoante: hot ➝ hotter fat ➝ fattest - Se remata en consoante + y, cámbiase o y por un i: ugly ➝ uglier pretty ➝ prettiest pero shy ➝ shyer, shyest

• Os adxectivos longos quedan igual, mais levan diante more / the most. Travelling is more exciting than staying at home. (Viaxar é máis emocionante ca quedar na casa.) Kevin is the most creative student in the school. (Kevin é o estudante máis creativo do colexio.)

Os adxectivos irregulares non seguen regra ningunha ao formaren o comparativo e o superlativo.good ➝ better ➝ the best (bo, mellor, o mellor); bad ➝ worse ➝ the worst (malo, peor, o peor)

Lembra que para comparar dúas cousas e dicir se son iguais ou non, emprégase a estrutura (not) as + adxectivo + as. Tradúcese por “(non) tan ... como/a”. Liz is as old as Tina. (Liz é tan maior coma Tina.) The book is not as good as the film. (O libro non é tan bo coma a película.)

UNIT 9

1Write�sentences�with�the�words�below.�Use�the�comparative�form�of�the�adjectives.

1. Africa/is/big/Australia

2. Dan/is/a/good/student/Kyle

3. mybrothers/are/annoying/yoursisters

4. Liz’ssister/is/old/herbrother

5. ourdogs/are/happy/ourcats

2Complete�the�sentences�with�the�adjectives�in�brackets.�Use�the�superlative�form.

1. Myfatherhasgot (ugly)clothesI’veeverseen.

2. IthinkthatPenélopeCruzis (beautiful)womanintheworld.

3. Thisis (bad)bookIhaveeverread.

4. Tomis (amusing)boyIknow.

5. Laurais (young)childinmyfamily.

28

GRAMMAR APPENDIX


3Complete�the�questions�with�the�adjectives�in�brackets.�Use�the�comparative�or�superlative�form.

1. Whois (nice)personyouknow?

2. Whichbuildingis (tall)theSearsTower?

3. Whatis (funny)filmyouhaveeverseen?

4. Whois (short)Dan?

5. Whichschoolhasgot (good)footballteam?

4Complete�the�sentences�with�the�adjectives�in�brackets.�Use�as�…�as�or�not as�…�as.

1. Mygrandmotheris (old)mygrandfather.Mygrandmotheris70yearsoldandmygrandfatheris75.

2. Mybrotheris (energetic)mysister.Theyneversitdown.

3. Lilyis (antisocial)Donna.Donnahasn’tgotanyfriendsandLilyhasgotafewfriends.

4. Youthhostelsare (expensive)resorts.

5. Ourgardenis (big)ourneighbour’sgarden.Bothgardensare250squaremetres.


1. Thatroutelookstoodangerous/notdangerousenough.Let’sgoadifferentway.

2. Theshirtischeaperthan/thecheapestthetrousers.Theshirtcostsonly€20.

3. MrSmithisstrangerthan/thestrangestteacherwehaveeverhad.

4. Tonyisasintelligentas/notasintelligentashisbrother,butheisn’tstupid.

5. Thesciencemuseumwasmorecrowdedthan/themostcrowdedthehistorymuseumbecausetherewasaspecialexhibitionabouttheheart.

6. Laura’sroomisasmessyas/notasmessyasDean’sroom.Theirmotherisveryangry.

7. Ican’thearthemusic.Itistooloud/notloudenough.

8. Lisaismorepopularthan/themostpopulargirlintheclass.

Check Yourself!


Too diante dun adxectivo expresa que algo é excesivo e significa “demasiado, de máis”.This maths exercise is too difficult for me. (Este exercicio de matemáticas é difícil de máis para min.)

Enough ponse logo do adxectivo e significa “o bastante” ou “suficientemente”, “abondo”.Pam is old enough to travel alone. (Pam é o bastante maior para viaxar soa.)

