gl american foreign service * journal

gL AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE ★ * JOURNAL * *

0

In the States or overseas, when you think of cars you think of General Motors. Through its assembly plants, sales offices, distributors and dealers, General Motors facilitates delivery and service on its products to the end of pavement, and beyond. Wherever you are, and especially when planning your leave, learn what General Motors is doing to make motoring easier on disposition and pocketbook.

CHEVROLET •

CHEVROLET TRUCKS

•

PONTIAC

OLDSMOBILE •

OLDSMOBILE TRUCKS

•

BUICK

LA SALLE

CADILLAC

CMC TRUCKS

I

ADELAIDE

ALEXANDRIA

ANTWERP

BATAVIA

BIENNE

BOMBAY

BUENOS AIRES

COPENHAGEN

MELBOURNE

MEXICO CITY

OSAKA

PARIS

PERTH

PORT ELIZABETH

SAO PAULO

SOUTHAMPTON

STOCKHOLM

SYDNEY

WELLINGTON

•

Branch Offices,

Warehouses,

Distributors and Dealers

in Principal Cities and

Towns throughout the

World

177 5 BROADWAY, NEW YORK CITY

NORTH AMERICA SOUTH AMERICA

CENTRAL AMERICA CARIRREAN

PANAMA CANAL Consult your Travel Agent or

GRACE LINE 628 Fifth Avenue (Rockefeller Center) or

10 Hanover Square, New York 914 - 15th Street, N. W., Washington, D. C.

Agents and Offices in all principal cities

Page

249

251

255

256

257

258

259

260

262

264

266

267

270

A Political Bookshelf Cyril Wynne, Review Editor

Miss Bax of the Embassy 272 Reviewed by Hugh Wilson

Propaganda Analysis World Revolutionary Propaganda

Reviewed by S el den Chapin 272

1938 Foreign Trade Statistics 274

Field Correspondents 288

Journal Index 288

American Legation at Cuidad Trujillo By Frederick Larkin 291

Foreign Service Changes 298

Trade Agreement Notes 298

Visitors 299

Moving Picture Post Reports 302

Marriage 304

Births 304

In Menioriam 304

Issued monthly by American Foreign Service Associa¬ tion, Department of State, Washington, D. C. Entered as second-class matter August 20, 1934, at the Post Office, in Washington, D. C., under the act of March 3, 1879.

CONTENTS (MAY, 1939)

Cover Picture A Rumanian Peasant Girl

(See also page 255)

Service Glimpses

Laconra, Port of Non-entry By James K. Pen field

Press Comment

Comment on Albania By Charles C. Hart

Photographs of Tiranian Street Scenes

Photograph of Pan American Union Patio.

U.S.S. Tennessee By Arthur Garrels

The Suez Canal By J. Rives Childs

Colonies of Ex-Confederates in Brazil By William C. Burdett

Marihuana—Hashish in Modern Dress By Frederick T. Merrill

Editors’ Column

News from the Department By Reginald P. Mitchell

News from the Field

245

Behind this symbol are the motion picture producers of America joined in the conviction that entertainment knows no boundaries, that

the minds and hearts of peoples are drawn together bv the humanity

of the screen

MOTION PICTURE PRODUCERS

AND DISTRIBUTORS OF AMERICA INC

WILL H. HAYS, President

28 WEST 44TH STREET, NEW YORK CITY

ikaciwiJi) cJLiwi

Hay-Adams House continues the traditions of the famous

names which it perpetuates— the charm, dignity, the inborn

graciousness of gentility . . yet mindful always of the demands of the present day—for ex¬ ample, Hay-Adams House is

COMPLETELY

c'Air Conditioned

RATES

$Q $ FROM O SINGLE *T'" DOUBLE

450,

HAY-ADAMS HOUSE SIXTEENTH STREET AT H

Directly Opposite the White House Overlooking Lafayette Park

WASHINGTON, D. C.

Sail into Caribbean Halers with lighthearted comrades and see how Great White Fleet hospitality lifts a Guest Cruise above the usual Spring voyage. Your shining white liner gives you an outdoor pool, outside stateroom, incomparable food . . . splendid orchestra, sound movies, gay cruise programs.

Cruises from ISew York % EVERY SATURDAY to colorful Costa Rica, with 2 calls at Havana and a visit to the Panama Canal Zone 15 Days . . $175 up.

9 EVERY WEDNESDAY to Barranquilla and Cartagena. Colombia, S. A., with 2 calls at Kings¬ ton. Jamaica, B. W. I., and a visit to the Pan¬ ama Canal Zone 15 Days . . $175 up.

Ask about our special Guatemala Tours with fascinating calls enroute.

Other guest cruises from Philadelphia and New Orleans.

Apply any Authorized Travel Agent or UNITED FRUIT COMPANY, Pier 3. N.R., New York City.

246

JHE AMERICAN pOREIGN gERVICE JOURNAL

INDEX OF ADVERTISERS

American Export Lines 284

American Security and Trust Company 277

Bacardi, Santiago de Cuba 303

Bowling Green Storage & Van Co. - 296

Brewood (Engravers) 301

Calvert School 301

Cathay Hotel—Shanghai 303

Chase National Bank 280

Chrysler Corporation 248

Continental Hotel—Paris 303

Crillon Hotel—Paris 303

Firestone Tire & Rubber Co. 250

France et Choiseul Hotel—Paris 303

General Motors Corporation II Cover

George V, Hotel—Paris 303

Harris & Ewing 293

Hay-Adams House 246

International Telephone & Telegraph Co 287

Kressman & Co., Ed.—Bordeaux 303

Manhattan Storage & Warehouse Company ..._ 278

Mayflower Hotel 279

Metropole Hotel—Shanghai 303

Motion Picture Producers and Distributors of America, Inc. — 246

National City Bank 285

National Geographic Magazine . _ 283

New England Mutual Life Insurance Co. 301

Pagani’s Restaurant—London 303

Palazzo-Ambasciatori Llotel—Rome 303

Pan-American Airways, Inc 278

Plaza Hotel 280

Sapp. Earle W„ C.L.U 301

Savoy-Plaza Hotel 288

Schenley Products — HI COVER

Sea Captains’ Shop, The—Shanghai... — 303

Security Storage Company of Washington 277

Socony-Vacuum Oil Co., Inc 289

Tyner, Miss E. J — 300

Underwood Elliott Fisher Company. 247

United Fruit Company 246

United States Fidelity and Guaranty Company 288

United States Lines 281

Waldorf-Astoria Hotel _ IV COVER

Woodward & Lothrop. — 297

\VOLMJLAAJ

Underwood A/VW^

• Underwood leads the field with an entirely new business typewriter that defies tradition in its design and chal¬ lenges all machines to match its per¬ formance. It’s the new Underwood Master that gives you Dual Touch Tuning . . . one that permits individual tuning of each key to the finger . . . the other, keyboard controlled, varies the tension of all keys at the will of the operator. •

Underwood Elliott Fisher Speeds the World's Business

Typewriter Division

UNDERWOOD ELLIOTT FISHER COMPANY Typewriters . . . Accounting Machines . . . Adding Machines

Carbon Paper . . . Ribbons and other Supplies

Homer Bldg., 13th & F Streets, N. W.

