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TERM PAPER PRESENTATIONON

GLOBAL SCENARIO GLOBAL SCENARIO ON IPM OF WHITE FLY ON IPM OF WHITE FLY

ENT 801ADVANCES IN INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT

CPPS,TNAU,COIMBATORE-641 003

NAME :SABHAVAT SRINIVASNAIKID. NO: 2015800506YEAR: I Ph. D (2015)DEPT.: AGRICULTURAL ENTOMOLOGY

IntroductionCommon white fly species

Distribution Host range

Global Integrated pest management

Conclusion

Bionomics of whitefly Nature & Symptoms of damage

PART I

PART II

PART III

INDEX

INTRODUCTION

PART I

Introd….

White gold

White fly

Can you believe ?

(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farmers'_suicides_in_India)

Introduction

(The Hindu,October 18,2015)

Introduction…

Whitefly

Agriculturally unimportant pest before 3 decades It occupied its devastate form in early 1980s causing damaging in melons,

vegetables and cotton crops in different countries The actual biotypes unknown but at least 16 numbers identified.

Taxonomic position Kingdom: AnimaliaPhylum : Arthropoda Class : Insecta Order : Hemiptera Family : AleyrodidaeGenus : Bemisia Species : tabaci 1550 species recorded

1.Intr…

Name White wax coated on the body -Tiny moth

1) Greenhouse whitefly - Trialeurodes vaporariorum 2) Silverleaf whitefly - Bemisia argentifolii 3) Sweet potato whitefly - Bemisia tabaci 4) Bandedwing whitefly - Trialeurodes abutilonea5) Spiralling white fly - Aleurodicus dispersus

Common whitefly species 1. Intr…

Among the 1550 species common whitefly species

1. Distribution2. Host range3. Life cycle of white fly4. Nature & Symptoms of damage5. Global Integrated Pest Management

PART II

North America

South America

Africa

Asia

Australia

Whitefly infesting areas in the world

Distribution 1. Intr…

Mexico, 1962

Brazil, 1968

Turkey 1964Israel, 1976

Thailand,1978 Philippines,2000Indonesia, 1980

Arizona,1981California,1986

Host range More than 500 host plant species belonging to more than 60 plant families

LIFE CYCLE OF WHITE FLY 6 life stages15-70 days

Pear shaped mesophyll or inner tissueStalk like process

3 flight mechanisms

Under surface of the leaves Both nymphs and adults Needle like mouthparts - vascular tissue / phloem Suck the plant sap. 3 types of damage: direct, indirect and virus vector

NATURE & SYMPTOMS OF DAMAGE

White fly adults White fly nymphs

GLOBAL IPM PRACTICES AGAINST WHITE FLY

1.REGULATORY METHODS

2.CULTURAL PRACTICES

3.HOST PLANT RESISTANCE

4.BIOLOGICAL CONTROL

5.CHEMICAL CONTROL

REGULATORY METHODS

GLOBAL IPM PRACTICES AGAINST WHITE FLY

Approximately 600 ha of unauthorized crops and volunteer plants were eradicated

every year during the implementation phase of these regulatory measuresSorghum was promoted as a rotational crop during

summer

Most dramatic incidence tomato industry in the Azua valley in Dominican Republic

B. tabaci first invaded this area in 1988

Tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV) was found in 1992

The industry was devastated, with harvested hectares dropping from 8805 in 1989 to 3729 in 1993, and yield decreasing from 21.6 to 11.3 t/ha

Importation of tomato paste, which also peaked in 1993

“Banned cultivation of whitefly reproductive hosts 90 days before main growingSeason”

CULTURAL METHODS

GLOBAL IPM PRACTICES AGAINST WHITE FLY

CULTURAL METHODS

Avoidance in time 1. Crop-free periods2. Crop residue disposal3. Planting dates4. Weed removal

Avoidance in space

Behavioural manipulation

1. Exclusion2. Barriers3. High planting density

1. Intercropping2. Mulches

CULTURAL METHODS - AVOIDANCE IN TIME - CROP FREE PERIOD

Gap in production can reduce the overall population levels of the vector and reduce the amount of virus inoculum in the area

Can reduce mass migrations of insects directly from one crop to another.

“Dead season” first crop free period in Sudan in 1920 against the “cotton leaf curl virus”

Tobacco leaf curl virus in south central Africa Arava region of Israel, the common practice was to cultivate crops

from August to March, leaving a four-month crop-free period

CULTURAL METHODS - AVOIDANCE IN TIME - CROP RESIDUE DISPOSAL

Creation of a crop-free period requires removal of crop residues The proportion of viruliferous whiteflies coming off virus-infected

crop residues is liable to be high Tomato yellow mottle (ToYMoV) disease in new fields located near

old and totally infected fields (as close as 300m away) in Costa Rica is likely a result of very high numbers of incoming viruliferous whiteflies

(Hilje et al. 2001)

