*Globalization and challenges to secondary education

*What is Globalisation

The term globalisation means free trade and free movement of all factors of production including labour

*The globalisation process in India during the past Ancient period GlobalisationEconomic factors that led to the country's economic prosperity References available from Jatakas and other texts. Evidences are also based on discovery of Indian articles The time of Buddha (3rd century B. C.) Indian sailors could go to lands now called Myanmar, Malaysia, Philippines, Indonesia, Laos, Vietnam, Campuchea in the east and Sri Lanka in the SouthMauryan policy of friendship with the world

*In the early centuries of the Christian era spices, perfumes, jewels and fine textiles (Muslim countries) ivory (both raw and finished), sugar, rice, ghee, Indian iron (for its purity, live animals (buffuloes, lions, tigers, elephants (for the wild beast shows of Rome and other Roman provincial capitals) and monkeys) and birds (parrots, peacocks, pheasants etc. for being used as pets of Roman ladies) etc. Both land and sea trade flourished at that time.

*First millennium -Globalization Process

India took a leading and pioneer role

*

The expansion of India's Globalisation process in the East Asia during Gupta era (240-495 A.D)

India's international trade connections reached its peak

*Decline of Indian GlobalisationDecline since the 8th century A.D. and became insignificant in the course of next three hundred years.

*Reasons

Due to low technology Inability to protect her trading infrastructure from foreign invaders which resulted in plunder and destruction etc.it was disastrous during middle age

*20th century globalisation in Indiastarted since-1985 continuing till now with varying degree of pace in its successive phases (1985-91, 1991-95, 1995-2005) and is expected to continue

*

Background for the Present Globalisation in India Economic Crisis in IndiaPolitical Imbalances

Gulf CrisisHigher Import BillLoss of Export MarketImpact onInternational CreditsInternational Market

*As a ResultIndia near to default in July 1991.

Widespread Shortage of essential imported CommoditiesCut Back on Industrial OutputInflationUnable to pay the maintenance cost

*Corrective steps takenTo obtain foreign loans India had to abide by the stringent conditionalities imposed by the World Bank and the IMF. This resulted in the adoption of completely different types of economic policies in 1991 which are now well known as 'economic reforms'.

*Emergence of LPG or SAPs or ReformsThis phase of globalisation for India as the Economic Reforms policies consisted of LPG strategies viz, Liberalisation, Privatisation and Globalisation

*These Reforms areLiberalization of foreign ExchangeDevaluation

Increase of Cuts in spendingIndirect TaxesReduction in Govt Expenditure Cut on Social SectorCut on Education

*Sectors where Globalisation/Economic Reforms enteredEducation Sector- Privatization, Privatization of Higher education,Internationalization of educationLinguistic, cultural & ideology convergence-Emergence of Foreign language centers,international brands promotion etc.Finance sector-Foreign Credits Availability ex CitiBank etcCommunication & Information Technology sector- Private Channels ,Mobile Phones,Computer , internet etc.International movement of people-Liberal policy in Passport issues,visa etc.Business sector-World system of signs & images & brands

*

Countries Failure Zaire-AfricaMali-AfricaNigeria-AfricaNiger-AfricaSierra-AfricaLeone-AfricaZambia AfricaPeru-South AmericaMadagascar-AfricaBolivia-South AmericaEthiopia-AfricaMauritina -AfricaCountries-successfulKorea-AsiaHongkong-AsiaSingapore-AsiaMalaysia-AsiaChina-AsiaThailand-AsiaIndonesia-Asia

*Asian Countries which are GlobalisingIndiaBangladeshPhilippinesPakisthan

*Impact on Education sector- World Experiences

Failures afterGlobalizationReduced attendance in the SchoolFees introduced at Primary levelSkilled manpower migration(Brain Drain)High opportunity cost

Success after GlobalizationIncome increasedResources from other sources increasedRise in human developmentHigh Domestic savings. (25% in Education)

*Changes in the system of Education in India Conventional System(Usual)Welfare ApproachPublic Higher EducationPublic Financing Private: State Financed Institutions. Private: Government Recognised Institutions Private: Degree awarding InstitutionsEmerging SystemMarket ApproachMixed and Private Higher EducationPrivate FinancingPrivate: Self Financing InstitutionsPrivate Institutions requiring no Government recognitionPrivate: Non-Degree (Diploma/ Certificate) awarding Institutions

*Contd..Conventional System(Usual)Private: Philanthropy and educational ConsiderationsNo Fees Low Levels of Fees No Student LoansCommercially Ineffective Loan Programmes -- no securityHigh default rates

Emerging SystemPrivate: commercial motives; profit motivesIntroduction of FeesHigh Levels of FeesIntroduction of Student Loan ProgrammesEffective/Commercially Viable Loan Programmes: security/mortgageExpected high recovery rates

*Contd..Emergence of many Academic DisciplinesEmphasis on lifelong EducationIncreasing pressure on Role of the Heads of Institutions on ethics and accountabilitySelf-Financing/Commercially viable/profitable disciplines of studyOpen/Distance/Part-Time EducationAcademic leadership , Money Management; and in Resource Generation

