global governance: poorly done and poorly understood - therese baptiste-cornelis guest lecture,...

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G L O B A L G O V E R N A N C E - P O O R LY D O N E A N D P O O R LY UN D E R S T O O D

LAYOUT Concept of Global Governance Key Domains of Activity &

Interaction Five Gaps in Global Governance What Needs To Be Done?

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CONCEPT OF GLOBAL GOVERNANCE (GG)• Economic globalisation

global issues civil society international mutual dependence

• Global governancecomplex of events, processes, and institutional developments

‘world order / multilateralism / international organization’

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• EARLY 1990s•1992 - James Rosenau and Ernst-Otto Czempiel’s Governance without Government.

•1995 - Our Global Neighbourhood

•1995 - Global Governance journal

•1996 - Robert W. Cox calls it nebuleuse

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CONCEPT OF GLOBAL GOVERNANCE (GG) (CONT’D)


The Concept and Realities of global governance are an outcome of

“an ever-present tension“between

the need to internationalize rulesAnd

the desire to assert and retain national control”

- John Ruggie (2011)

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Many scholars use the term GG to refer in some measure to the process of organizing internationally.

In this regard, GG is chiefly concerned with the ways multiple actors help constitute, promote, and sustain systems of international order in ways that tackle problems of global scope and concern.

On this level, GG simply repackages Multilateralism, International Regimes, and International Organization

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Global governance is generally defined as an instance of governance

in the absence of government.

There is no government at the global level: the UN General Assembly is not a global parliament, and Ban Ki-moon

is not the president of the world.

But there is GOVERNANCE.

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In short, global governance today

is a highly complex and

dynamic field of play.

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Highlights not the role of UN member states (the“First UN”) and

the world body’s professional secretariats (the “Second UN”)

but also of what UNIHP has identified as the “Third UN” who routinely engage with the First and the Second UNs and thereby influence the world body’s thinking, policies, priorities, and actions

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(2010)


• ECONOMIC- Dispute Settlement & Standards Setting

• ENVIRONMENTAL – Climate Change & Carbon Footprint

• POLITICAL - Power-Sharing and Transitional Justice , Enforcement

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KEY DOMAINS OF ACTIVITY &

INTERACTION


When considering the issue from an empirical perspective, it is clear that the international practice of peace negotiations and conflict mediation over the past fifteen years has given rise to the emergence of two paradigms.

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INTERACTION- POLITICAL - POWER SHARING AND TRANSITIONAL JUSTICE (CONT’D)


On the one hand, it has become standard practice that peace accords, in one way or the other, include provisions on how to address the legacy of human rights atrocities that were committed in the (recent or more distant) past.

• These transitional justice arrangements generally refer to the need to tell the truth, to establish accountability for past crimes, to provide reparation to victims, and to promote reconciliation.

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On the other hand, armed conflicts (most of which are internal) rarely end through military victory. In most cases, international mediators assist in designing a negotiated settlement, and a popular instrument in the toolbox of negotiators is power-sharing between incumbent governments and their armed opponents

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Recomm. (03/10) for the inclusion of the following approaches into transitional justice activities of the UN:

1. Adopt an approach to transitional justice that strives to take account of the root causes of conflict or repressive rule, and address the related violations of all rights, including economic, social, and cultural rights in a comprehensive and integrated manner

2. Take human rights and transitional justice considerations into account during peace processes

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Recomm. (03/10) for the inclusion of the following approaches into transitional justice activities of the UN:

3. Coordinate disarmament, demobilization, and reintegration (DDR) initiatives with transitional justice processes and mechanisms, where appropriate, in a positively reinforcing manner

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• We have heard about peace processes in sub-Saharan Africa, in particular in Burundi, Sierra Leone, and Sudan

• Recently •Libya (why was USA amb killed?)•DCR (Rwanda supporting M23?)•Palestine vs Israel (Hamas?)•Syria ( Rebels vs Regime)•Mali

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March 22, 2012, Rebel troops appeared on Malian state TV to announce they had seized control of the country, hours after attacking the presidential palace.

