Global History 9Global History 9Final Exam ReviewFinal Exam Review

Tuesday, June 14, 2010Tuesday, June 14, 2010

GymGym

8:00 – 10:00 AM8:00 – 10:00 AM

General Vocabulary

• These terms are used commonly These terms are used commonly throughout Global Historythroughout Global History

• They may apply to many different They may apply to many different chapters and are likely to be used in chapters and are likely to be used in questions on your final and next years questions on your final and next years regents exam.regents exam.

Hunter-Gatherer Lifestyle

• Refers to time period where people migrated (nomadic) in search of food supplies; following herds and searching for wild fruits and berries.

• Limited population

• People tend to live in smaller clans/ tribes.

Traditional Economy

• Term that refers to Term that refers to an economic system an economic system where the majority where the majority of the people are of the people are SUBSISTENCE SUBSISTENCE FARMERS (they FARMERS (they grow enough food grow enough food to feed themselves to feed themselves and their family).and their family).

Neolithic Revolution• Refers to the shift from Refers to the shift from

hunter/gatherer lifestyle hunter/gatherer lifestyle to a permanent, to a permanent, agricultural lifestyle.agricultural lifestyle.

• Domestication of animalsDomestication of animals

• Populations increase as Populations increase as steady food supply is steady food supply is made available (surplus).made available (surplus).

• Leads to the development Leads to the development of civilizations [cities], of civilizations [cities], growth of technology.growth of technology.

Interdependence• Term that highlights the reliance that cultures Term that highlights the reliance that cultures

have on one another.have on one another.• Particularly true in modern world; limited Particularly true in modern world; limited

resources require greater cooperation on the resources require greater cooperation on the part of individual nations so that all people part of individual nations so that all people have access to needed materials.have access to needed materials.

• Also demonstrated by early societies where Also demonstrated by early societies where success of society depended on everyone success of society depended on everyone fulfilling their roles.fulfilling their roles.

Barter System

• When goods / services are used as the When goods / services are used as the method of exchange.method of exchange.

– E.g. A carpenter repairs a house in E.g. A carpenter repairs a house in exchange for food that the farmer exchange for food that the farmer grows.grows.

***Most often found in early cultures ***Most often found in early cultures where there is no established where there is no established currency.currency.

Monarchy

• Political system Political system where a single ruler, where a single ruler, presumably from a presumably from a noble family, runs noble family, runs the government.the government.

• Most common Most common political system in political system in early civilizations.early civilizations.

• E.g. Egypt, Chinese E.g. Egypt, Chinese Dynasties, England.Dynasties, England.

Social Mobility• The ability to The ability to

improve one’s social improve one’s social and/or economic and/or economic statusstatus

• A rarity in most A rarity in most early culturesearly cultures

• Also suggests that Also suggests that one can one can lose lose their their standing is societystanding is society

• ““The social ladder”The social ladder”

Cultural Diffusion• When two cultures When two cultures

meet and exchange meet and exchange ideas.ideas.

• One culture will One culture will usually become more usually become more dominant. dominant.

• Particularly true in Particularly true in cases of empire-cases of empire-building (forced building (forced Cultural Diffusion).Cultural Diffusion).

Nationalism

• Pride in one’s nation.Pride in one’s nation.• PatriotismPatriotism• Can lead to conflict as Can lead to conflict as

nations compete for nations compete for supremacy (e.g. The Age of supremacy (e.g. The Age of Exploration, World War I).Exploration, World War I).

Golden Age•

• Any time period of significant intellectual or Any time period of significant intellectual or cultural achievementcultural achievement– E.g.: Age of Pericles, Renaissance Italy, E.g.: Age of Pericles, Renaissance Italy,

Tang dynasty, Gupta India, Age of Louis Tang dynasty, Gupta India, Age of Louis XIV, Elizabethan England.XIV, Elizabethan England.

CIVILIZATIONS

• What characteristics make What characteristics make something a civilization ?something a civilization ?

• What characteristics were What characteristics were particularly important to the particularly important to the civilizations that follow ?civilizations that follow ?

