GlobalizationGlobalization

Key Issue: Why are different places Key Issue: Why are different places similar?similar?

GLOBALIZATIONGLOBALIZATION

Definition: force or process that involves the Definition: force or process that involves the entire world and results in making something entire world and results in making something worldwide in scope.worldwide in scope.

The scale of the world is SHRINKING!!The scale of the world is SHRINKING!! People are able to share ideas, objects, and People are able to share ideas, objects, and

innovations faster than ever!!innovations faster than ever!! Example: Internet, TV, Cell phones, PlanesExample: Internet, TV, Cell phones, Planes

DID YOU KNOW

The Pre-modern WorldThe Pre-modern World 11stst agricultural revolution agricultural revolution

Involved a transition from Involved a transition from hunter-gather groups to hunter-gather groups to agricultural-based agricultural-based minisystemsminisystems Began in Neolithic PeriodBegan in Neolithic Period Between 9000- 7000 B.C.E.Between 9000- 7000 B.C.E. Key developments:Key developments:

slash- and-burn agriculture slash- and-burn agriculture

Needed certain geo Needed certain geo settingssettings

Aka: Hearth AreasAka: Hearth Areas

Main Hearth RegionsMain Hearth Regions Middle EastMiddle East

Fertile crescentFertile crescent Tigris and Euphrates RiverTigris and Euphrates River

South AsiaSouth Asia Ganges PlainGanges Plain Brahmaputra, Indus, and Irrawaddy Brahmaputra, Indus, and Irrawaddy

riversrivers

ChinaChina Huang He River/ ValleyHuang He River/ Valley

AmericasAmericas MesoamericaMesoamerica Arizona/ New MexicoArizona/ New Mexico AndesAndes

ImplicationsImplications Allowed high pop densitiesAllowed high pop densities Change in social organizationChange in social organization SpecializationSpecialization Barter and trade emergedBarter and trade emerged

Early EmpiresEarly Empires

World-empire:World-empire: Group of mini-systems Group of mini-systems

that have been that have been absorbed into a absorbed into a common political systemcommon political system Wealth flows from Wealth flows from

producer class to elite producer class to elite through taxes or tributesthrough taxes or tributes

Best know, longest Best know, longest lasting:lasting:

EgyptEgypt GreeceGreece ChinaChina ByzantiumByzantium RomeRome

Early EmpiresEarly Empires Brought two new elements to Brought two new elements to

the evolution of the world’s the evolution of the world’s geographiesgeographies Colonization

Physical settlement in a new Physical settlement in a new territory of people from a territory of people from a colonizing statecolonizing state

Law of diminishing returnsLaw of diminishing returns

Clearest example: RomeClearest example: Rome Also led to developments in Also led to developments in

GeographyGeography

UrbanizationUrbanization Towns and cities became Towns and cities became

essential as centers of essential as centers of administration for early world-administration for early world-empiresempires Gave rise to monumental Gave rise to monumental

capitalscapitals

Most successful world-Most successful world-empiresempires GreeceGreece RomeRome

Size and sophisticationSize and sophistication

Geography of the Pre-Modern Geography of the Pre-Modern WorldWorld

1400 C.E.1400 C.E. Dominant CentersDominant Centers

ChinaChina Northern IndiaNorthern India Ottoman EmpireOttoman Empire

All linked by Silk RoadAll linked by Silk Road

CapitalismCapitalism Major regions of world Major regions of world

connected by tradeconnected by trade Emerging centers of Emerging centers of

CapitalismCapitalism Port cities Port cities

Traders began to to Traders began to to organize the production organize the production of agricultural of agricultural specialties, textiles, and specialties, textiles, and craft products in their craft products in their respective hinterlandsrespective hinterlands

Hinterland: sphere of Hinterland: sphere of economic influenceeconomic influence

Geography of the Pre-Modern Geography of the Pre-Modern WorldWorld

Geographic KnowledgeGeographic Knowledge Between 500- 1400 C.E.Between 500- 1400 C.E.

Geo knowledge expands Geo knowledge expands thanks to Chinese and thanks to Chinese and Islamic scholarsIslamic scholars

Chinese maps were most Chinese maps were most accurate at timeaccurate at time

Thanks to Chinese sailorsThanks to Chinese sailors

Centers of scholarshipCenters of scholarship Baghdad, Damascus, Baghdad, Damascus,

Cairo, and GranadaCairo, and Granada Surviving Roman and Surviving Roman and

Greek works translated into Greek works translated into ArabicArabic

Used Chinese cartography Used Chinese cartography and geographical writingsand geographical writings

Hajj created demand for Hajj created demand for travel guidebookstravel guidebooks

An Interdependent World GeographyAn Interdependent World Geography

Exploration began to be Exploration began to be seen as an important way of seen as an important way of opening up opportunities for opening up opportunities for trade and economic trade and economic expansion expansion World-system emergedWorld-system emerged

Definition: an inter-dependent Definition: an inter-dependent system of countries linked by system of countries linked by political and economic political and economic competitioncompetition