CULTURAL METHODS - AVOIDANCE IN TIME – PLANTING DATES

• Even if an area wide crop-free period is not adopted some amount of vector and virus inoculum can often be avoided by planting early or late Eggplant in India (Borah, 1994) Okra in Mexico (Diaz-Franco and Obregion, 1997) Tomato in Egypt (ElGendi et al., 1997) Cotton in northern Mexico (Hernandez and Pacheco, 1998) Bean in Egypt (Metwally, 1999) Tobacco in India (Patel and Patel, 1966) Cantaloupe in California (Chu et al.,1995)

CULTURAL METHODS - AVOIDANCE IN TIME – WEED REMOVAL

Removal of weeds from cropping areas can help reduce the availability of alternate hosts for the vector and viral inoculum

Weeds may play an important role in maintaining sources of virus inoculum Jordan Valley of Israel found weed species that were identified as sources of

TYLCV inoculum Cynanchum acutum (Asclepiadaceae) serves as an overwintering host of

the virus, and provides a source of inoculum to whiteflies migrating in late summer

It was suggested that eradicating C. acutum in June–July before peak migration may control the spread of TYLCV in this area

CULTURAL METHODS - AVOIDANCE IN SPACE – EXCLUSION

Enclosed greenhouse or under an insect proof structure In Israel all tomatoes are grown inside enclosed structures constructed of

solid plastic and/or fine screening to escape the pressure of TYLCV Ultraviolet-absorbing additive that blocks a greater portion of the ultraviolet

light spectrum maintaining high transmission of visible light more reduction in the population

Seedlings or cuttings-covered structures with spun-bonded polyester Row covers have been successfully used in cucurbits, bell pepper, and

tomato plantings to decrease whitefly population levels

CULTURAL METHODS - AVOIDANCE IN SPACE – HPD For a fixed number of vectors a more number of host plants leads to less

infestation Greater number of plants escape infection and potentially produce a higher

total yield Bell pepper and tomato escaped whitefly infestation in Mexico and Honduras Cassava the incidence of African cassava mosaic virus (ACMV) reduced in

Africa Silver leaf symptoms reduced due to high planting in squash Use of living mulches that increase total plant density per unit area reduced

symptoms of squash silver leaf in zucchini, but did not increase yield

CULTURAL METHODS – BEHAVIOURAL MANIPULATION-INTERCROPPING

Cucumber along with tomato in 1:1 ratio reduced the white fly population it is not host TLCV in Sudan and middle east countries.

Tomato to tomato less incidence compared to the tomato after the egg plant in Florida

Maize, cowpea or peanut with cassava Green beans, squash, wild plants, or eggplant with tomato Weed Physalis wrightii or melon with cotton Cauliflower with melon Squash with snap beans Eggplant with common beans

CULTURAL METHODS – BEHAVIOURAL MANIPULATION-MULCHES

To reduce the insect’s ability to find the crop Plastics, sawdust, straw and rice husk mulches, has been

attributed to interference with visual host-finding or suicidal attraction to the sun-heated mulch

Tomato mottle virus in Florida and TYLCV in tomato in Jordan reduced using aluminum or silver reflective mulches

Coloured or reflective mulches are most effective early in the crop cycle, before the developing plant canopy covers the mulch.

HOST PLANT RESISTANCE

GLOBAL IPM PRACTICES AGAINST WHITE FLY

BIOLOGICAL CONTROL

GLOBAL IPM PRACTICES AGAINST WHITE FLY

1.Predators

2. Parasitoids

3. Entomopathogenic fungi

Encarsia noyesi parasitized II III and IV instar nymphs of rugose spiralling whitefly

Evidence suggests E. noyesi is a solitary, arrhenotokous, autoparasitoid Parasitism reduced whitefly survival to adult from 55% to less than 10% Parasitism reduced whitefly reproduction by anywhere from 89% to 98% Encarsia noyesi appears to have great potential for biocontrol of this whitefly

pest

CHEMICAL METHODS

GLOBAL IPM PRACTICES AGAINST WHITE FLY

CHEMICAL CONTROL OF WHITE FLY IN ISRAEL

(Palumbo et. al., 2001)

CHEMICAL CONTROL OF WHITE FLY IN ARIZONA

(Palumbo et. al., 2001)

IPM IN USA

Developed IPM against different whiteflies Woolly whitefly : Aleurothrixus floccosus

Citrus whitefly : Dialeurodes citriBayberry whitefly : Parabemisia myricaeAsh whitefly : Siphoninus phillyreae

Culturalcontrol

Biological control

Chemical control IPM COMPONENTS 1 3

2Pruning of the crops Proper fertilizer managementProvide flowering crops for NERegular monitoring of the pest Destroy the weed hosts and destroy the crop residues

Encarsia formosaCoccinellid beetles

Acetamiprid 3.4–5.7 oz/acreBuprofezin 2.14–2.86 lb/acreImidacloprid 7–14 fl oz/acrePyriproxyfen 16 oz/acre

Start the cropping cycle with a clean greenhouse. A fallow period of 2 to 4 weeks, when all plants and weeds are eliminated Avoid over fertilizing crops as this increase their attractiveness to adult

whiteflies Inspect incoming plants and cuttings for both adult and immature whiteflies.