Sumerians• Tigris-Euphrates Tigris-Euphrates

Rivers: MesopotamiaRivers: Mesopotamia• Political units of city-Political units of city-

states (ex: Ur, Uruk)states (ex: Ur, Uruk)• CuneiformCuneiform • ZigguratsZiggurats• Metal plow, use of Metal plow, use of

wheelwheel• PolytheismPolytheism

Akkadians

• Semitic people Semitic people living north of living north of Sumeria (Akkad).Sumeria (Akkad).

• United city-states United city-states of Mesopotamia.of Mesopotamia.

• First empire in First empire in history.history.

• Established by Established by Sargon the Great.Sargon the Great.

Babylonians

• Capital – Babylon.Capital – Babylon.• Remembered for Remembered for

king Hammurabi & king Hammurabi & his Law Code (“an his Law Code (“an eye for an eye”).eye for an eye”).

• Ancestors of the later Ancestors of the later Chaldeans (famous Chaldeans (famous for their Hanging for their Hanging Gardens).Gardens).

Egyptians

• Settled along Settled along the Nile Riverthe Nile River

• Ruled by Ruled by pharaohspharaohs

• Developed Developed hieroglyphicshieroglyphics, , pyramidspyramids

• MummificationMummification

Indus River Valley•

•

• Modern PakistanModern Pakistan

• Also known as Also known as Harappan Culture Harappan Culture (incl. Mohenjo-Daro)(incl. Mohenjo-Daro)

• Highly advanced and Highly advanced and organized: Sewer organized: Sewer system, grid streets, system, grid streets, uniform building uniform building construction; all construction; all examples of centralized examples of centralized government.government.

Huang He River Valley• Earliest Chinese Earliest Chinese

settlement (Yellow settlement (Yellow River Valley: River Valley: loessloess))

• Xia, Shang, Zhou Xia, Shang, Zhou kingdomskingdoms

• Concept of Concept of Mandate Mandate of Heavenof Heaven and the and the Dynastic CycleDynastic Cycle

• Developed Developed pictographs and used pictographs and used oracle bones.oracle bones.

•

Israelites

• Semitic people who Semitic people who settled in Canaan.settled in Canaan.

• First monotheists.First monotheists.• Inspired by prophets.Inspired by prophets.• Temple of Solomon. Temple of Solomon. • Put together Torah Put together Torah

(first 5 books of the (first 5 books of the Old Testament).Old Testament).

Phoenicians

• Modern day LebanonModern day Lebanon• Excellent sailors; Excellent sailors;

traded throughout traded throughout MediterraneanMediterranean

• 22 character alphabet 22 character alphabet becomes basis for becomes basis for Greek AlphabetGreek Alphabet

• City of Carthage City of Carthage founded in Africafounded in Africa

Lydians

• Located in Asia Located in Asia Minor (modern Minor (modern Turkey)Turkey)

• Excelled in commerce Excelled in commerce (trade)(trade)

• Used coin money; Used coin money; replaces barter systemreplaces barter system

• King Croesus (richest King Croesus (richest man)man)

Greeks• Achievements in math, Achievements in math,

science, philosophy, science, philosophy, art and architecture art and architecture (The Golden Age of (The Golden Age of Athens, Pericles).Athens, Pericles).

• City-state structure City-state structure included an acropolis, included an acropolis, agora and assembly.agora and assembly.

• Athenian democracy Athenian democracy (ostracism).(ostracism).

• Alexander the Great Alexander the Great (Hellenistic cultures).(Hellenistic cultures).

Romans•

•

• Begins as a city-state Begins as a city-state (monarchy to republic)(monarchy to republic)

• Expands into EmpireExpands into Empire

• Civil War leads to Civil War leads to imperial governmentimperial government

• Pax RomanaPax Romana

• Roads, cities, aqueducts, Roads, cities, aqueducts, architecturearchitecture

• Influence of lawInfluence of law

• Rise of ChristianityRise of Christianity

Democracy

• Political system where Political system where power is in the hands power is in the hands of the citizens.of the citizens.

• Athens was a Athens was a direct direct democracy.democracy.

• The Roman Republic The Roman Republic was a was a representative representative democracydemocracy (model for (model for the U.S. Constitution).the U.S. Constitution).