Term coined by Immanuel Term coined by Immanuel WallersteinWallerstein

Core and PeripheryCore and Periphery Western Europe became the Western Europe became the

core region of the world-core region of the world-system that had penetrated system that had penetrated and incorporated significant and incorporated significant portions of the rest of the portions of the rest of the worldworld Not external areas Not external areas

PeripheryPeriphery Countries that were Countries that were

dependent on Europedependent on Europe Territories occupied and labor Territories occupied and labor

system exploitedsystem exploited

Core and Periphery in the New World Core and Periphery in the New World SystemSystem

Thanks to industrial revolution, Thanks to industrial revolution, capitalism truly became a capitalism truly became a global system that reached global system that reached almost every part of the worldalmost every part of the world

Human geographies recast Human geographies recast were recast with a more were recast with a more interdependent dynamicinterdependent dynamic New transportation technologies New transportation technologies

led to external colonization and led to external colonization and imperialism imperialism

Wallerstein’s World-Wallerstein’s World-SystemsSystems The three tiers The three tiers

CoreCore Dominate trade, control most Dominate trade, control most

advanced technologies, and advanced technologies, and have high levels of have high levels of productivity within diversified productivity within diversified economieseconomies

Semi- PeripherySemi- Periphery Exploit periphery but are still Exploit periphery but are still

exploited by Coreexploited by Core

PeripheryPeriphery Dependent trading Dependent trading

relationshipsrelationships Undeveloped or narrowly Undeveloped or narrowly

specialized economiesspecialized economies

Organizing the PeripheryOrganizing the Periphery

Growth and internal Growth and internal development of core development of core regions would not have regions would not have taken place without taken place without goods and markets goods and markets provided by peripheryprovided by periphery

Early 1900s led to Early 1900s led to colonizationcolonization Logic behind colonization Logic behind colonization

was economicwas economic

International Division of International Division of LaborLabor Definition: involves the Definition: involves the

specialization of different specialization of different people, regions and people, regions and countries in certain kinds countries in certain kinds of economic activitiesof economic activities

Led to specializations Led to specializations based on core countries based on core countries needsneeds Example:Example:

Cotton in IndiaCotton in India Copper in ChileCopper in Chile Sugar in CaribbeanSugar in Caribbean

ImperialismImperialism Late 19Late 19thth century Britain century Britain

was dominant powerwas dominant power Other notable countries Other notable countries

scrambling for global scrambling for global influence as wellinfluence as well Japan, Germany, U.S., Japan, Germany, U.S.,

France, NetherlandsFrance, Netherlands

Countries “preemptively” Countries “preemptively” expanded and denying expanded and denying other countries coloniesother countries colonies Africa most affectedAfrica most affected

Carved up in 34 yearsCarved up in 34 years

Also pacific islandsAlso pacific islands

ImpactImpact Immediate and profoundImmediate and profound Almost rendered Almost rendered

completely dependent on completely dependent on European and North European and North American capital, American capital, shipping, news and shipping, news and communicationscommunications Also dependent on cultural Also dependent on cultural

products products i.e. religion, educationi.e. religion, education

Led to Ethnocentrism Led to Ethnocentrism and Environmental and Environmental DeterminismDeterminism

EthnocentrismEthnocentrism Attitude that one’s race Attitude that one’s race

and culture are superior to and culture are superior to othersothers

Environmental Environmental DeterminismDeterminism A doctrine holding that A doctrine holding that

human activities are human activities are shaped and constrained shaped and constrained by the environmentby the environment

1919thth/ 20/ 20thth century century assumption that the assumption that the physical attributes of physical attributes of geographical settings are geographical settings are the root not only of the root not only of people’s physical people’s physical differences but also in differences but also in people’s economic vitality, people’s economic vitality, cultural activities, and cultural activities, and social structuressocial structures

The Third WorldThe Third World

Imperial World disintegrated after Imperial World disintegrated after WWIIWWII

U.S. emerged as new hegemonic U.S. emerged as new hegemonic powerpower ““11stst world” world”

Soviet Union and China seen as Soviet Union and China seen as “2“2ndnd world” withdrawn from world” withdrawn from CapitalismCapitalism

1950s1950s Many old European colonies Many old European colonies

sought independencesought independence Violent oftenViolent often By 1960s process more By 1960s process more

smoothsmooth New creation of “Third World”New creation of “Third World”

Politically independent statesPolitically independent states Didn’t always align with 1Didn’t always align with 1stst or 2 or 2ndnd

world countriesworld countries Dependent, economically, on coreDependent, economically, on core

Neocolonialism New independent states New independent states

struggled after 1960s to be struggled after 1960s to be free of dependencefree of dependence Old system broke down, new Old system broke down, new

complex system emergedcomplex system emerged

NeocolonialismNeocolonialism Definition: Definition:

economic and political strategies economic and political strategies by which powerful states in core by which powerful states in core economies indirectly maintain or economies indirectly maintain or extend their influence over other extend their influence over other areas and peopleareas and people

No more direct ruleNo more direct rule

Commercial imperialismCommercial imperialism Giant corporations grew within Giant corporations grew within

core countries, became so big core countries, became so big = transnational= transnational