Aínda así, not + adxectivo + enough sinala que algo non é abondo e significa “non o bastante”, “non abondo” ou “non suficientemente”.Pam is not old enough to travel alone. (Pam non é maior abondo para viaxar soa.)

too ... / (not) ... enough

5Complete�the�sentences�with�the�adjectives�in�brackets.�Use�too�…�or�not�…�enough.

1. Thesepotatoesare (hot).IthinkI’llputthembackintheoven.

2. I’m (tired)togoouttonight.Let’sgoouttomorrownight.

3. Itis (warm)togoswimmingtoday.Maybewecangonextweek.

4. Thisfilmis (long).Iamnotgoingtowatchthewholefilm.

5. Heis (tall)toplaybasketballfortheteam.He’sonly1.6metrestall.

29

GRAMMAR APPENDIX


Introduction, page 11, O Present Simple, O Present Continuous, Contraste entre o Present Simple e o Present Continuous 1. 1. smiles 5. doesn’t…win 2. Do…buy 6. Does…know 3. don’tdrink 7. carries 4. listen 8. Does…drive

2. 1. areplanning 5. isrepairing 2. isn’tteaching 6. Are…jogging 3. Are…cooking 7. are…doing 4. isshouting 8. aren’tstudying

3. 1. isplaying 5. aren’tsmiling 2. Do…ride 6. watches 3. doesn’tgo 7. aresailing 4. Is…listening 8. Do…want

Unit 1, page 13, O Past Simple1. ate 5. Did…land2. didn’twatch 6. wore3. Did…explain 7. didn’tstop4. didn’trepair 8. did…arrive

Unit 1, page 13, Used to1. usedtolive 5. Did…usetolisten2. didn’tusetoeat 6. didn’tusetodrink3. Did…usetoski 7. usedtostudy4. usedtobuy 8. Did…usetowear

Unit 2, page 14, O Past Continuous1. wasn’tcleaning 5. Were…having2. waswriting 6. werevisiting3. Was…swimming 7. were…doing4. weren’tstudying 8. washiding

Unit 2, page 15, Contraste entre o Past Continuous e o Past Simple 1. wascleaning,wascooking2. waschatting,called3. Were…jumping,washaving4. weretelling,heard5. were…going,saw6. wasn’twashing,wasdoing7. Was…holding,started8. wasn’twatching,came

Unit 3, page 16, O Present Perfect Simple1. hassung 5. havegone2. hasn’thad 6. Has…left3. Have…met 7. has…won4. haven’tbought 8. haven’t…been

Unit 3, page 17, Contraste entre o Present Perfect Simple e o Past Simple 1. haven’tread 5. yet2. bought 6. didn’ttake3. Didyouenjoy 7. just4. hasdrawn 8. arrested

Unit 4, page 19, A voz pasiva en presente e en pasado1. aren’tsold 5. weren’tmade2. werestolen 6. Was…sent3. Is…watched 7. arediscovered4. arechanged 8. Were…seen

Unit 5, page 20, O futuro1. willcatch 5. areleaving2. amgoingtotake 6. isn’tgoingtosweep3. won’tforget 7. won’tdestroy4. willknow 8. willbe

Unit 5, page 21, O primeiro e o segundo condicional1. do 5. wouldbuy2. willhelp 6. wouldwin3. move 7. didn’thave4. willsweep 8. didn’tlive

Unit 6, page 23, O estilo indirecto en oracións enunciativas 1. then 5. thefollowingweek2. had 6. thenextday3. watched 7. werewearing4. could 8. hadto

Unit 7, page 24, Os pronomes relativos1. which 5. that2. where 6. which3. who 7. who4. where 8. who

Unit 7, page 25, Os compostos de some e any1. b 3. a 5. a 7. a2. c 4. c 6. c 8. b

Unit 8, page 27, Os modais1. Can 6. May2. might 7. hasto3. should 8. could4. shouldn’t5. don’thaveto

Unit 9, page 29, O comparativo e o superlativo, too ... / (not) ... enough 1. toodangerous 5. morecrowdedthan2. cheaperthan 6. asmessyas3. thestrangest 7. notloudenough4. notasintelligentas 8. themostpopular