Classical India

• Aryan invasion of Indus Aryan invasion of Indus and Ganges Plain.and Ganges Plain.

• Hinduism develops; Hinduism develops; Vedas and caste system Vedas and caste system established.established.

• Mauryan Empire: Mauryan Empire: Ashoka as greatest ruler.Ashoka as greatest ruler.

• Gupta Empire: Golden Gupta Empire: Golden Age of Indian cultureAge of Indian culture

Han China

• Built on Qin foundations Built on Qin foundations (Shihuangdi).(Shihuangdi).

• Han dynasty established Han dynasty established Silk Road (Zhang Qian).Silk Road (Zhang Qian).

• Civil Service Exams.Civil Service Exams.• Great Wall of ChinaGreat Wall of China• Period of the Period of the Pax Sinica.Pax Sinica.• Ends with civil unrest Ends with civil unrest

and political disunity.and political disunity.

Eastern Roman Empire• Also known as the Also known as the

Byzantine Empire; used Byzantine Empire; used mostly Greek language & mostly Greek language & culture.culture.

• Constantine founded – Constantine founded – capital Constantinople capital Constantinople

• Enjoyed benefit of Enjoyed benefit of Mediterranean trade.Mediterranean trade.

• ““Warehouse” of Warehouse” of Greco-Roman culture.Greco-Roman culture.

• 1054 - Great Schism: 1054 - Great Schism: established Greek and established Greek and Roman Churches.Roman Churches.

•

Justinian & Theodora

• Great ruler almost Great ruler almost restored Roman restored Roman Empire; presented Empire; presented famous law Code.famous law Code.

• Hagia SophiaHagia Sophia• Nika Revolt – Nika Revolt –

Theodora inspires Theodora inspires resistanceresistance

• Belisarius & NarsesBelisarius & Narses• Procopius – historianProcopius – historian

Kievan Rus & Moscow

• Slavic tribes settle Slavic tribes settle Eastern Europe.Eastern Europe.

• Novgorod as first Slavic Novgorod as first Slavic city ruled by Viking city ruled by Viking leaders (trade routes)leaders (trade routes)

• Kievan Rus – Vladimir Kievan Rus – Vladimir as first Christian ruleras first Christian ruler

• Accepted Accepted cyrilliccyrillic and and Greek Orthodoxy; Greek Orthodoxy; Moscow succeeds Kiev Moscow succeeds Kiev after Mongol occupationafter Mongol occupation

Muhammad

• Founder of IslamFounder of Islam• Forced from city of Forced from city of

Makkah (Mecca); flees Makkah (Mecca); flees to Madina (Medina) – to Madina (Medina) – known as the Hejiraknown as the Hejira

• Teaches idea of Teaches idea of monotheismmonotheism

• His words become the His words become the writings of the holy writings of the holy book; The Koran book; The Koran (Quran).(Quran).

Islamic Caliphates

• Four Four Rightfully Rightfully Guided CaliphsGuided Caliphs succeed Muhammad; succeed Muhammad; create empirecreate empire

• Umayyad Dynasty – Umayyad Dynasty – Syrian rulers in Syrian rulers in Damascus; high point Damascus; high point of Islamic expansionof Islamic expansion

• Abbasid dynasty – Abbasid dynasty – rule from Baghdad rule from Baghdad (Golden Age); Harun (Golden Age); Harun al-Rashidal-Rashid

Gold for Salt Trade• West Africans trade gold West Africans trade gold

resources for North African resources for North African salt; dietary necessity salt; dietary necessity

• Trek through desert was a Trek through desert was a difficult one; often done at difficult one; often done at night to avoid brutal night to avoid brutal temperatures.temperatures.

• Main path of cultural Main path of cultural diffusion between West diffusion between West Africa [Ghana, Mali and Africa [Ghana, Mali and Songhai] & Mediterranean Songhai] & Mediterranean (9(9thth-10-10thth centuries) centuries)

Mansa Musa

• Rich king of Mali Rich king of Mali who made who made memorable memorable hajjhajj to to Mecca from Mecca from Timbuktu.Timbuktu.

• Devastated Mali’s Devastated Mali’s economy and value economy and value of gold.of gold.