April 2012 - Tuareg rebels seized control of northern Mali, declaring independence. The military eventually handed over to a civilian interim government before the junta reasserted control.

June 2012, Islamist group Ansar Dine and its al-Qaida ally began destroying Muslim shrines that offended their views in cities like Timbuktu

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Pro-military Malian youth gather in support of the Army coup d'etat in the capital Bamako on March 26, 2012. (Malin Palm / Reuters)

MALI


July 5th 2012 - United Nations passes resolution threatening sanctions against Islamists in Mali @CNNI

July 6th 2012 - UN warns Islamist fighters in northern Mali that is considering the deployment of troops to the restive state @AP

July 18th 2012 - ICC launches preliminary inquiry into alleged atrocities committed in northern Mali - @BBCWorld

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People load on onto a truck carrying residents fleeing south from an Islamic insurgency in northern Mali at the trading town of Mopti, June 19, 2012. Credit: Reuters/Adama Diarra

MALI


Sep 13, 2012 - More than half a million in northern Mali need aid to cope with rising prices, more, Red Cross says - @Reuters

Sep 25, 2012 - Mali asks UN for 'immediate' action on force to recapture north - @Reuters

Oct 11th 2012- Radical Islamists in Mali are targeting women with Shariah law punishments, UN human rights official reports - @AP

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Chapter 7 of the UN Charter

allows the council to authorize actions

ranging from diplomatic and

economic sanctions to military

intervention

MALI

http://twitter.com/AP


12th Oct 2012 - The U.N. Security Council passes a resolution urging African regional groups and the United Nations to present a specific plan within 45 days for military intervention in Mali to help government troops reclaim the north.

Diplomats say the challenges of putting together an African force make it unlikely an operation could be mounted before March at the earliest.

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8 August 2012: Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon addresses the Security Council at its meeting on Mali. Credit: UN Photo/Eskinder Debebe

MALI

http://www.reuters.com/subjects/united-nations?lc=int_mb_1001


19th Oct 2012 - A high-level meeting in the Malian capital Bamako brings regional and international players to the negotiating table. French and Algerian sources report that Algeria had "tacitly" agreed to intervention.

22nd Oct 2012 - France announces it is sending drones to western Africa as it discusses Mali strike with US. –RAS

24th Oct 2012 - African Union says it has approved a political roadmap for Mali that calls for elections by April - @Reuters

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An African Union-backed international group of experts gathered in Bamako ... dw.de

MALI


Oct 29th 2012 - US Secretary of State Clinton presses Algeria on Mali intervention plan -@Reuters

Nov 6th 2012- Military experts from Africa, the UN and Europe prepare to recapture northern Mali, African officials say - @Reuters

Nov 11th 2012- West African bloc – ECOWAS to commit 3,300 troops in Mali battle plan, group's chairman says - @Reuters

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http://updatednews.ca/2012/10/29/clinton-presses-algeria-on-mali-intervention-plan/

MALI


• ????

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INTERACTION- POLITICAL - ENFORCEMENT

Month Presidency End of Membership TermJanuary South Africa 31 December 2012February Togo 31 December 2013March United Kingdom Permanent MemberApril United States Permanent MemberMay Azerbaijan 31 December 2013June China Permanent MemberJuly Colombia 31 December 2012August France Permanent MemberSeptember Germany 31 December 2012October Guatemala 31 December 2013November India 31 December 2012December Morocco 31 December 2013Missing Russian Federation, and Pakistan (2013)/ Portugal (2012) /

Non-Council Member States - Over 70 United Nations Member States have never been Members of the Security Council.