CHeCK YOURSeLF! aNSWeR KeY

IRREGULAR VERB LIST


BASE FORM (V1) PAST SIMPLE (V2) PAST PARTICIPLE (V3) GALEGO

be /VA/ was/were /rFh/rK/ been /VAm/ ser, estarbeat /VAW/ beat /VAW/ beaten /'VAWm/ golpear, baterbecome /VB'YJl/ became /VB'YMl/ become /VB'YJl/ chegar a serbegin /VB'ZBm/ began /VB'Zæm/ begun /VB'ZJm/ comezar, empezarbend /VCmX/ bent /VCmW/ bent /VCmW/ dobrar(se)bet /VCW/ bet /VCW/ bet /VCW/ apostarbite /VOW/ bit /VBW/ bitten /'VBWm/ trabarbleed /VoAX/ bled /VoCX/ bled /VoCX/ sangrarblow /VoLH/ blew /VoI/ blown /VoLHm/ soprarbreak /VpMY/ broke /VpLHY/ broken /'VpLHYLm/ crebar, romper, racharbring /VpBn/ brought /VpGW/ brought /VpGW/ traerbuild /VBoX/ built /VBoW/ built /VBoW/ construírburn /VKm/ burnt/burned /VKmW/VKmX/ burnt/burned /VKmW/VKmX/ queimarbuy /VO/ bought /VGW/ bought /VGW/ mercarcatch /Yæa/ caught /YGW/ caught /YGW/ coller, agarrarchoose /aIh/ chose /aLHh/ chosen /'aLHhm/ elixircome /YJl/ came /YMl/ come /YJl/ vircost /YFgW/ cost /YFgW/ cost /YFgW/ custarcut /YJW/ cut /YJW/ cut /YJW/ cortardig /XBZ/ dug /XJZ/ dug /XJZ/ cavar, sachardo /XI/ did /XBX/ done /XJm/ facerdraw /XpG/ drew /XpI/ drawn /XpGm/ debuxardream /XpAl/ dreamt/dreamed /XpClW/XpAlX/ dreamt/dreamed /XpClW/XpAlX/ soñardrink /XpBnY/ drank /XpænY/ drunk /XpJnY/ beberdrive /XpOd/ drove /XpLHd/ driven /'XpBdm/ conducireat /AW/ ate /CBW/ eaten /AWm/ comerfall /cGo/ fell /cCo/ fallen /'cGoLm/ caerfeed /cAX/ fed /cCX/ fed /cCX/ alimentarfeel /cAo/ felt /cCoW/ felt /cCoW/ sentir(se)fight /cOW/ fought /cGW/ fought /cGW/ loitar find /cOmX/ found /cPmX/ found /cPmX/ atoparfly /coO/ flew /coI/ flown /coLHm/ voarforget /cL'ZCW/ forgot /cL'ZFW/ forgotten /cL'ZFWm/ esquecerforgive /cL'ZBd/ forgave /cL'ZMd/ forgiven /cL'ZBdm/ perdoarfreeze /cpAh/ froze /cpLHh/ frozen /'cpLHhm/ conxelar(se)get /ZCW/ got /ZFW/ got /ZFW/ conseguir; chegargive /ZBd/ gave /ZMd/ given /ZBdm/ dargo /ZN/ went /rCmW/ gone /ZFm/ irgrow /ZpN/ grew /ZpI/ grown /ZpNm/ crecer, cultivarhang /kæn/ hanged/hung /kænX/kJn/ hanged/hung /kænX/kJn/ pendurarhave /kæd/ had /kæX/ had /kLX/ terhear /kBL/ heard /kKX/ heard /kKX/ oír, ouvirhide /kOX/ hid /kBX/ hidden /'kBXm/ acocharhit /kBW/ hit /kBW/ hit /kBW/ golpear, bater, pegarhold /kNoX/ held /kCoX/ held /kCoX/ suxeitar, termar dehurt /kKW/ hurt /kKW/ hurt /kKW/ ferir, mancarkeep /YAU/ kept /YCUW/ kept /YCUW/ gardar, manterknow /mN/ knew /mqI/ known /mNm/ saber, coñecerlay /oCB/ laid /oCBX/ laid /oCBX/ poñer, pór, estenderlead /oAX/ led /oCX/ led /oCX/ guiar, conducir