Sweet potato whiteflies on poinsettia cuttings Yellow sticky cards one per 1000 sq. ft. additional cards near doors and vents When a pest infested plant tagged to be used as an indicator plant Encarsia formosa, Eretmocerus sp., Amblyseius swirskii, Delphastus pusillus

Beauvaria bassiania and Isaria (=Paecilomyces) fumosoroseus

x White fly

IPM IN AUSTRALIA

Vacuuming in the early morning when whiteflies are cold and slow moving can remove many of the adults before they have a chance to lay many eggs.

After vacuuming, empty the vacuum bag into a plastic bag and put in the freezer for 24 hours

Hang sticky yellow traps above the plants, at the beginning of the season to detect an invasion early.

Tapping the plants with a stick will cause the whitefly to fly up and onto the traps

Shouldn't wear yellow clothing around whiteflies or you may carry them from plant to plan

Physical barriers such as floating row covers or mosquito netting work very well for early season protection

Handpick older leaves to remove young whitefly stages Avoid using a lot of nitrogen fertilizer, including manures, as succulent

growth will increase whitefly populations. Try a high pressure hosing in the early morning, 3 days in a row.

IPM IN AUSTRALIA

An important predator and parasitoid of whiteflies is the tiny wasp Encarsia formosa

It is most likely to be effective inside glasshouses rather than outdoors Encarsia wasps kill whitefly nymphs in one of two ways: they either lay an egg

inside the nymph, providing food for their young, or they kill the nymph right away and feed on it. Once the whitefly nymphs are parasitised they turn black and no longer feed

Insecticidal soap sprays such as Natrasoap are a good choice of control for the home gardener; spray every 23 days for 2 weeks.

Suggested Products: Beat A Bug Insect Spray Eco Neem Eco Oil Exclusion Natrasoap Sticky Yellow Traps

IPM IN AUSTRALIA

IPM IN INDIA

IPM IN INDIA ETL 5-10 nymphs/leaf Grow resistant varieties like glabrous like glabrous kanchana

(LPS 141); LK 861; NA 1280 and Supriya Go for the early planting Judicious application of N fertilizers Grow inter crops and trap crops like BG, GG, soybean cluster

bean cowpea and groundnut with cotton and grow castor and tomato as trap crops as border crops

Destroy the infested plants and weeds surrounding the field Erect the yellow sticky traps 10-12/ha or keeping yellow

empty tins smeared with grease as trap. Wipe out trapped whiteflies every day and apply grease again

Destroy the different stages of the insect by collecting the infested leaves and affected parts of the plant by polythene covers to avoid contact with other plants

Seed treatment -Carbosulfan - 40 g/kg, Imidacloprid 70 WS - 5 g/kg and Thiamethoxam 70 WS - 4 g/kg

Soil application- Carbofuran 3G 12 – 14 kg/ac or Phorate 10G 4 – 5 kg/ac nearer to the base of seedlings when the soil is moist

Stem application-Monocrotophos or methyl demeton 1:4 with water Imidacloprid 200 SL 1: 20 with water 20 – 25, 30 – 35 and

40 – 45 DAS Foliar spray:

IPM IN INDIA ETL 5-10 nymphs/leaf

Azadirachtin 0.15% W/W 2.5l-5.0l Azadirachtin 5% W/W 750 ml/ha Buprofezin 25% SC 1000ml/haCarbaryl 85% W.P. 1411 ml/ha Chlorpyrifos 20% EC 1250 ml/ha Dimethoate 30% EC 990 ml/ha

Fenpropathrin 30% EC 240-350 ml/ha Monocrotophos 36% SL 375 ml/ha Oxydemeton – methyl 25% EC 1000 ml Phosphamidon 40% SL 625-750 ml/ha Spiromesifen 22.9% SC 600ml/ha Thiacloprid 21.7% SC 500-600 ml/ha Imidacloprid 17.8% SL 100-125

CONCLUSION

PART III

CONCLUSION Whitefly is a polyphagous,

polymorphic, migratory and highly resistant pest. Synthetic organic pesticides caused resurgence of the pest leading to the death of the farmers recently occurred in Punjab and Haryana in India. Considering the economic importance of the pest Australia, China, USA, Israel and India have been taking profound practices to manage the whitefly including regulatory, cultural, host plant resistance, biological and least importance to the older molecules which already developed resistance to the whitefly and including the newer molecules in a need based application. There is a need to develop transgenic crops which resist the sucking pest complex of different crops.

Please keep watch......

WHITE FLY BIOLOGY WHITE FLY ORGANIC CONTROL

Thank You

Presented bySabhavat Srinivasnaik

ID.NO:2015800506I Ph. D (Agrl. Entomology)