UN SECURITY COUNCIL

http://www.southafrica-newyork.net/pmun/

http://www.mistg-un.org/

http://www.ukun.org/

http://www.un.int/usa/

http://www.un.int/azerbaijan/

http://www.china-un.org/eng/

http://www.colombiaun.org/English/Home.html

http://www.franceonu.org/

http://www.new-york-un.diplo.de/Vertretung/newyorkvn/en/Startseite.html

http://www.guatemalaun.org/

http://www.un.int/india/

http://morocco-un.org/

http://www.russiaun.ru/

http://www.russiaun.ru/

http://www.pakun.org/

http://www.missionofportugal.org/pmop/

G L O B A L G O V E R N A N C E - P O O R LY D O N E A N D P O O R LY UN D E R S T O O D28/1

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FIVE GAPS IN GLOBAL GOVERNANCE

1.Knowledge

2.Normative 3.Policy 4.Institutional 5.Compliance

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FIVE GAPS IN GLOBAL GOVERNANCE (CONT’D)

1.Knowledge gaps the nature of the problem the extent and intensity of a

global challenge,

2. Normative

3. Policy

4. Institutional

5. Compliance

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1.Knowledge gaps e.g .Global warming

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1. Knowledge gaps (that is, about the nature of the problem or the extent and intensity of a global challenge),

2.Normative gaps • the rules guiding appropriate

responses are contested

3. Policy

4. Institutional

5. Compliance

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2. Normative gaps

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CIVIL SOCIET

Y

CIVIL SOCIET

Y




2. Normative gaps (the rules guiding appropriate responses are contested),

3.Policy gaps • in terms of who should respond

and how

4. Institutional

5. Compliance

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3. Policy gaps

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3. Policy gaps (in terms of who should respond and how),

4.Institutional gaps • insufficient clarity about lead

actors • a mismatch between policy and

the capacity to act5. Compliance

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4. Institutional gaps

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3. Policy gaps (in terms of who should respond and how),

4. Institutional gaps (insufficient clarity about lead actors or a mismatch between policy and the capacity to act), and

5.Compliance gaps • particularly relating to reactions

to noncompliance

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5. Compliance gaps

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Nearly seven decades of UN history tell the story of the never-ending search for better compliance mechanisms within the constraints of no overriding central authority.

With the exception of the Security Council, UN bodies can only make “recommendations.”

Hence, monitoring and then publicizing information about non-compliance

mixed with the use of the bully pulpit has been a central dynamic in efforts to secure compliance.



5. Compliance gaps

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• The Compliance gap often appears as a complete void because no ways exist to enforce decisions, certainly not to compel them.

• Depending on a country’s relative power, this generalization may vary because influential organizations (especially the WTO, IMF, and World Bank) can make offers to developing countries that they dare not refuse.



5. Compliance gaps

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• International peace and security. Even though the UN Charter calls for them

Absence of standing UN military forces The UN has to reportedly beg and

borrow troops, which are always on loan

Absence of functioning Military Staff Committee.



5. Compliance gaps

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• Human Rights. Absence of enforcement capability. Ad hoc tribunals and the International

Criminal Court are institutional steps that have led to some indictments and convictions

Security Council involvement sometimes



5. Compliance gaps

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• International Trade and Finance. International trade disputes are still largely

regulated bilaterally. Monitoring by the Second and the Third UNs

has led to changes in policy and implementation by some governments and corporations—that is, voluntary compliance by good citizens



5. Compliance gaps

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• Environment and Sustainability. 1997 Kyoto Protocol???

Back-tracking, however, began almost before the ink was dry on the signatures

2000’s



5. Compliance gaps

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• Environment and Sustainability.

http://www.galileomovement.com.au/images/poster_campaign_800c.jpg.

2012

http://www.galileomovement.com.au/images/poster_campaign_800c.jpg

http://www.galileomovement.com.au/images/poster_campaign_800c.jpg



5. Compliance gaps

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The creation of the United Nations Forum on Sustainability Standards (UNFSS) is a response to the rapidly expanding environmental / sustainability markets that include a large number of private sector players which are establishing new and diverse standards.