32

IRREGULAR VERB LIST


BASE FORM (V1) PAST SIMPLE (V2) PAST PARTICIPLE (V3) GALEGO

learn /oKm/ learnt/learned /oKmW/oKmX/ learnt/learned /oKmW/oKmX/ aprenderleave /oAd/ left /oCcW/ left /oCcW/ deixar; marchar, saírlend /oCmX/ lent /oCmW/ lent /oCmW/ prestar, emprestarlet /oCW/ let /oCW/ let /oCW/ permitir, deixarlie /oO/ lay /oCB/ lain /oCBm/ tombarse, deitarselie /oO/(regular verb) lied /oOX/ lied /oOX/ mentirlight /oOW/ lit /oBW/ lit /oBW/ acender, prenderlose /oIh/ lost /oFgW/ lost /oFgW/ perdermake /lCBY/ made /lCBX/ made /lCBX/ facer, fabricarmean /lAm/ meant /lCmW/ meant /lCmW/ significar, querer dicir meet /lAW/ met /lCW/ met /lCW/ coñecer a; reunirse, xuntarse conpay /UM/ paid /UMX/ paid /UMX/ pagarput /UHW/ put /UHW/ put /UHW/ poñer, pórread /pAX/ read /pCX/ read /pCX/ lerride /pOX/ rode /pLHX/ ridden /'pBXm/ montarring /pBn/ rang /pæn/ rung /pJn/ chamar (por teléfono)rise /pOh/ rose /pLHh/ risen /'pBhm/ elevarse, erguerserun /pJm/ ran /pæm/ run /pJm/ corrersay /gM/ said /gCX/ said /gCX/ dicirsee /gA/ saw /gG/ seen /gAm/ versell /gCo/ sold /gLHoX/ sold /gLHoX/ vendersend /gCmX/ sent /gCmW/ sent /gCmW/ enviarset /gCW/ set /gCW/ set /gCW/ colocarshake /iMY/ shook /iHY/ shaken /'iMYLm/ axitarshine /iOm/ shone /iFm/ shone /iFm/ brillar, escintilarshoot /iIW/ shot /iFW/ shot /iFW/ dispararshow /iLH/ showed /iLHX/ shown /iLHm/ amosarshut /iJW/ shut /iJW/ shut /iJW/ pecharsing /gBn/ sang /gæn/ sung /gJn/ cantarsink /gBnY/ sank /gænY/ sunk /gJnY/ afundirsit /gBW/ sat /gæW/ sat /gæW/ sentarsleep /goAU/ slept /goCUW/ slept /goCUW/ durmirsmell /glCo/ smelt/smelled /glCoW/glCoX/ smelt/smelled /glCoW/glCoX/ ulir, cheirarspeak /gUAY/ spoke /gULHY/ spoken /gULHYLm/ falarspell /gUCo/ spelt/spelled /gUCoW/gUCoX/ spelt/spelled /gUCoW/gUCoX/ soletrearspend /gUCmX/ spent /gUCmW/ spent /gUCmW/ gastar; pasar (tempo)stand /gWæmX/ stood /gWHX/ stood /gWHX/ estar a pésteal /gWAo/ stole /gWLHo/ stolen /'gWLHoLm/ roubarstick /gWBY/ stuck /gWJY/ stuck /gWJY/ pegarsweep /grAU/ swept /grCUW/ swept /grCUW/ varrerswim /grBl/ swam /græl/ swum /grJl/ nadartake /WMY/ took /WHY/ taken /'WMYLm/ coller, levarteach /WAa/ taught /WGW/ taught /WGW/ aprender, ensinartear /WCL/ tore /WG/ torn /WGm/ rachar, esgazartell /WCo/ told /WLHoX/ told /WLHoX/ dicir, contarthink /eBnY/ thought /eGW/ thought /eGW/ coidar, pensarthrow /epN/ threw /epI/ thrown /epNm/ guindar, tirarunderstand /JmXC'gWæmX/ understood /JmXC'gWHX/ understood /JmXC'gWHX/ comprender, entenderwake up /rMY'JU/ woke up /rLHY'JU/ woken up /rLHYLm'JU/ espertarwear /rCL/ wore /rG/ worn /rGm/ levar posto, poñersewin /rBm/ won /rJm/ won /rJm/ gañarwrite /pOW/ wrote /pLHW/ written /'pBWm/ escribir