Washington, D. C.

Sales and Service Everywhere

247

• CHR

YSLE

R CO

RPOR

ATION

, Exp

ort D

ivisio

n, DE

TROIT

, MICH

IGAN,

U. S.

A.

Affairs Latvia- r Foreign

ski-run v Minister r out for a d Latvian

P.rs setting

The white mans burden at Toronto—Carl Brewer does the work while Bob English super¬

vises.

Until recently, Naples was the only city in the world of a million people and no golf course. One has been established in a sheep pasture, where the chief natural haz¬ ards are said bovines, water buffaloes and bear grass. The present picture, sent by Jack de Courcy, shows Fritz Jan drey, Outerbridge Horsey, Technical Adviser De Buy, the Norwegian Consul (Mr. Klinger -

berg) and Consul General Bowman.

,n, Ed and December

Fahren Cecil and o a ratur6- The Reginald Bragoniers.

^GEAR-GRIP SAFETY TRAIL

sJmm

fre$tone CHAMPION TIRES

achieV J tough. 0 ribs ha'1

edges » 3,000

grip {b vent •

assure «Ssi

The Only Tires Made with the NEW SAFETY-LOCK CORD BODY and NEW GEAR-GRIP TREAD

TAKE the “Gear-Grip Trail” wherever you go— it’s the safest road to travel. The new Firestone Champion Tire has the most amazing tread ever designed to protect against skidding, assure quick, safe stops and to provide longer non-skid mileage. The revolutionary new “Safety-Lock” cord body, designed on entirely new principles by Firestone engineers, provides such remarkable strength that it gives far greater protection against blowouts.

So superior is the performance of this new Firestone Champion Tire that car manufacturers immediately adopted it for their 1939 models. Drive to your nearest Firestone Dealer today and equip your car with new Firestone Champion Tires—the only tires made that are safety-proved on the speedway for your protection on the highway

Gear - Grip

eep, rugSe<*

safe stops-

Listen to the Voice of Firestone Monday evenings at 7:30 E. S. T. from the United States over short wave W2XAF-9530 kc. Copyright, 1939, The Firestone Tire & Rubber Co.

The c?S°a?e^erlocV”

new ,Sa.„ are mote

cor<Ltev' interwoven.

corh oVyCa“d

ate .s* therby 1 securer

sfeisKS

250

THE

FOREIGN E JOURNAL PUBLISHED MONTHLY BY THE AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE ASSOCIATION

WASHINGTON, D. C. YOL. 16, No. 5 MAY, 1939

Laconra, Port of Non-entry By JAMES K. PENFIELD, Department of State

Photographs by Dr. Joseph F. Rock, leader of National Geographic Society—Yunnan Province Expedition of 1923

Ah YEAR, more or less, in Yunnanfu will usual¬

ly bring out any odd quirks which a person may keep suppressed in a more worldly atmos¬ phere. One of the aberrations which occasionally attacks Yunnanfu inhabitants is that urge to see what’s “on the other side of the mountain” which might be called “mappitis,’ perhaps “geo¬ graphomania. ” When this little bug bites one in Yunnanfu the finger inevitably strays an inch or two across the map, finds itself in a space marked Tibet, and refuses to be drawn away. Thereafter logic and persuasion are of no avail. Sooner or later the victim throws away his razor, hires a mule and leaves town to a farewell chorus of dire predictions and sadly wagging heads.

All of which seems to be the most convincing explanation of why, one day last fall, I found myself toiling up the Dokerla at the head (or more often the tail) of seven Tibetan coolies, each laden with 80 or 90 pounds of food, clothes, blankets, tea, Chinese silver dollars and miscel¬ lany. I had left Yunnanfu some weeks previously, ostensibly to follow the regular caravan route through western Yunnan out to Burma, but ac¬ tually harboring secret hopes of wandering far¬ ther afield. These hopes had materialized so well that I was not only approaching the Tibetan bor¬ der but had decided to try to cross Tsarong, the most southeastern province of Tibet, descend the Zayul Chu, a river flowing into the Brahmaputra,

Tibetans of the Mekong dry their corn on flat roofs. National Geographic Society. Photograph by Joseph P. Rock.

to Sadiya in Assam and from there get out to Calcutta by train.

The Dokerla is a 15,000 foot pass which geographical¬ ly speaking sepa¬ rates the Mekong and Salween valley, and politically forms part of the border line between China and Tibet. It lies at the southern end of the Kaakerpoo, a sa¬ cred mountain (ac¬ tually a majestic range of snow - cov¬ ered peaks some 30 miles long) very popular with devout Tibetans who make pilgrimages around it and who, if they are careful to make the circuit in a clockwise direction, gain much virtue thereby.

Our entry into Tibet was accompanied by a parade of local color which would have delighted the heart of a Richard Halliburton. As we started the last rocky climb we met a herd of huge shaggy yak on their way to the grazing grounds below and bought from their pic¬ turesque own¬ ers some yak butter, an es¬ sential ingre¬ dient in the soul and body reviving butter tea. We had no sooner con¬ cluded this transaction than we en¬ countered an entire Tibetan village from grandparents to babies be¬ ing nursed on the march, which was just

252

completing a 40-day, virtue-accumulating circuit of the Kaa¬ kerpoo. Women laden with jewelry and infants, children burdened with food and cooking uten¬ sils, and able-bodied men apparently en¬ cumbered only with the responsibilities of the expedition, were all much con¬ cerned over the loss of a donkey which had strayed during the previous night. We later learned that the wanderer, apparently dissatis¬ fied with the slow pace of the party, had continued the pilgrimage by him¬ self and was found waiting by the side

of the trail three stages farther on. When we finally reached the barren, wind-swept

summit of the pass we found it appropriately adorned with hundreds of prayer flags, many of them only wind whipped shreds but still bearing witness to the virtue of those who had left them

there, tied to bamboo poles stuck firmly in crevices in the rocks. Also much in evi¬ dence were the usual piles of flat stones, each bearing the sacred in¬ scription, “Om Mani Padme Hum” (at least if that wasn’t the phrase the world has been grossly de¬ ceived by all writers on La¬ in a i s m and Tibet). We were sur-

National Geographic Society. Photograph by Joseph F. Rock.

Tibetan Porters

National Geographic Society. Photograph by Joseph L.

Itinerant Pilgrims, employing sheep to carry their meager provisions of barley flour.


rounded by towering snow-capped peaks and by gorgeous wild scenery half hidden in mist. These peaks, just a moment before frowning disapprov¬ ingly at mere man trying to clamber up amongst them, now seemed to accept our presence pleasantly enough although condescendingly. After a few mo¬ ments of dutiful appreciation of the beauties of na¬ ture and the romance of entering Tibet we scrambled on down to spend the night in a very unromantically cold and wet camp.

Late afternoon of the second day following we arrived at Aben, a village of a dozen flat roofed houses perched on a little shelf high above a small tributary of the Salween, the only level piece of ground visible in the barren rocky gorge. We were greeted by a complete turnout of local resi¬ dents who extended a minimum of hospitality but manifested considerable curiosity. The lack of the one was dealt with by camping on a tiny patch of ground just outside the village and the abun¬ dance of the other was avoided by pitching the

tent so that it opened on the edge of a precipice, leaving just enough room in front to enter but not enough to accommodate more than two or three of the curious onlookers.