• Mentioned in the Mentioned in the works of Ibn Battutaworks of Ibn Battuta(famous traveler).(famous traveler).

Frankish Empire

• Germanic tribes who united Germanic tribes who united under Merovingian kings.under Merovingian kings.

• Clovis – first Christian king.Clovis – first Christian king.• ““Mayors of the Palace” – Mayors of the Palace” –

Charles Martel and PepinCharles Martel and Pepin• Carolingian kings – Pepin the Carolingian kings – Pepin the

Short allied with PopesShort allied with Popes• Charlemagne – greatest Charlemagne – greatest

Frankish ruler.Frankish ruler.• Treaty of Verdun – empire Treaty of Verdun – empire

breaks downbreaks down

Vikings

• Vikings from Scandinavia raided the European coasts

• Brought destabilization to many European states, like England, Ireland, Holy Roman Empire and Italy.

• Used longboats to explore; reached the North American coasts.

Feudalism

• Also known as Also known as manorialism, the manor manorialism, the manor system and the system of system and the system of loyalties.loyalties.

• An economic system where An economic system where a lord and vassal enter into a lord and vassal enter into a contract agreeing to a contract agreeing to certain obligations.certain obligations.– E.g. land in exchange E.g. land in exchange

for military service.for military service.– Popular in Medieval Popular in Medieval

Europe and 16Europe and 16thth -17 -17thth century Feudal Japan.century Feudal Japan.

Lay Investiture

• Conflict over the right Conflict over the right to pick bishops.to pick bishops.

• Imperial view – best Imperial view – best expressed by Holy expressed by Holy Roman emperor Roman emperor Henry IV.Henry IV.

• Papal view –best Papal view –best expressed by pope expressed by pope Gregory IV.Gregory IV.

• Concordat of Worms Concordat of Worms – compromise.– compromise.

William the Conqueror•

• Leads Norman invasion of England in 1066.Leads Norman invasion of England in 1066.

• Defeats King Harold of the Saxons.Defeats King Harold of the Saxons.

• Set up council of nobles as advisors.Set up council of nobles as advisors.

• Took first census of England (Domesday Book).Took first census of England (Domesday Book).

Guilds

• Economic organizations Economic organizations created to control product created to control product distribution (distribution (merchant merchant guildsguilds) or product quality ) or product quality ((craft guildscraft guilds).).

• Become important Become important community organizations.community organizations.

• Apprentice/ journeymanApprentice/ journeyman

• (coat of arms for each (coat of arms for each guild).guild).

Magna Carta• • Signed in 1215 Signed in 1215

between King John between King John and nobles.and nobles.

• Established the Established the Great Council.Great Council.

• Basic democratic Basic democratic political rights were political rights were established (though established (though not applied to all not applied to all citizens).citizens).

High Middle Ages

• Era of progress in Era of progress in agriculture (collar agriculture (collar harness, three field harness, three field system), economic system), economic (currency, banking, (currency, banking, middle class) and middle class) and politics (rise of politics (rise of strong monarchs).strong monarchs).

• Gothic cathedrals Gothic cathedrals • Bubonic plagueBubonic plague

Trade Networks

• Rise of Italian cities Rise of Italian cities (Pisa, Genoa and Venice) (Pisa, Genoa and Venice) and the Hanseatic and the Hanseatic League (Baltic cities).League (Baltic cities).

• Eastern markets Eastern markets provided luxury items provided luxury items and spices.and spices.

• Silk Road and Silk Road and Mediterranean sea routes Mediterranean sea routes were of vital importance.were of vital importance.

• Trade fairs (Champagne)Trade fairs (Champagne)

Genghis Khan

• Known as TemujinKnown as Temujin

• Started conquests Started conquests leading to the world’s leading to the world’s largest empire.largest empire.

• Wrote the Yasa Wrote the Yasa (Mongolian law code).(Mongolian law code).

• Reorganized the Reorganized the military (cavalry units)military (cavalry units)

• Took title of Khan Took title of Khan (emperor).(emperor).

