WEL COME

(www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov)

SSNAIKTNAUI Ph.D

BIOLOGICAL CONTROL BIOLOGICAL CONTROL OF NEMATODES OF NEMATODES

TERM PAPER PRSENTATION ON

NEM 611DEPARTMENT OF NEMATOLOGY

CPPS,TNAU,COIMBATORE-641 003

NAME :SABHAVAT SRINIVASNAIKID. NO: 2015800506YEAR: I Ph. D (2015)DEPT.: AGRICULTURAL ENTOMOLOGY

Introduction

PART I

PART II

PART III

INDEX

Biological control

Advantages Disadvantages

Introduction

PART I

Plant parasitic nematodes PPNs -leading biotics causing yield losses in different crops Small about 0.5 to 3 mm unsegmented worms Can affect the crops in different ways

Altering normal root cell divisionModifying plant cells for nutrient transferTransmitting viruses and creating wounds

Crop loss estimated about US $125 billion annually

(British ecological society report, 2015)

Current- dependent on the highly toxic nematicides

Harmful to the physical environment Reducing the soil flora and fauna

hidden enemies

Biological control

BIO CONTROL

PART II

BIO CONTROL “Biological control as the use of living organisms or their

products to eliminate or reduce the damages or losses due to pests” (IOBC, 2014)

“Biological control may be defined as reduction of nematode population that is accomplished through the action of living organisms other than the nematode-resistant host plants, which occurs naturally or through the manipulation of the environment or the introduction of the antagonists” (Stirling, 1991)

(or)

BIO CONTROL AGENTS

(Walia and Bajaj, 2013)

1. Fungi 2. Bacteria3. Predatory nematodes4. Protozoa 5. Tardigrades 6. Turbellarians 7. Collembolans8. Predatory Mites

Biological control

Fungi Bacteria

Mites

86%

10%2%

MECHANISMS OF BIOLOGICAL CONTROL4 mechanisms of biological control

parasitisation

Predation

Parasitism

Competition

Antibiosis

Specialized structures –predacious

Food / Space

Toxic compounds

Fungi, nematodes, collembolans, mites and protozoans

Fungi and bacteria

Fungi and bacteria

Fungi and Bacteria http://users.ba.cnr.it/ciancio/nematoda.html

Fungi Fungi are eukaryotic Spore bearing Achlorophyllous organisms Reproduce sexually and asexually Filamentous, branched somatic structures are typically surrounded by cell

walls consisting chitin or cellulose or both with many organic molecules

FUNGI MODE OF ACTION Fungi are 4 types: 1. Predacious fungi/capturing2. Endoparasitic fungi3. Egg/cyst parasitic fungi4. Toxin producing fungi

1. Arthrobotrys species 2. Monacrosporium cionopagum3. M. gephyropagum 4. Dactylella lobata 5. D. brochopaga 6. M. doedycoides 7. D. candida 8. D. leptospora9. Drechmeria coniodiospora10. Paecilomyces lilacinus 11. Trichoderma spp.12. Hirsutella rhossoliensis13. Haptoglossa dickii 14. Catenaria anguillulae 15. Verticillium chlamydosporium16. Dactylella oviparasitica(Pandit, 2014)

FUNGI MOA…

1. Predacious fungi/capturing/carnivorous

Mycelium Adhesive network Attaching knob

Non C. ring Constricting ring Adhesive zoospores (Pandit, 2014)

FUNGI MOA…

(Pandit, 2014)

Penetration

Proliferate

Killing

New propagules (spores)

Favorable conditions

FUNGI MOA…

2. ENDOPARASITIC FUNGI

(Pandit, 2014)

Nematode body

Fungal spore(conidia)

Appressorium

Germ tube

Infected nematode body

Multiplication of the hyphae

Under favourable conditions

(Pandit, 2014)

BACTERIA Soil is a dynamic natural resource (Doran et al.,1996). Insects, nematodes, bacteria, algae, fungi, earthworms The microbial populations 10,000/g of soil (Torsvik et al., 1990). Few potential biocontrol agents of phytonematodes. Fungi and bacteria are common parasites of nematodes (Davies, 1998)

BACTERIA NA Cobb reported the first bacterial disease of nematode in 1906

Thorn described it as protozoan in 1940

Electron Microscopy and prokaryotic nature it describes as bacteriaBacillus penetrans (Mankau, 1975)

Presently the groups of the organisms described under Genus Pasteuria (Sayre and Starr 1985)

MODE OF ACTION OF BACTERIA Disease producing bacteria

Toxin producing bacteria

Pathogenic to the nematode Secretions/metabolites/toxins

Pasteuria penetrans, P. thornei , P. nishizawae

Agrobacteriumm radiobacterAzotobcater chrococcumBacillus thuringiensisB. cereus, Clostridium spp. Pseudomonas spp.Streptomyces spp

Spores which attach to the nematode, penetrate the cuticle/epidermis- reproduces inside the nematode

Predacious Nematodes Mononchid

Dorylaimd Seinura Diplogasterids Tripylid

Wide buccal cavity with

teeth/denticle

Odontostyle Similar to PPN

Spacious stoma +movable teeth

Tube +one or more teeth on dorsal/ventral

wallsKader, 2008

Mononchus nematodes are predatory, meaning they feed on other animals, other nematodes

Damp soil, sand or gravel on the shore of a water source, or on the bottom of a lake, pond, stream, river, or marsh

Nematodes are transparent, meaning you can see through them. If they have colour, you're just seeing what they ate.