It was at Aben that we had our first taste of the Tibetan method of administering exclusion laws. The rule followed is—don’t bother to deport un¬ desirable aliens, just starve them and they will deport themselves in a hurry. As our food was beginning to run low we decided to lay in a supply of tsamba (parched barley flour) or what¬ ever other grain was available and so we made inquiries about the village, looking for a bargain. But to my surprise there were not only no bar¬ gains but no supplies to be purchased at any price. So we had to go on with light loads but increasing worries. We encountered the same tac¬ tics in all the other Tibetan villages we passed through, not a soul would sell us any food and consequently, when we were finally able to re-

(Continued on page 288)

254

Press Comment

FAITHFUL SERVICE WELL PERFORMED The recall of the American Minister to Czecho¬

slovakia, Mr. Wilbur j. Carr, is a routine matter, as was the recall of the American Minister to Austria when that country was gobbled up by Germany last year. It is not customary to maintain diplomatic representatives except when accredited to a par- ticuar government. The government to which Mr. Carr was accredited has ceased to function.

But his departure from this post, coming just a year after the closing of the legation in Vienna, calls attention to the nature of the work of the foreign service. Mr. Carr, before being sent as Minister to Czechoslo¬ vakia, had served for years as Assistant Secretary of State. Like his successor, Mr. George S. Messersmith, who left the post of Minister to Austria to become Assistant Secretary of State, Mr. Carr started his car¬ eer in the consular service. In those days this was separate from the diplomatic service. The two were later merged un¬ der the terms of the Rogers act. But the consuls continue to per¬ form work that is different from that of the diplo¬ mats, and the consuls stay on, even when political changes occur such as have taken place in Austria and Czechoslovakia. The consuls, for example, have remained in Spain, despite the mutations of the civil war. The American consul in Prague will continue to stay there, that is, unless all diplomatic relations are severed with Germany.

Men like Mr. Carr have had their share of hard knocks. These days neither the consular service nor diplomacy is the leisurely occupation that it was before the World War. In fact, most of our em¬ bassies and legations in Europe, ever since those fateful days of July, 1914, have been undermanned and overworked. The officer left in charge of the American Embassy in Berlin when Ambassador Wil¬ son was summoned home, Prentiss Gilbert, literally worked himself to death. Mr. Carr’s post during the last year or more has been one of the most difficult and important in Europe.

It is the good fortune of the foreign service that not only the chiefs of mission and the foreign ser¬ vice officers, but also their clerical assistants, have

never thought in terms of a thirty-hour week. Rather do they look on their work somewhat as does a doctor, or as do army men in time of war. So long as there is a job that must be done immed¬ iately, they keep at it, working eighteen to twenty hours a day, if need be. In times like these, when there is the ever-present danger of war or bombing, it never enters their heads to ask to be transferred to a quieter post. They accept the risk as part of the job and, to their credit be it said, they usually do their work with skill and precision. This is notably the case of Mr. Carr, who for nearly a half

century has performed his for¬ eign tasks in the State Depart¬ ment and foreign service with meticulous care, thoroughness and efficiency.—New York Her¬ ald-Tribune, March 21, 1939.

On March 20, the Department sent the following telegram to the Legation at Prague:

“In view of the situation as set forth in your telegram of March 17th, you are directed to close the Legetaion at Praha: to turn over the Government

building, property and archives to the Consulate General; and at your convenience to leave Praha. A separate message contaning detailed administra¬ tive instructions will be sent you.

The President has requested me to express to you Ids particular appreciation of the highly distingu¬ ished service you have rendered the Government as Minister to Czechoslovakia. I desire also in the name of the Secretary of State as well as in my own to evidence our recognition of the exceptional work you have done under circumstances of peculiar difficulty. The services you have rendered are a mat¬ ter of pride to the entire Foreign Service with which you have been closely connected over a period of so many years.

(Signed) WELLES, Acting.”

COVER PICTURE This photograph of a Rumanian peasant girl was

received on a Christmas card from Bucharest by Richard C. Tanis of the Division of American Re¬ publics, who kindly gave it to the JOURNAL.

255

c ent on Albania

Specially writen for the FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL

by Charles C. Hart, former Minister to Albania.

The status of Albania as an independent nation may have been changed but nothing can deprive it of all the riches its history holds for the classical scholar.

Durazzo, which was the scene of the most fight¬ ing in the recent clash with Italian troops, now a community of 9,000 inhabitants, stands approxi¬ mately on the site of ancient Dyrracchium which in the time of Julius Caesar was perhaps a city of 300,000 inhabitants, the most important city and port on the west Adriatic littoral. It was from an¬ cient Dyrrachium that Cicero wrote most of his letters to Atticus. The ruins of the ancient city are buried below sea level on the coast of the Bay of Durazzo only a short distance from the present town. In a part of the world where political ex¬ patriates are today quite as numerous as they were in the time of the old Roman Empire, lounging about waiting vainly for some unheaval to open the way for re¬ turn to their native lands, one can easily pic¬ ture Cicero idling about the coffee houses of an¬ cient Dyrrachium and killing nostalgic time by pouring out his mighty observations in letters to his fellow philosopher, Atticus, who was as well a noted historian.

My knowledge of an¬ cient Albanian history is not so much of the book¬ ish variety but was gath¬ ered personally from di¬ vers European scholars whom it was my good fortune to entertain at one time or another dur¬ ing my stay of four and one-half years in Tirana. The two most learned of them were German and Bulgarian respectively.

It was obvious that they had access to histories not printed in the English language, as they narrated statements of fact and historic anecdotes which proved unfamiliar to all American or English au¬ thorities I have consulted.

One of them dilated on accounts of Julius Caesar’s long siege of Pompey in Dyrrachium and quoted Caesar as lamenting in letters to friends in Rome his inability to drive Pompey into the open for a test of strength. In one of the letters Caesar complained that the city was too noisy, a complaint that must be most amusing to anyone acquainted with the sleepy and untumultuous little Durazzo of today.

Durazzo stands at the head of the Via Egnatia, one of the most cele¬ brated trunk roads of the old Roman Empire leading across Europe to the Bosphorus. It was over this road that Cae¬ sar pursued Pompey by way of Kavaja and El- basan to Pharsala in Greece where the decid¬ ing battle was fought. During my stay in Al¬ bania I was frequently importuned to try to in¬ terest American archae- logical societies in a project to make excava¬ tions along the route of the Via Egnatia but such activity on my part was circumscribed by the fact that French archae¬ ologists then held a mo¬ nopoly on such studies in the country.

A French expedition has for years been en¬ gaged in excavations at Apolonia, near Valona, which was a Roman cul¬ tural center in early times. It was also the site of a great Roman


III a letter to his mother Lord Byron refers to the . . Albanians and their costume (which is the

most magnificent in the world), consisting of a long white skirt, a gold embroidered cloak, a jacket and waistcoat of red velvet adorned with gold; pistols and

daggers embossed in silver. . .