•

Pax Mongolica

• Era of trade and Era of trade and prosperity along prosperity along the regions of the the regions of the Silk RoadSilk Road

• Mongols allowed Mongols allowed freedom of religionfreedom of religion

• Tribute paid to Tribute paid to khanskhans

• Marco Polo visitMarco Polo visit

Renaissance

• Europe’s first modern “Golden Age”Europe’s first modern “Golden Age”• Time when many people questioned Time when many people questioned

tradition and authority (see slide on tradition and authority (see slide on Humanism)Humanism)

• Inspired by economic changes taking place Inspired by economic changes taking place in post-Crusades Europe, dissolution of the in post-Crusades Europe, dissolution of the manor system and the growth of towns, and manor system and the growth of towns, and the the rebirthrebirth of classical learning of classical learning

Humanism

•

• Philosophy that focused Philosophy that focused on the importance of the on the importance of the individual; the role of individual; the role of human beings in the human beings in the world.world.

• Represented in the Represented in the teachings of Socrates teachings of Socrates and artwork of the and artwork of the Renaissance.Renaissance.

Renaissance Men

• Demonstrating a Demonstrating a great degree of great degree of individualism and individualism and artistic excellence, artistic excellence, men like Leonardo men like Leonardo and Michelangelo and Michelangelo have best captured have best captured the spirit of the the spirit of the Renaissance.Renaissance.

Desiderius Erasmus

• Noted Christian Noted Christian humanist.humanist.

• Critical of church Critical of church leaders; particularly leaders; particularly Renaissance Popes and Renaissance Popes and their extravagant their extravagant lifestyles.lifestyles.

• Wrote Wrote The Praise of The Praise of Folly Folly – criticized popes.– criticized popes.

• Encouraged people to Encouraged people to look to early Christians look to early Christians for inspiration.for inspiration.

Johannes Gutenberg

• Utilized first Utilized first European printing European printing press.press.

• Revolutionizes spread Revolutionizes spread of information for of information for Europeans.Europeans.

• Combines block Combines block printing with a grape printing with a grape press.press.

• Particularly important Particularly important to Martin Luther in to Martin Luther in 1520s. 1520s.

Reformation

• Refers to the religious “revolution” of Refers to the religious “revolution” of the 1500s.the 1500s.

• Splinter groups break away from the Splinter groups break away from the Catholic Church (Luther, Calvin, Catholic Church (Luther, Calvin, Henry VIII, Knox).Henry VIII, Knox).

• Outgrowth of the Renaissance spirit to Outgrowth of the Renaissance spirit to question ideas and beliefs, even in question ideas and beliefs, even in matters of religion.matters of religion.

Martin Luther

• Wrote “The 95 Theses.”Wrote “The 95 Theses.”• Criticized sale of Criticized sale of

indulgences and other indulgences and other corrupt practices of church corrupt practices of church officials.officials.

• Excommunicated from the Excommunicated from the Roman Catholic Church.Roman Catholic Church.

• Translated Bible into Translated Bible into German for commoners to German for commoners to read.read.

• ““Father of the Reformation”Father of the Reformation”

John Calvin

• Critical of corruption Critical of corruption of church leadersof church leaders

• Believed in Believed in predestination.predestination.

• ““Elect of God”Elect of God”

• Associated with the Associated with the “Puritan Work Ethic”“Puritan Work Ethic”

• Established church in Established church in Geneva, SwitzerlandGeneva, Switzerland

Henry VIII• Seeks annulment from Seeks annulment from

wife; breaks with pope wife; breaks with pope and makes himself head and makes himself head of Anglican Churchof Anglican Church

• Six marriagesSix marriages• Solidifies position as Solidifies position as

political and religious political and religious leaderleader

• Establishes English navyEstablishes English navy• Follows “Balance of Follows “Balance of

Power’ idea in foreign Power’ idea in foreign policypolicy

Mesoamericans

• Olmecs, Maya and Olmecs, Maya and Aztecs.Aztecs.

• Chief crop -maizeChief crop -maize• Human sacrificeHuman sacrifice• ChinampasChinampas• Animal gods and Animal gods and

stone headsstone heads• Spanish conquer Spanish conquer

AztecsAztecs

Andean Culture

• Incan culture developed Incan culture developed on the Andes Mts.; on the Andes Mts.; capital city of Cuzcocapital city of Cuzco

• Used road system to Used road system to travel and communicate travel and communicate

• Developed fiber Developed fiber suspension bridges, suspension bridges, quipu, potatoes.quipu, potatoes.