The paradigm shift in school education- Tension points to schoolsHybridization focusing on the content and process of education system of evaluation of the outcomes of learning through moderation standardization, and certification.knowledge-divide, social divide, and an urban-rural divide

The GATS gateway The emergence of GATS has opened yet another threshold for global competition and partnership

The Globetrotters global level school education providers(like International Baccqualarate -IB, GCSE, Australian school educational system, and the German mode) designing an updated educational edifice already designed and entered to cater to the local Indian educational requirements

*Specific Tension points to school system

Mismatch between Global needs and local productionTraditional set ups and demand for modernityFulfilling the national goal of Equality of opportunity and facing the competition Extraordinary expansion of knowledge and slow progress in Teacher/principals up gradation Of know--Emergence of WTO and GATS and Changes in the demand of education

*Contd..

Demand for new skills, Demand for new knowledge, Demand for new emotional strength Change in the demand in employment global demands for global education

*11/28/07*Demands -Skill Level ChangesUnskilled60%Skilled20%Professional20%Skilled65%Unskilled15%Professional20%19702007

11/28/07

**Present education scenario of India4. 6% are the ones that cross the 10+2 stage,

8% in higher education

degree which may not be very relevant in today's

context for the sake of employment generation 5. 72% of all graduates from the 15,000 colleges are Arts graduates.. Balance 2.28% -From Science, Commerce, Engineering, I. T., Medical,Law, Management and special subjects.

**Current employment situationOf all new employment generated, 1% are Government jobs, 2% are in the organized sector and the balance 97% in the' unorganized sector

we need to concentrate on the balance 97% of the Economy & EnterpriseI.T. & Software India's present share is about 3%. For rapid economic growth and employment generation we need to concentrate on the balance 97% of the Economy & Enterprise and make it world class.

**

India's internal problems

71% or 770 million people are below 35 years of age.

2. 29 million people are born every year,

3. 94% drop out rate of children between kindergarten and 10+2www.wakeupcall.org

**India as the world seePowered with more Young populationEnglish Language powerMoving from identity of Snake charmers to mouse moversWorld leaders acknowledges Indias rise ---visits from leaders and officials from the United States, France, Germany and Russia have spotlighted. wealthier nations see India as trading partner with enormous potential-

Graduates of the nations business programs are in high demand among multinational corporations,Those who complete MBA degrees at schools such as starting salaries ranging from $75,000 (USD) at Indian firms to over $200,000 outside the country. This is comparable to graduates of top American business schools such as Harvard, Stanford

**Future agenda or Goals for school educationImproving Secondary Education in India : Finding Complementarities with International Standards

Prepare younger generation with new knowledge, renewed skills for understanding technical know- how, sharpening competencies necessary for human and economic developmentRedesigning methodology of educational teaching process,

Balancing Vocational and Academic Education- Emphasizing Knowledge and Cognitive Skills or Behavioral and Life Skills- Designing Systems for Mass or Selective Education Building Better Curriculum Models

Designing integrated and interdisciplinary coursesTerminal education tolifelong learningInformation-based learning systems to application knowledgelearning to analysis and synthesisMemorisation to critical thinkingLearning things just in case they may be useful to a time learning system that promotes

A directive based system to an initiative based systemA highly centralized system to a devolving system Supply driven vocational courses to demand-oriented courses

**Impart education suits Jobs for the 21st CenturyFunding to initiate or expand activities that help meet the goals of the new Jobs for the 21st Century initiative by ensuring that all students are prepared to succeed in postsecondary education and the workforce.

**Skills oriented education for 21st Century WorkforceKnowledge about Human behavior AspectsDevelopment of Multiple intelligenceCritical Thinking: Creative Thinking Decision-Making Problem Solving Interpersonal Relationship Effective Communication Coping with Emotions Coping with Stress Self-Awareness Empathy high value onVerbal & written communications MathComputer expertise

**Need for vocational educationWhile 95% of the world youth between 15 to 35 years of age learn a vocation, a skill or atrade, with a choice of 2500 vocational education& training (VET) programs, in 15,000 modules,we in India have only identified about 97 coursesafter 58 years of Independence and hardly 2% of the population goes for formal VET training!

**Plan to face WTO.New technologies for anytime, anywhere learning.. Focus on the consumer Education which is a means to a livelihood. Syllabuses and curriculums must understand the future needs of the industrial and service sectors.Higher education institutions must engage with industry.

**Revise school syllabusall school examination boards should revise their syllabus to test research, analysis, memory, comprehension and expression capabilities of students. There is urgent need to develop innovative curricula, Most foreign boards provide flexibility in curriculum through wide range of subjects

**modern teaching methodspractice modern teaching methods, andgenerate competitive academic culture for which an enabling framework of governance is needed.

**Modern evaluation methodsStudent friendly evaluation

open choice frame work

Move beyond the textbooks syndrome

**