256

mill lull

By ARTHUR GARRELS, F.S.O., Retired

ECRETARY McClintock's interesting arti¬ cle in the January, 1939, JOURNAL re¬ counting the breaking up of the U.S.S. Memphis which for twenty-two years has

remained poised on a coral shelf at the entrance of Santo Domingo harbor as the result of a tidal wave in that region in 1916 recalls my association with the ill-fated vessel when it was the U.S.S. Tennessee and served the Department of State in 1914 and 1915.

1 was on home leave from my post at Alexandria, Egypt, and had enjoyed but five days of an an¬ ticipated 60 days’ leave when war was declared, August 2, 1914. It was intimated to the diplomatic and consular officers who were on leave that it would be desirable for them to return to their posts. Those in the United States were asked to report to the Department for instructions. The Department had decided to send its officers, Treasury attaches and the contingent of Army and Navy officers who were proceeding to the front in France as observers, on a naval vessel. The Tennessee was designated. Nine State Department men left Washington at mid¬ night on August 5th together with several military and naval officers and Treasury personnel. We were met at the station on arrival at New York by military trucks from Governor’s Island and our baggage conveyed to East 23rd Street where a navy

tug took us aboard the Tennessee. The Tennessee had been out of commission for an extended period, and was at anchor off Tomkinsville, Staten Island. Captain Ben Decker, later Admiral, was in com¬ mand. The vessel was put in condition on twelve hours’ notice with drafts from available officers and men from crafts in New York waters and from the Brooklyn Navy Yard.

We came alongside the vessel about 9:30 o’clock on a bright sunny morning, August 6th. Officers and drafts of enlisted men were reporting for duty; provisions were arriving; tugs with coal barges in tow were laying off and everywhere there was the hustle and bustle attending the procedure of making a man-of-war, late out of commission, ready for a voyage to foreign parts. Coming over the side we were met by Commander Jessup, Executive Officer, who informed us that the Tennessee would not sail as scheduled but that the departure had been de¬ ferred until 8 o’clock Thursday evening. He sug¬ gested that we return to New York by tender which would pick us up again at 5 o’clock. At this junc¬ ture an orderly announced the approach of a launch bearing Assistant Secretary of War Breckenridge. Snappy orders flew about; boatswains’ pipes sum¬ moned side-boys; a marine guard in double-quick step took up its place as a guard of honor. When


U.S.S. Tennessee—1912 I'. S. Navy Department

259

The Suez Canal By J. RIVES CHILDS, Department of State

In view of the great importance which the Suez Canal possesses both commerciallv and strategically, and the increased importance which that Canal has assumed in the light of recent international develop¬ ments, a very brief review of certain facts apper¬ taining to that waterway may be of interest.

By a convention signed at Constantinople Octo¬ ber 29, 1888, between Great Britain, Germany, Aus¬ tria-Hungary, Spain, France, Italy, the Netherlands, Russia and Turkey, free and open passage of the Canal “in time of war as in time of peace” is as¬ sured “to every vessel of commerce or of war, with¬ out distinction of flag.”

Moreover, the provisions of the convention of 1888 in respect of free passage of the Canal were reaffirmed by Great Britain and Italy in Annex Eight of the Anglo-Italian Accord of April 16, 1938, reading as follows:

“The Government of the United Kingdom and the Italian Government hereby reaffirm their intention always to re¬ spect and abide by the provisions of the Convention signed at Constantinople October 29 1888, which guarantees for all Powers free use of the Suez Canal.”

The defense of the Canal is governed by Article 8 of the Anglo-Egyptian Treaty of Alliance of August 26, 1936, which provides for the stationing of Brit¬ ish forces in Egyptian territory “in the vicinity of

the Canal . . . with a view to ensuring in coopera¬ tion with the Egyptian forces the defense of the Canal.”

The Suez Canal Company was formed in 1856 under the laws of Egypt as a joint stock enterprise with its domicile in Alexandria, Egypt, and its head¬ quarters in Paris, where all Company meetings take place. The formation of the Company followed the grant in 1854 of a concession for the construction of the Canal by the Viceroy of Egypt to Ferdinand de Lesseps.

According to Article 3 of the concession its dur¬ ation is ninety-nine years from the date of the opening of the Canal. As the Canal was opened in 1869 the concession will expire in 1968, at which time, according to Article 10 of the Act of Conces¬ sion :

“Upon the expiration of the concession the Egyptian Government will be substituted for the Company and will enjoy without reserve all its rights and will enter into full possession of the Canal of the two seas and all the establish¬ ments connected therewith. A friendly arrangement or one reached through arbitration will determine the indemnity to be allotted to the Company for the abandonment of its material and its immovable goods.”

A draft convention for the extension of the con¬ cession was rejected by the Egyptian Government in 1910, and the question has not since been form¬ ally submitted to the Egyptian Parliament.

The Suez Canal, looking south from Port Said. A British-India troop transport arriving from Bombay.

Sir Arnold Wilson, the outstanding British authority on the Suez Canal, has described that waterway as “a product of the imagination, the pertinacity, and the dip¬ lomatic and financial foresight of one man— Ferdinand de Lesseps,” and has added that it is ‘‘the product of French technical and adminis¬ trative skill, and of Egyptian and French capital.”

The character of the Canal Company has been defined by the Marquis de Vogue, Chairman of the enterprise, as a “private concessionary company” enterprise, as a “private concessionary company” (Wilson, The Suez Canal, page 162). The adminis¬ tration is almost exclusively French, the leading officers of the Company being of French nationality, while the employees of the Canal in Egypt are for the most part French with some Italian and Egyp¬ tian personnel. In 1937 the Company agreed to the Egyptian Government’s demands that it undertake to employ a minimum of thirty-three percent native Egyptians by 1958.

Article 6 of the Statutes of the Company fixed the capital at 200,000,000 francs, represented by 400,- 000 shares of a par value of 500 francs each. In 1924 the par value of each share was fixed at 250 francs, and the number of shares was in consequence doubled. The accounts of the company published in its bulletin of June 15, 1938, show that of the authorized 800.000 shares of 250 francs each, a total of 628,734 were in circulation as of that date, while 171,266 had been amortized and replaced by beneficiary shares which have, however, equal vot¬ ing rights with the ordinary shares. (For a descrip¬ tion of the beneficiary shares see Saint Victor, Le Canal de Suez, page 307.)

Of the 400,000 original shares (of 500 francs par value) issued by the Company “208,000 were taken up by French interests, while Italy took only 2,719. The bulk of the rest was subscribed by the Khedive of Egypt, who in 1875 sold his 176,602 shares to the British Government.” (From a semi¬ official statement issued by the Company published in the Sunday Times of London, January 8, 1939; see also Wilson, The Suez Canal, page 22.)

The present distribution of shares, according to the nationality of the holders, is not known. The British Government’s holding consists of 353,504

shares or 44.2 percent of the whole.* The greater part of the remainder is believed to be held by private French interests.