• Conquered by PizarroConquered by Pizarro

Ottoman Empire• Islamic Turkish empire Islamic Turkish empire

spanning Europe, Asia spanning Europe, Asia and Africaand Africa

• Ruled by sultansRuled by sultans

• Conquered city of Conquered city of Constantinople, 1453Constantinople, 1453

• Greatest sultan was Greatest sultan was Suleiman I the Suleiman I the MagnificentMagnificent

Safavids and Mughals• The Shi’ite Safavid The Shi’ite Safavid

dynasty ruled Persiadynasty ruled Persia• The Sunni Mughals The Sunni Mughals

(descended from (descended from Timurids) conquered Timurids) conquered Delhi and ruled a great Delhi and ruled a great empire: greatest ruler empire: greatest ruler was Akbar.was Akbar.

• Built the stunning Taj Built the stunning Taj MahalMahal

Zheng He• Famous Chinese Famous Chinese

Muslim eunuch Muslim eunuch admiral who made admiral who made important voyages.important voyages.

• His Grand Fleet His Grand Fleet gained valuable gained valuable information, trade information, trade and political ties for and political ties for Ming China.Ming China.

Forbidden City

• Established as new Established as new capital of the Ming capital of the Ming Dynasty (Beijing).Dynasty (Beijing).

• Access denied to all Access denied to all but the emperor’s but the emperor’s inner circle.inner circle.

• Symbolic of Symbolic of separation between separation between rulers and subjects.rulers and subjects.

Bushido

• Code of ethics Code of ethics observed by the observed by the warrior noblemen warrior noblemen (samurai) of feudal (samurai) of feudal Japan. Japan.

• Like the rules of Like the rules of chivalry that prevailed chivalry that prevailed in medieval Europe.in medieval Europe.

• Bushido became a Bushido became a written code in the written code in the 16th century.16th century.

Tokugawa Shogunate• Ruling family of shoguns Ruling family of shoguns

(feudal warlords) from (feudal warlords) from 1600-1868.1600-1868.

• Maintained feudal Maintained feudal structure.structure.

• Brought peace and Brought peace and stability to Japan.stability to Japan.

• ““Closed” Japan to the Closed” Japan to the world (xenophobia).world (xenophobia).

• Isolation will limit Isolation will limit technological progress.technological progress.

•

Age of Exploration• Initiated by Portugal Initiated by Portugal

(Prince Henry the (Prince Henry the Navigator) and Spain. Navigator) and Spain.

• Europeans begin to Europeans begin to explore, seeking new trade explore, seeking new trade routes to the East.routes to the East.

• Leads to increased contact Leads to increased contact between Europeans, between Europeans, Asians, Africans and Asians, Africans and Native Americans Native Americans

• Treaty of Tordesillas – Treaty of Tordesillas – line of demarcation.line of demarcation.

•

Columbus•

• Explorer; sails from Explorer; sails from Spain seeking western Spain seeking western route to the Indies.route to the Indies.

• Lands in Bahamas, and Lands in Bahamas, and modern-day Dominican modern-day Dominican Republic and Haiti.Republic and Haiti.

• Conflict over his place in Conflict over his place in history (hero v. villain history (hero v. villain debate).debate).

• Opens the Americas to Opens the Americas to 1515thth century Europe (the century Europe (the Columbian Exchange).Columbian Exchange).

Magellan

• Famous Portuguese Famous Portuguese explorer who sailed explorer who sailed for Spain.for Spain.

• Reached Straits of Reached Straits of Magellan (South Magellan (South America) and the America) and the Pacific Ocean.Pacific Ocean.

• Crew completed first Crew completed first circumnavigation of circumnavigation of the world. the world.

Conquistadors• Spanish term for “conquerors.”Spanish term for “conquerors.”• Generally applied to Cortes’ victory over the Generally applied to Cortes’ victory over the

Aztecs and Pizarro’s defeat of the Incas.Aztecs and Pizarro’s defeat of the Incas.