Young Mononchus eat microscopic creatures, such as Amoeba, Paramecium, Euglena, etc.. Adult nematodes attack protists as well as Rotifers, Water Bears, Aquatic Worms, and other nematodes. Mononchus will show cannibalism also.

The mouth of a Mononchus has a "tooth" that it uses to grab prey. Then the nematode swallows it whole

Protozoa Single celled organisms Unicellular eukaryotic organism Motility and predation Primitive non photosynthetic simplest organisms 4 groups were found

1. Flagellates 2. Amoeboids 3. Sporozoans 4. Ciliates

Theratromyxa weberi

Mode of action Protozoa

Which attaches to the nematode then engulfs and digests the nematode

Tardigrades Tardigrades -water bears or moss piglets Water-dwelling, segmented micro-animals, with eight legs withstand temperatures above absolute zero to100 °C, The name Tardigrada (meaning "slow stepper") was given

three years later by the Italian biologist Lazzaro Spallanzani Mountain tops to the deep sea, from tropical rain forests to the

Antarctic

Mode of action of Tardigrades

Captures nematodes pierce the cuticle and then suck out the contents of the nematode body.

Nematode

Tardigrade

http://plpnemweb.ucdavis.edu/nemaplex/Ecology/antagoni.htm

Turbellarians (flat worms) Sub division of the Platyhelminthes 4500 species Moist terrestrial and aquatic habitat Flat/ribbon/leaf like Lack of respiratory and circulatory system Diffusion mechanism Most are predators. Size 1mm to 600mm Nocturnally active

Kingdom : Animalia Phylum : Platyhelminthis Class : Turbellaria

Example: Adenoplea sp., MOA :Predatory flatworm which captures nematodes, pierces the cuticle and then swallows the entire nematode.

Predatory mites 1938: Linford and Oliviera: first report on predatory mite 1957: Murphy and Doncaster: Heterodera cyst injury by mite1965: Rockert and Woodring: Oribited mite Pergalumna sp. on Pelodera lambdiense and Tylenchorhynchus martini1972: Rodriguez : Mite culture Macrocheles muscaedomesticae on Rhabditis sp.1976: Muraoka and Ishibishi : 41 species feed on Cephalobus 1983: lmbriani and Mankau : Neostigmatid mite Lasioseius sculpatus on Aphelenchus avenae and Cephalobus sp.

COLLEMBOLANS Minute insects Body is globose and tubular Compound eyes are absent Several ocelli form -eye patch Antennae is 4 segmented Mouth parts are entognathous (pouch) Primarily wingless insects Leaf litter and moistened soil Abdomen sex segmented I segment : Ventral tube/Collophore/Glue peg III segment : Hamula/Tenaculum/Retinaculum IV Segment: Furcula/Springing organ Malpighian tubules, tracheal system and metamorphosis

absent

COLLEMBOLANS

TNAU COMMERCIAL FORMULATIONS

Bacillus thuringiensis subsp.israelensis Bacillus thuringiensis subsp.kurstaki Bacillus thuringiensis subsp.galleriae Trichoderma viride Trichodermo harzianum Bacillus sphaericus Pseudomonas fluorescens

ADVANTGES &DISADVANTAGES

PART III

ADVANTAGES

Host specificity. No problem of toxic residue. No evidence or absence of resistance. No problem of cross resistance. Conventional technique or methods for applications. Permanent control of pest or long persisting effect. Ideally suited for integration with most other plant

protection measures used in INM programme. No fear of environment pollution and hence ecofriendly.

DISADVANTAGES

High selectivity or host specificity. Requirement of additional control measures. The correct time of application. Delayed effect or mortality. Storage problem. Difficulty of culturing in large quantities. Short residual effectiveness.

Conclusion In fact synthetic organic

pesticides played a major role in suppression of the nematodes but its 3 R’s, harmful effects on the human beings and biodiversity of soil, there is a need to go for the biological control using different antagonists like fungi, bacteria, nematodes, mites, collembolans, tardigrades, turbellarians, and also solely dependent on the biocontrol agents cannot give in time control. So there is a need to combine them with other ecofriendly pest management methods like Integrated nematode management for effective control.

Please keep watch......

1. Tardigrade predation 2. Mononchid predation3. Labronema predation

Thank You

Presented bySabhavat Srinivasnaik

ID.NO:2015800506I Ph. D (Agrl. Entomology)