Before Italian opera¬ tions in Ethiopia in 1935, Italian shipping ranked considerably be¬ hind other nations in the use of the Canal. In 1932 the net tonnage of ships of each of the five principal flags using the Canal was in the follow¬ ing proportions: British 55.4, German 8.8, Neth¬ erlands 8.3, French 7.1,

and Italian 5.6. (Based on statistics contained in Wilson, The Suez Canal, pages 135-136.) Accord¬ ing to a statement made in the House of Commons on December 19, 1938, by the Financial Secretary to the Treasury, the average proportions of Suez Canal dues paid by ships of the five principal Powers using the Canal for the three years 1935- 1937 were as follows: British 46.9, Italian 17.5, German 9.3, Netherlands 7.5 and French 5.5. Italy’s proportion, which had been only 6.6 percent in 1934 rose sharply to 18.5 percent in 1935 and to 20.2 percent in 1936. For the first nine months of 1938 the Italian proportion of tonnage, however, had declined to about 14 percent.

Article 24 of the Statutes of the Company pro¬ vides for its administration by a Board of Directors “consisting of thirty-two members representing the principal nationalities interested in the enterprise.” In 1914 nationalities represented on the Board were as follows: French 20, British 10, Netherlands 1, and German 1. The present national representation is: French 19, British 10, Egyptian 2, and Nether¬ lands 1. Three of the British Directors are nomi¬ nated by the British Government and the remaining seven represent unofficial nominees of British ship¬ ping and trade interests, the seven having been added twelve years after the acquisition of the Brit¬ ish shares by Disraeli.

Article 24, which is referred to above, is capable of various interpretations. “The principal nation¬ alities interested in the enterprise” may be con¬ strued as referring to those nationalities interested in the construction and maintenance of the Canal,

*The purchase price of these shares was 4.000,000 pounds. By 1931 the British Government had received in dividends and interest a return from them of 38,000,000 pounds. (Wilson, The Suez Canal, p. 147.) Their value in March, 1938, was esti¬ mated at 46,396,999 pounds.

( Continued on page 292)

American Consulate at Port Said

261

Colonies of Ex-Confederates in Drazil

By WILLIAM C. BURDETT, Consul General, Rio de Janeiro

FOLLOWING the Civil War many embittered and unreconstructed Confederate soldiers found

conditions intolerable at home and set out to re¬ build their lives abroad. A number emigrated to Brazil, Colombia and Argentina, definitely con¬ tributing to the development of those countries. Most of those who went to Colombia engaged in the river steamboat business, and for thirty-five years the best steamboat captains on the Magdalena River were old Confederate soldiers. Numerous descendents of these durable old gentlemen still live around the river towns but now, of course, have no ties with the United States. Only their names indicate their family origin.

Two prominent Argentine families, the Pages and the Somervilles, are descended from unreconstruct¬ ed Confederates. Several Pages and at least one Somerville have been Argentine Naval officers, Ad¬

Ameriean jungle

miral Page, who had been an officer in the Ameri¬ can Navy before the Civil War, attaining high distinction. His grave is in the Foreign Cemetery at Buenos Aires and on Memorial Day when the American community decorates the graves of their dead with small American flags an exception is made at Admiral Page’s tomb and a little Confed¬ erate flag is set up instead. No one remembers howr

this custom started but it goes back many years. The largest exodus of former Confederates was to

Brazil. Several hundred actually made the voyage while literally thousands who were utterly destitute from the war were prevented only by lack of funds. Most of those who were unreconstructed enough and hardy enough to risk pioneer life in the jungle, were from Alabama and Texas, although all the southern States were represented.

Unprincipled promoters took advantage of the prospective emigrants and misrepre¬ sented conditions on the Amazon River w'here the colony was to he founded. The travellers were poor and the ships unseaworthy. Some of the colonists never reached the Amazon and returned home in disillusion.

Those who did arrive on the Amazon settled at Santarem on the south bank about 600 miles from the mouth, at a point where the Tapajos River enters the Amazon. Maladjusted for jungle life, without capital, without tools, with no market for their farm products, and in one of the unhealthiest fever ridden parts of the w'orld, those colonists who could afford to travel further deserted the Amazon wilderness and migrated to the fertile and healthy State of Sao Paulo in south-central Brazil. There they founded the colony of Villa Ameri¬ cana. Most of them prospered and lived happily. The families and de¬ scendents of this old Confederate breed have scattered through Brazil, many to take distinguished roles in the life of the nation. Most of them are Brazilian citizens but a few retain American citi¬ zenship. Several dentists and an out¬ standing surgeon in Rio de Janeiro,

Dr. Franklin Pyles, are proud to claim Villa Americana origin.

To the Villa Ameri¬ cana colonists is as¬ cribed the introduction into Brazil of dentists and watermelons, but the colony can be cred¬ ited with many less tangible contributions to Brazilian progress.

While Villa Ameri¬ cana flourished the San- tarem Colony, fifteen hundred miles away, dropped into obscurity. The odds were too great. Too determined to give up, the settlers were decimated by tropical disease. The survivors married into Brazilian families, and finally all trace of the colony, as a colony, vanished.

I visited Santarem in May, 1938, and found little to recall this last stand of the Confed¬ eracy. There is only one survivor of the orig¬ inal pioneers, Mrs. Biker, a very wrinkled and bent old lady who came out from Alabama as a young woman in 1866. She still under¬ stands English but has forgotten how to speak it. With an obvious lack of very much of this world’s goods, her house was clean as a pin and with the neatest flower garden in front. Four thousand miles from home, this amazing unrecon¬ structed old lady still carried herself with an air that was certainly acquired far from the Amazon.

I was told that before she became so feeble she clearly recalled, with a wealth of detail, her old home in Alabama that she left seventy-two years ago. When she passes on, another little Confederate flag might not be inappropriate.

The Santarem Colony is now wholly Brazilian.

Rio do Janeiro from the air

Save for American names like Riker and Powell, and occasional blonde and freckled individuals who stand out strikingly from the prevailing Indian type, nothing suggests the lost colony.

The obscure facts of this migration of ex-Con- federates to Brazil are being collected and made into a book by a gifted American writer, Mrs. Dorothea Momsen, whose husband Richard P. Mom- sen was formerly American Vice Consul at Rio de Janeiro and is now a leader of the Brazilian bar. It will be a dramatic and unconventional footnote to Reconstruction history.

263

Marihuana—Hashish in Modern Dress

By FREDERICK T. MERRILL, Foreign Policy Association

THE narcotic drug habit is the most degrading method of satisfying the innate human desire

to escape from the harsh realities of life. Because narcotic drugs are indispensable in medicine for relieving pain, they must be manufactured. How¬ ever, in their very existence lies the constant dan¬ der of habitual use; and drug addicts are a costly liability to society. Of all the narcotic drugs, there is least excuse for hashish. Medicine dis¬ trusts it; narcotic intoxication is usually the only motive for its use; its effects are particularly vicious and anti-social.