Commercial Revolution

• Describes dramatic Describes dramatic changes in economics changes in economics and business as a and business as a result of the Age of result of the Age of Exploration.Exploration.

• Growth of joint-stock Growth of joint-stock companies.companies.

• Development of Development of mercantilist system.mercantilist system.

Mercantilism

• System where colonies provide raw materials for mother country System where colonies provide raw materials for mother country who, in turn, produces manufactured products and sells them who, in turn, produces manufactured products and sells them abroad.abroad.

• Relies on imperialism and exploitation of colonies.Relies on imperialism and exploitation of colonies.• Common economic system during Age of Exploration/ Commercial Common economic system during Age of Exploration/ Commercial

Revolution (led to capitalism).Revolution (led to capitalism).

Balance of Power• • Foreign policy Foreign policy

followed by Elizabeth.followed by Elizabeth.• Belief that Belief that

security/peace will only security/peace will only be achieved if no one be achieved if no one nation is too powerful.nation is too powerful.

• Side with the weaker Side with the weaker nation to offset nation to offset inequality of power.inequality of power.

Spanish Armada

• Legendary fleet sent by Legendary fleet sent by Philip II of Spain to Philip II of Spain to conquer Elizabeth’s conquer Elizabeth’s England (1588); Spanish England (1588); Spanish suffered huge losses.suffered huge losses.

• Doomed by bad weather, Doomed by bad weather, faster English ships.faster English ships.

• Marks the end of Spanish Marks the end of Spanish mastery of the sea; mastery of the sea; England becomes new England becomes new “Mistress of the Sea”“Mistress of the Sea”

St. Bartholomew’s Day

• Religious strife between Religious strife between French Catholics and French Catholics and Protestants (Huguenots).Protestants (Huguenots).

• Catholic royals ordered Catholic royals ordered massacre of Huguenots.massacre of Huguenots.

• Huguenot Henry of Navarre Huguenot Henry of Navarre survives turmoil and survives turmoil and becomes King Henry IV becomes King Henry IV (“Paris is worth a mass”)(“Paris is worth a mass”)

• Passes Edict of Nantes Passes Edict of Nantes (freedom for Huguenots).(freedom for Huguenots).

• Revoked by Louis XIV.Revoked by Louis XIV.

Absolutism

• Political philosophy in which all power Political philosophy in which all power rests in the hands of a single, rests in the hands of a single, absolute, absolute, rulerruler

• Embodied by Louis XIV of France or Embodied by Louis XIV of France or Peter the Great of Russia.Peter the Great of Russia.

Divine Right

• Belief that power to Belief that power to rule came from Godrule came from God

• Kings were God’s Kings were God’s lieutenants on Earthlieutenants on Earth

• Suggests ultimate Suggests ultimate superiority of superiority of monarchs monarchs

• Comparable to Comparable to Chinese “Mandate Chinese “Mandate of Heaven”of Heaven”

Louis XIV

•

• The Sun King (1660-1715)The Sun King (1660-1715)• Vast expense to create Vast expense to create

Versailles Palace depletes Versailles Palace depletes treasury.treasury.

• Debt will be paid for Debt will be paid for generations to come.generations to come.

• Palace is symbol of both Palace is symbol of both glory of France and the glory of France and the excesses of the monarchy.excesses of the monarchy.

• Perfect example of the Perfect example of the absolute monarch.absolute monarch.

Peter the Great• Russian tsar and Russian tsar and

emperor (1689-1725) emperor (1689-1725) • Seeks to modernize Seeks to modernize

Russia in Europe’s Russia in Europe’s imageimage

• Remembered for 3 Remembered for 3 W’s:W’s:

• WesternizationWesternization• Warm-water portWarm-water port• Window on the West Window on the West

(St. Petersburg)(St. Petersburg)

Religion / Philosophy

The major ideas of the following The major ideas of the following beliefs systems are listed here; that beliefs systems are listed here; that doesn’t mean you shouldn’t know doesn’t mean you shouldn’t know

other things about them.other things about them.

Polytheism•

• Belief in multiple Belief in multiple gods who control gods who control forces of nature (e.g. forces of nature (e.g. Zeus- Greek God of Zeus- Greek God of Lightning).Lightning).