Build up 4 Galician © B Burlington Books 33

WRITING GUIDE

REpasa o EscRITo (Checking your work)

as MaIÚscULas(Capital letters)

Escríbense con maiúscula:• a primeira palabra dunha oración. Wehadagreatholiday.• os nomes e os títulos das persoas. ThisisMrsLucySmith.• os nomes de vilas, cidades, países, nacionalidades e linguas. Dover,Moscow,China,French

• os días, os meses e os días festivos. Wednesday,April,Christmas• as palabras importantes dos títulos de libros, películas e cancións. ASafariMystery• o pronome persoal I. MyfriendsandIlovecomputergames.

a FINaLIDaDE Do TEXTo(Purpose of writing)

Antes de comezar cómpre que teñas claro o que te propós escribir para elixir a linguaxe axeitada: informal se é un correo electrónico a un amigo/a, e máis formal se vai ser un texto informativo.

aNTEs DE EscRIBIR(Brainstorming)

1. Fai unha listaxe de ideas ou un mapa de preguntas relacionadas co tema (what?,who?,when?,where?,why?).

2. Leas e risca as que creas irrelevantes.3. Ponas na orde en que queiras presentalas.

oRGaNIZa as IDEas (Organising your ideas)

EscRIBE o pRIMEIRo BoRRaDoR (Writing your first draft)

a EsTRUTURa Do TEXTo(Paragraph structure)

Un texto divídese en tres partes:1. O limiar ou primeira oración (opening sentence), que presenta o tema.2. O desenvolvemento ou corpo do texto (body), que amplía a idea principal con información importante.3. A conclusión ou derradeira oración (closing sentence), que resume o tema e repite a idea principal con

outras palabras.

Opening sentence: Tenerife,intheCanaryIslands,isafabulousplaceforaholiday.Thisamazingislandhasgotbeautifulbeacheswithimpressiveresorts.PeoplecomefromallovertheworldtoseethewildlifeattheTeideNationalParkinTenerife.Also,youcanvisittheInstituteofTechnologyandlearnhowtouserenewableenergy.IfyougotoTenerife,youwilldefinitelyhaveanunforgettableholiday.

Body of paragraph:

Concluding sentence:


writing guide

a pUNTUacIóN(Punctuation)

• O punto (.) vai ao final das oracións afirmativas e negativas. Myfavouritesportisbasketball. Idon’teattomatoes.• O sinal de interrogación (?) ponse ao final das preguntas. Haveyougotapencil? Didyoudoyourhomework?• O signo de exclamación (!) ponse ao final da frase para expresar unha emoción ou un sentimento e para

facer fincapé en algo. Wow!Youlookfabulous!• A vírgula (,) úsase para separar palabras ou ideas. Polo xeral non se pon diante de and. Icanplayfootball,basketballandvolleyball.

a oRDE Das paLaBRas: sUXEITo-VERBo(Word order: Subject – Verb)

• O suxeito da oración ponse diante do verbo. Weleftschoolatthreeo’clock. s + v • Mais nas preguntas, o verbo vai diante do suxeito. IsTomtall? v + s

a oRDE Das paLaBRas: os aDXEcTIVos(Word order: Adjectives)

• Polo xeral van diante dos substantivos. healthysandwichterriblefilm adx sb adx sb• E tamén detrás do verbo tobe. Thesandwichishealthy.Thefilmwasterrible. sb adx sb adx

a oRDE Das paLaBRas: os aDVERBIos(Word order: Adverbs)