5. Compliance gaps

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The UNFSS - VSS is a strategic policy issue, linked to the internalization of environmental and social costs, as well as the promotion of developing countries’ competitiveness in and access to growing “sustainability” markets.



5. Compliance gaps

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First Forum which systematically conducts analytical, empirical and capacity-building activities in this field and deals with generic and strategic problems of VSS in a consistent way, without endorsing or legitimizing any specific VSS.



5. Compliance gaps

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Addressing the sustainable development value of VSS by pooling resources; synchronizing efforts; and assuring policy coherence, coordination and collaboration among UN agencies, implementing the UN concept of “Acting as One”.


• GG literature tends to emphasize the involvement and contributions of multiple actors in constructing and sustaining systems of order.

• Few realize that GG is also significantly about integrating and reconciling the diverse interests and needs of multiple agents with regard to perceptions of problems of global scope

• GG may thus be defined as the construction of systems of order with regard to claims of justice vis-à-vis problems of global scope and concern

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WHAT NEEDS TO BE DONE?


This view goes beyond the idea that order and justice are necessarily opposing forces in world politics, and posits that Global Governance is significantly the ongoing process of their reconciliation.

GLOBAL GOVERNANCE

The process of organizing, constructing, and refining a

normative structure that guides the conduct of world politics.

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WHAT NEEDS TO BE DONE? (CONT’D)


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Source: http://www.goldmercury.org/global_governance_model.php

http://www.goldmercury.org/global_governance_model.php




WHAT NEEDS TO BE DONE?• More research needs to be done into

• How do we close the INSTITUTIONAL GAP?• Are we investing limited resources the correct areas?• Are we getting value for our investments?

• How do we close that COMPLIANCE GAP?• What level of interaction can be achieved by the Third UN.• Does the UN Charter need revising?

• Can the level of governance be enhanced to allow the true GLOBAL GOVERNANCE that is preached?

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WHAT NEEDS TO BE DONE? (CONT’D)Democratic Governance Practice Network (DGP-Net) run by the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) serves to strengthen the global governance community and enhance local, regional and global knowledge sharing strategies, through functions such as

knowledge management, advocacy, partnership building, and professional development.

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SOURCES• Cox, “Structural issues of Global Governance: issue for Europe’, in Cox with Timothy Sinclair,

Approaches to world order (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996)

• Davis, Kingsbury & Merry, “Indicators as a Technology of Global Governance” available at http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1583431;

• Dingwerth & Pattberg, “Global Governance as a Perspective on World Politics,” Global Governance, 12 (Apr-June 2006);

• Howse & Teitel, “Beyond Compliance: Rethinking Why International Law Really Matters,” Global Policy, 1 (May 2010).

• Jentleson, “Global Governance in a Copernican World,” Global Governance, 18 (Apr-June 2012);

• Kaufman, “Aid Effectiveness and Governance: The Good, the Bad and the Ugly,” available at http://www.brookings.edu/opinions/2009/0317_aid_governance_kaufmann.aspx

• Qu, “The UN Charter, the Responsibility to Protect, and the Syria Issue,” available at http://www.ciis.org.cn/english/2012-04/16/content_4943041.htm.

• Weiss & Thakur, “Global Governance and the UN: An Unfinished Journey”, Bloomington, Ind.: Indiana University Press, 2010), 448 pp.,

• Weishaar, et al, “Global Health Governance and the Commercial Sector: A Documentary Analysis of Tobacco Company Strategies to Influence the WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control,” Plos Medicine, 9 (June 2012), available at http://www.plosmedicine.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pmed.1001249;

• http://www.goldmercury.org/global_governance_model.php

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http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1583431

http://www.brookings.edu/opinions/2009/0317_aid_governance_kaufmann.aspx

http://www.ciis.org.cn/english/2012-04/16/content_4943041.htm

http://www.plosmedicine.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pmed.1001249

http://www.plosmedicine.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pmed.1001249


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