Hashish was known in earliest times, and its his¬ tory has been an unsavory one. The knowledge that the Indian hemp plant contained a narcotic substance, which when eaten or smoked in various mixtures produced intoxication, dreams, and bi¬ zarre hallucinations, was handed down from gen¬ eration to generation throughout India and Asia Minor. Such ancient historical writings as the Zend-Avesta, the histories of Herodotus, and the poems of Homer contain references to hashish. Hindu priests and devotees of Vishnu were accus¬ tomed to taking various forms of Indian hemp to induce religious hallucination and frenzy, and more than one royal princeling is alleged to have been rendered incapable of reigning by becoming a slave of the drug through purposeful encourage¬ ment. Later, its use became very common, par¬ ticularly during the hegemony of the Arabs, as the frequency with which bhang and hashish are mentioned in the Arabian Nights can testify. Mos¬ lem sheiks knew its power on the suggestibility of their disciples, and many atrocious acts by bands of Mussulman warriors were committed under its influence. The literature of the sixteenth, seven¬ teenth and eighteenth centuries is filled with refer¬ ences to the prevalence of hashish intoxication and debauchery. No scientific study of the drug was undertaken, however, until the nineteenth century. In 1845 a surprisingly accurate description of the effects of hashish was published by Doctor Moreau of Tours. His recognition of the relationship be¬ tween hashish excess and insanity anticipated the results of modern psychological research. At¬ tracted by this treatise, French doctors, scientists and such writers as Balzac, Baudelaire and Gautier experimented with hashish and left vivid accounts of the delirium and hallucination suffered while under its influence. But it was not until the twen¬

tieth century that the world recognized the drug as a great social menace and initiated measures for its suppression.

Most all countries and the Geneva Drug Conven¬ tion of 1925 have by now included Indian hemp among the dangerous drugs which are under rig¬ orous supervision. The Indian Government per¬ mits the moderate use of hemp drugs, because they have been so widely consumed for thirty centuries in connection with certain social and religious cus¬ toms. Around the Mediterranean littoral, in Tur¬ key, Syria, Egypt and North Africa, the use of hashish in one form or another is extremely com¬ mon, and governments have taken measures to stamp out its consumption.

Lately the hashish scourge has cropped up in the United States under the name of marihuana. It was only about ten years ago that its use was virtually unknown in this country except to the itinerant Mexican laborers of the southwest. In the last six months a flood of publicity in the news¬ papers, magazines and even movies has awakened the public to the fact that a dangerous narcotic is being used—and has been for several years—not only in certain circles of the underworld, but also in the high schools and colleges. The smoking of marihuana by adolescents is more widespread than most people realize. It has become a new fad, ap¬ pealing to the curiosity and recklessness of youth. The greed of unscrupulous peddlers, the immense profits, the cheap price for which a marihuana cigarette retails, and the availability of supply from a plant that grows wild almost everywhere are all contributory reasons for its prevalent use.

The word, “marihuana,” is both the Mexican- Indian slang word and the legal term for the por¬ tions of the Indian hemp plant (Cannabis sativa) which are thought to contain the narcotic element. In general, this applies to very nearly the entire male and female plant, although it is usually the flowering tops and leaves of the latter that con¬ tain the richest amounts of the narcotic principle. Because the plant is often known as Indian hemp and its stalk produces a fiber useful in making twines, ropes and certain grades of paper, it is sometimes confused with other species of hemp. It has also been mistakenly identified with “loco weed.” The cannabis plant grows to a height of over twelve feet, but five to eight feet is more com¬ mon. The stalk varies from one-half to two inches

264

in thickness. The configuration of each leaf with its five or six leaflets resembles the human hand.

To prepare marihuana for smoking, it is merely neces¬ sary to dry the flowering tops and leaves, crush into a coarse powder and roll it into cigarettes. Un¬ der such names as reefers, mug- gles, Indian hay, tea, and goof butts, they are sold in pool- rooms, dance halls and other places where young people congregate, for prices ranging from ten to fifty cents. Some cigarettes are strong in nar¬ cotic content; others mild. The strongest some¬ times contains enough narcot¬ ic poison to deal a knockout blow to the smoker, inducing a con¬ dition which may lead to all types of violent crimes and de¬ bauchery— and the smoker will probably have no recollection of his acts later. Although marihuana produces none of the symptoms of addiction (the “withdrawal” phenomenon) which occur in the case of the mor¬ phine or heroin user; it does give rise to a craving which may very easily lead to the habitual use of these drugs. Individuals react differently toward equal amounts, depending on their physical and emotional constitution. The complete unpredictabil¬ ity of the affect of marihuana on any given individ¬ ual makes its use in medicine worthless. Conse¬ quently it is one of the most dangerous drugs known, for one dose may bring about acute intoxi¬

cation, raving fits and criminal assaults in one per¬ son, while in another, large quantities may have

relatively little reaction.

The physical effects of smok¬ ing marihuana appear about an hour after con¬ sumption in the form of muscu¬ lar trembling, acceleration of the pulse, dizzi¬ ness, and sensa¬ tion of cold in the hands and feet. These physical reac¬ tions increase in intensity until in the end stupe¬ faction and sleep occur. The men¬ tal effects are more variable since the smok¬ er’s emotional nature and the sensitivity of his imagination are the major deter¬ mining factors. The drug affects the entire ner¬ vous system, especially the higher nerve centers. Inordi¬ nate and sense¬ less laughter, and a distortion of space and

time are the first effects observable. Most subjec¬ tive experimenters report bizarre and frightening dreams, accompanied by illusions and hallucina¬ tions. The auditory sense is particularly stimu¬ lated, which accounts for the not infrequent use of marihuana by members of “hot” orchestras. From the very beginning the will power is de¬ stroyed and inhibitions and restraints are released. The most harmful anti-social effects of the drug occur during the later stages. The intense over¬ excitement of the nerves and emotions leads to uncontrollable irritability and violent rages, which


TJ. S. Treasury Department

Marihuana grown for experimental purposes at Arlington Experimental Farms, U. S. Department of Agriculture, during the summer of 1937.

265

THE

FOREIGN rU voi.

JOURNAL

PUBLISHED MONTHLY BY AMERICAN FOREIGN

SERVICE ASSOCIATION, WASHINGTON, D. C. The American Foreign Service Journal is open to subscrip¬

tion in the United States and abroad at the rate of $4.00 a year, or 35 cents a copy, payable to the American Foreign Sendee Journal, care Department of State, Washington, D. G.

This publication is not official and material appearing herein represents only the personal opinions of its authors, or of indi¬ viduals quoted, unless otherwise specifically indicated.

Copyright. 1939. l>y the American Foreign Service Association

JOURNAL STAFF

HENRY S. VILLARD, Chairman CHARLES \Y. YOST

HERBERT S. BURSLEY.....

REGINALD P. MITCHELL

LEO D. STURGEON

EDWARD PAGE, JR

HARRY A. MCBRIDE

CHARLES B. HOSMER

Editorial Board

Business Manager T reasurer

The American Foreign Service Association

The American Foreign Service Association is an unofficial and voluntary association of the members of The Foreign Sen-ice of the United States. It was formed for the purpose of fostering esprit de corps among the members of the Foreign Service and to establish a center around which might be grouped the united efforts of its members for the improvement of the Service.