• Os adverbios de modo van detrás dos verbos. Hespeaksclearly. v adv

a oRDE Dos aDXEcTIVos(Adjective order)

• Se hai varios, polo xeral van nesta orde: opinión, tamaño, idade, cor I’vegotabeautiful,tiny,youngwhitekitten.


writing guide

as coNXUNcIóNs (Linking words)

• and une dúas ideas semellantes. Hebroughtasuitcaseandabackpack.• or dá dúas opcións diferentes. Wasitagoatorasheep?• but une dúas ideas contraditorias entre si. Thefilmwasgoodbutdepressing.

as coNXUNcIóNs caUsaIs E coNsEcUTIVas(Connectors of cause and effect)

• A conxunción causal máis común é: because. Tomwashappybecausehegotagoodmark.• A conxunción consecutiva máis común é: so. Bob’scarwasstolensohecalledthepolice.

os pRoNoMEs(Pronoun referencing)

• Empréganse para non repetir os nomes: Westayedintheyouthhostel.Itwasveryclean. SusanandIaregoingshopping.Doyouwanttocomewithus? Myfatherisangry.Ilosthiscreditcard.

os coNEcToREs DE sEcUENcIa(Connectors of sequence)

Cando contamos unha serie de feitos empregamos estas palabras para amosar a orde en que ocorreron: • first (primeiro, en primeiro lugar) • after that (despois) • before (antes) • later (despois, máis tarde)• then (logo, entón) • finally (finalmente, para rematar)• next (a continuación, deseguido)First sinala o primeiro que ocorreu e finally o último. Yesterday,wewenttotheamusementpark.First,wegotamapfromthevisitors’centre.Then,wewent

onsomerides.Next,wehadlunch.Afterthat,wesawamusicalshow.Finally,at10o’clockwedrovehome.

as pREposIcIóNs DE TEMpo(Prepositions of time)

• Úsanse diferentes preposicións segundo o que queiramos expresar: attwoo’clock inthemorning from6.00to8.00 onMonday atChristmas in2010 fromSeptembertoJune on12thJanuary inMay• Excepcións: attheweekend atnight


Cadros resumo das equivalenCias dos tempos verbais entre o inglés e o galego

IH-007-130

tempos verbais tenses outras equivalenciaspresente present simple

eu xogoti xogas

el, ela xoganós xogamosvós xogades

eles, elas xogan

I playyou play

he, she, it playswe playyou playthey play

perÍFrase present continuous Futuro: perÍFraseeu estou a xogar / xogandoti estás a xogar / xogando

el, ela está a xogar / xogandonós estamos a xogar / xogandovós estades a xogar / xogando

eles, elas están a xogar / xogando

I am playingyou are playing

he, she, it is playingwe are playingyou are playingthey are playing

eu vou xogarti vas xogar

el, ela vai xogarnós imos xogarvós ides xogar

eles, elas van xogar

Future: BE GOING TOI am going to play

you are going to playhe, she, it is going to play

we are going to playyou are going to playthey are going to play

Futuro Future: wIlleu xogareiti xogarás

el, ela xogaránós xogaremosvós xogaredes

eles, elas xogarán

I will playyou will play

he, she, it will playwe will playyou will playthey will play

pretÉrito imperFecto past continuous perÍFrase

eu xogabati xogabas

el, ela xogabanós xogabamosvós xogabades

eles, elas xogaban

I was playingyou were playing

he, she, it was playingwe were playingyou were playingthey were playing

eu estaba a xogarti estabas a xogar

el, ela estaba a xogarnós estabamos a xogarvós estabades a xogar

eles, elas estaban a xogar

past simpleI played

you playedhe, she, it played

we playedyou playedthey played

pretÉrito perFecto

eu xogueiti xogaches

el, ela xogounós xogamosvós xogastes

eles, elas xogaron

present perFect perÍFraseI have played

you have playedhe, she, it has played

we have playedyou have playedthey have played

eu teño xogadoti tes xogado

el, ela ten xogadonós temos xogadovós tedes xogado

eles, elas teñen xogado

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