• Various cultures hold Various cultures hold polytheistic beliefs.polytheistic beliefs.

• Greeks, Romans, Greeks, Romans, Norse and Egyptians.Norse and Egyptians.

Hinduism

•

• Tied to Caste Tied to Caste System.System.

• Concepts of Concepts of dharma, karma, dharma, karma, varna, varna, reincarnation.reincarnation.

• PolytheisticPolytheistic• Vedas, Upanishads Vedas, Upanishads

are holy texts.are holy texts.

Animism

• Belief that a soul or Belief that a soul or spirit existed in spirit existed in every object, even if every object, even if it was inanimate.it was inanimate.

• Found in traditional Found in traditional African cultures and African cultures and Native American Native American culturescultures . .

Judaism

• Religion of the Hebrews.Religion of the Hebrews.• monotheisticmonotheistic• Belief in the covenant; Belief in the covenant;

promise made between promise made between Yahweh (God) & Abraham.Yahweh (God) & Abraham.

• Led from slavery in Egypt by Led from slavery in Egypt by Moses (story of the Exodus).Moses (story of the Exodus).

• Torah - sacred scriptures Torah - sacred scriptures (first five books of the Old (first five books of the Old Testament).Testament).

Confucianism

• Based on teachings of Based on teachings of KongfuziKongfuzi (better known as (better known as Confucius).Confucius).

• Emphasis is on the group Emphasis is on the group rather than the individualrather than the individual

• Five Basic Relationships; 4 Five Basic Relationships; 4 vertical and 1 horizontal vertical and 1 horizontal relationshipsrelationships

• Focus on filial piety.Focus on filial piety.• Basis of civil service exam Basis of civil service exam

throughout Chinese history.throughout Chinese history.

Daoism

• Emphasized the Emphasized the role of harmony and role of harmony and nature in daily life.nature in daily life.

• Laozi – great teacher; Laozi – great teacher; wrote the wrote the Dao DejingDao Dejing (focus on The Way).(focus on The Way).

• Yin and yang concept.Yin and yang concept.

Buddhism

• Founded by Siddartha Founded by Siddartha Guatama.Guatama.

• Rejects the caste system.Rejects the caste system.• Embraces ideas of karma Embraces ideas of karma

and reincarnation.and reincarnation.• Explanation of life Explanation of life

through the “Four Noble through the “Four Noble Truths.”Truths.”

• Encourage moral life as Encourage moral life as described in the described in the “Eightfold Path.”“Eightfold Path.”

Christianity

• Based largely on Jewish Based largely on Jewish tradition and beliefs.tradition and beliefs.

• Jesus of Nazareth as the Jesus of Nazareth as the Messiah (Christ).Messiah (Christ).

• Holy scripture - New Holy scripture - New Testament – Gospels.Testament – Gospels.

• Various divisions and Various divisions and sects have developed: sects have developed: the Roman Catholic, the Roman Catholic, Greek Orthodox and Greek Orthodox and Protestant churches.Protestant churches.

Islam

• Founded by the Prophet Muhammad.Founded by the Prophet Muhammad.• Principles of the 5 Pillars- guidelines for life.Principles of the 5 Pillars- guidelines for life.• Holy scripture - Koran (Quran).Holy scripture - Koran (Quran).• Two major sects - Shi’ite & Sunni.Two major sects - Shi’ite & Sunni.

Shinto•

• Focus on the Focus on the importance & importance & power of nature.power of nature.

• Idea of Idea of kamikami (spirit) contained (spirit) contained in all objects.in all objects.

• Mainly a Japanese Mainly a Japanese religion.religion.

Hints

• Use Final Exam Review Sheets to guide you as Use Final Exam Review Sheets to guide you as you study the concepts.you study the concepts.

• Print out copies of the slides that you don’t Print out copies of the slides that you don’t know and use them as notes.know and use them as notes.

• Remember to study topics for their Remember to study topics for their significance, not just their definition.significance, not just their definition.

• Get a good night’s sleep before the exam.Get a good night’s sleep before the exam.• Bring Bring pens pens and and sharpened pencils.sharpened pencils.