Honorary President CORDELL HULL Secretary of State

Honorary Vice-Presidents SUMNER WELLES ... Under Secretary oj State ROBERT WALTON MOORE . Counselor FRANCIS B. SAYRE Assistant Secretary of State GEORGE S. MESSERSMITH Assistant Secretary of State ADOLPH A. BERLE, JR. Assistant Secretary of State

CLARENCE E. GAUSS President ROBERT D. MURPHY Vice-President HENRY S. VILLARD ___ Secretary-Treasurer

EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE JAY PIERREPONT MOFFAT, Chairman JOSEPH E. JACOBS, Vice-Chairman;

JOHN CARTER VINCENT, SELDEN CHAPIN

Alternates CHARLES B. HOSMER, HENRY S. VILLARD

Entertainment Committee: SELDEN CHAPIN, LEWIS CLARK AND JAMES K. PENFIELD

266

EDITORS’ COLUMN This month the editors have turned over the col¬

umn to the Foreign Service School. The following account has been prepared by Mr. W. Stratton An¬ derson, Jr.

When these lines appear, the seventeen members of the current Foreign Service Officers’ Training School will have completed a most important phase of their careers. They will have received their first regular post assignments, and will no longer go un¬ der the title of “probationary officers.”

For the members of the class, the School repre¬ sented a long-awaited experience. All of them had been in the field at least sixteen months, and two of them longer. It was beginning to seem a long time since they took the examination for the foreign Ser¬ vice ’way back in 1936. They were, roughly speak¬ ing, the second section of the Training School class of March-July, 1938; they had seen their examina¬ tion-mates go through the school and out to their second posts months ago.

As regards their first posts, the seventeen mem¬ bers of the School were divided almost equally be¬ tween the New and Old Worlds; eight had been in Europe, five in Latin-America and four in Canada. For those in Europe especially, their first assign¬ ments had been during a period of almost unparal¬ leled international tension; but in general their pro¬ fessional concerns had not been with the art of world politics but rather with the intricacies of the Consular Regulations and the instructions of the Department—the complex administrative “code of the Service. Their jobs had been to encounter in their own lair the prickly problems that daily arise in the field and to formulate the basis of a philos¬ ophy of action.

But a year in the field had created a philosophy studded with question marks, and it was to deal with those question marks that the twenty-seventh Foreign Service School since the Rogers Act of 1924 opened its doors on January 17th. The term was designed to last until April 29th, and into those three and a half months was compressed such a mass of information and advice that, could it be perfectly remembered and acted upon, it would surely obviate the necessity on the part of the stu¬ dents of ever passing through the later stages of Vice Consul and Consul, and would fully justify their immediate elevation to the rank of Consul Gen¬ eral or First Secretary!

The present school has followed the pattern of its predecessor. There have been lectures followed by questions and answers daily during ordinary office hours. There has been the traditional maintenance


News from the Department

By REGINALD P. MITCHELL, Department of State

The Secretary

The Secretary and Mrs. Hull left Washington on March 9 and visited De Land, Florida, returning to Washington by train on March 24. A message from the Secretary was read at a conference on the subject, “The Lima Conference and the Future of Pan Americanism,” held at the University of Penn¬ sylvania at Philadelphia on March 10. Upon his return from Florida the Secretary talked with Presi¬ dent Roosevelt at the White House and received a number of visitors. At his press conference upon his return he issued a statement declaring that he had closely followed international developments at home and abroad during his temporary absence, that in common with the general public he had been profoundly shocked by recent developments in Europe and characterized these developments as of a nature seriously to threaten the peace of the world. On March 27 he read a statement on for¬ eign affairs for Movietone News in the Diplomatic Waiting Room.

On April 1 the Secretary announced that he had sent a telegram to the Spanish Loyalist Govern¬ ment expressing the disposition of this govern¬ ment to establish diplomatic relations with the Gov¬ ernment of Spain. Three days later he received one Francisco Gardenas as Charge d'Affaires of the Spanish Government. On April 3 he received stu¬ dents from Denison University presented by Repre¬ sentative William A. Ashbrook of Ohio. On April 5 he received students from his alma mater, Cum¬

berland University of Lebanon Tennessee, who were introduced by Dr. E. L. Stockton of that institution.

On April 6 the Secretary made public an agree¬ ment made with the Rritish Government for the joint control of Canton and Enderbury Islands in the south Pacific Ocean. On April 7 he received the Albanian Minister, Dr. Faik Konitza, and on the following day read a statement at his press confer¬ ence declaring that “the forceable and violent in¬ vasion of Albania is unquestionably an additional threat to the peace of the world.” He added in part: “it is scarcely necessary to add that the in¬ evitable effect of this incident, taken with other similar incidents, is found to destroy confidence and undermine economic stability in every country in the world, thus affecting our own welfare.” On April 10 the Secretary welcomed President Roose¬ velt at the Union Station upon the latter’s return from a visit to Warm Springs, Georgia. He at¬ tended budget hearings at the Capitol on April 12.

Both the President and the Secretary were princi¬ pal speakers at Pan American Day ceremonies held on April 14 at the Pan American Union. Upon the occasion of the special press conference held at the White House on April 15 for the announcement by President Roosevelt that he had despatched messages to both Chancellor Hitler and Premier Mussolini on the subject of world peace, both Secretary Hull and Under Secretary Welles were seated with the President. On the same date the Secretary attended the annual dinner of the Gridiron Club in Wash¬ ington.

267

Under Secretary Welles The Under Secretary, in his capacity as Acting

Secretary, made an important statement concerning Czechoslovakia at his press conference on March 17. On March 20 Mr. Welles released for publication telegrams exchanged between him and Minister Wilbur J. Carr at Prague instructing the latter to close that Legation, to turn over the government building, property and archives to the Consulate General and at his convenience to leave Prague.

The Under Secretary on March 22 testified before the Foreign Relations Committee of the Senate during the consideration of the Pittman Resolution to “assist the governments of the American Repub¬ lics to increase their military and naval establish¬ ments.” The Under Secretary was away from the Department from April 7 to 13. On the latter date he delivered an address on the subject of “The Natural Rights of Mankind” at Founders’ Day Cere¬ monies at the University of Virginia at Charlottes¬ ville.

* * «•

Assistant Secretary Sayre Assistant Secretary Sayre delivered an address

on the subject “Democracy in Action” on March 22 at the Fourth Conference of the Woman’s Na¬ tional Democratic Club, held in Washington. The address was broadcast nationally over the mutual network of Station WOL. Assistant Secretary Sayre was scheduled to have made three addresses on the subject of international trade at meetings held on April 20 and 21 at Westmoreland College, Fulton, Missouri.

* * *

Ambassador Claude G. Bowers The Ambassador to Spain, Mr. Claude G. Bowers,

visited the Department on various occasions in March. On March 30 he testified before a meeting of the House Foreign Affairs Committee. He sailed from New York City on April 5 to close the Embassy located at St. Juan de Luz, France.

* * *

Ambassador William C. Bullitt The Ambassador to France, Mr. William C. Bul¬

litt, addressed a dinner of the American Legion at Paris on March 17. The March 27 issue of the magazine Life featured Ambassador Bullitt and the American Embassy and Consulate General in Paris. The article was captioned “His Excellency Bill Bul¬ litt—An Ambassador Plus—He is rated President Roosevelt’s most influential adviser on foreign pol¬ icy. Herewith is life abroad.” Numerous activities of the Embassy and Consulate General were pic¬ tured. (See photograph, page 271.)

268

Ambassador Bullitt visited Marseille on April 1 and 2 with the intention of according a welcome to the “Yankee Clipper,” which was making its first trans-Atlantic flight. Failure of the plane to arrive on the second day, due to bad weather, led the Ambassador to cancel his stay and to return to Paris on the night of April 2.

* * It*

Ambassador Hugh R. Wilson The Ambassador to Germany, Mr. Hugh R. Wil¬

son, was away from the Department from April 7 to 17. He spent a part of his time at his home in Evanston, Illinois, and on April 15 he spoke at a meeting of the Foreign Affairs Council of Cleve¬ land at the Union Club of that city.

* # #

Ambassador Jefferson Caffery The Ambassador to Brazil, Mr. Jefferson Caffery,

accompanied by Mrs. Caffery, sailed from New York on April 9 on the S. S. Uruguay en route to his post. They were accompanied by the Am¬ bassador’s Private Secretary, Northam Griggs, Mrs. Griggs and their son.

* * -55-

Ambassador John V. A. MacMurray The Ambassador to Turkey, Mr. John V. Mac¬

Murray, and the First Secretary of Embassy, Robert F. Kelley, acting for the United States Government, signed the Turkish-American Trade Agreement at Ankara on April 1. The Department made public that Turkey is the twentieth country with which the United States has entered into an agreement under the provisions of the Trade Agreements Act of June 12, 1934, as extended on March 1, 1937. This Agreement is the first to be concluded with a country in the Near East.

■fc * *

Special Ambassador Myron C. Taylor Mr. Myron C. Taylor, Ambassador on Special

Mission and Vice Chairman of the Inter Govern¬ mental Committee on Political Refugees, arrived at New York City on March 23 on the S. S. Queen Mary and proceeded to Washington to make a re¬ port to President Roosevelt on the activities of this Committee.

* * #

Minister Leland Harrison The Minister to Switzerland, Mr. Leland Har¬

rison, accompanied by Mrs. Harrison, departed from New York City on March 21 on the S. S. Washington en route to their post after leave in the United States.


Minister Meredith Nicholson The Minister to Nicaragua,

Mr. Meredith Nicholson, act¬ ed as the special representa¬ tive of President Roosevelt with the rank of Ambassador at the ceremonies in connec¬ tion with the inauguration of General Anastasio Somoza as President of Nicaragua on March 30 at Managua.

Minister John C. Wiley The Minister to Latvia and

Esthonia, Mr. John C. Wiley, been spending the greater part of their home leave in Florida and in Washington.

# *

Chief, Division of the American Republics Laurence Duggan, Chief of the Division of the

American Republics, served as chairman of the American delegation at the First Inter-American Travel Congress which was held on April 14-21 at San Francisco under the auspices of the Golden Gate International Exposition. The delegation, among others, included Mrs. Ruth Bryan Owen Rohde, former Minister to Denmark, who recently was appointed Collaborator, United States Travel Bureau, Department of the Interior; and Frederick B. Lyon. Assistant Chief, Division of International Conferences of the Department of State.

* % #

Adviser, International Economic Affairs Dr. Herbert Feis, Adviser on International Eco¬

nomic Affairs, delivered an address at a meeting of the Economic Club of Detroit, Michigan, on March 27. His subject was “Economic Aspects of Our Foreign Policy.”

* *

Assistant Chief, Treaty Diviison Dr. Wallace McClure, Assistant Chief of the

Treaty Division, delivered an address on the sub¬ ject, “International Aspects of Democracy,” at a meeting of the Upper East Tennessee Group of Business and Professional Women’s Clubs in Green¬ ville, Tennessee, on March 24.

* * *

Assistant Chief, Division of Trade Agreements Henry L. Deimel, Jr., Assistant Chief of the Di¬

vision of Trade Agreements, delivered an address on April 11 at a meeting of the Rotary Club of

Indianapolis, Indiana. His subject was “The Trade Agreements Program and the Liberal System of International Trade.”

* * *

Legal Adviser s Office “William R. Vallance, an Assistant to the Legal

Adviser” was the subject of a biographical sketch in the column “An American You Should Know,” appearing in the Washington Star of March 28.

* * *

Foreign Service Officers George V. Allen, Foreign Service Officer on duty

in the Division of Near Eastern Affairs, was a speaker at the “First Student Institute of World Affairs” held at Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, on April 11-12-13. Mr. Allen, an alumnus of that institution, spoke on the subject, “America’s Place in the World Crisis.”

* * * Albert W. Scott, Consul at

Jerusalem, sailed from New York City for his post on the S.S. Excambion on April 8 after spending the greater part of his leave in Kansas City, Missouri. During a part of his leave he visited relatives of Mrs. Scott in Grenoble, France.

* * *

Philip W. Bonsai, Third Secretary at Habana, accom- A- w- Sco,t

panied by Mrs. Bonsai, ar¬ rived in Washington by train on April 16 from their post. Mr. Bonsai on the following day tendered his resignation as a Foreign Service Officer and as¬ sumed his new duties as a Divisional Assistant in the Division of American Republics.

* * *

Llewellyn E. Thompson, Jr., until recently Consul at Geneva arrived in New York on the S. S. Presi¬ dent Roosevelt. He rigistered at the Department on April 12 and assumed his duties on April 13 in the Division of European Affairs.

» * *

Fred W. Jandrey, Vice Consul at Naples, visited the Department on April 1 prior to proceeding on leave to his home in Neenah, Wisconsin. Mrs. Jandrey left at the same time for a brief visit with her relatives in Los Angeles.


Meredith Nicholson

and Mrs. Wiley, have

269

News from the Field

CURACAO

On March 6, 1939, the United States Submarine Force, commanded by Rear Admiral C. S. Freeman, steamed past the famous pontoon bridge of Curacao headed by the Flagship Richmond, accompanied by the U.S.S. Holland, and the submarines Salmon, Seal, Skipjack, Snapper, Stingray, Perch, Cachalot, and Cuttlefish. There were on board 125 officers and 1,390 enlisted personnel. Before entering the Harbor of Willemstad the Richmond fired a 21-gun national salute which was returned by the old guns of Fort Amsterdam once commanded by Governor Peter Stuyvesant.

The night of March 6, an official reception was given at the consular residence by Vice Consul and Mrs. Moessner which was attended by some 80 offi¬ cers and about 140 local officials and prominent cit¬ izens. At mid¬ night, an or¬ chestra from the Richmond, after providing de¬ lightful music throughout the evening, rendered the Star Spangled Ban¬ ner and the Dutch National Anthem, “Wil- helmus van Nas¬ sau.”

On March 8 the Governor gave an official luncheon at

Government House for Rear Admiral Freeman and his staff officers which was attended by Vice Consul and Mrs. Moessner.

The fleet departed at 8:30 a.m., March 10 for Haiti and Cuba on their way to the New York World’s Fair with the general local expression “may they return again and often.”

WALLACE E. MOESSNER.

BORDEAUX

at

U.S.S. Richmond

Last February the Anglo-American colony Bordeaux produced Noel Coward’s “Hay Fever”— with greater success than attended the production of any previous play, and with greater American

participation. Consul W. Perry George, Vice Con- s u 1 Moreland and Mrs. More¬ land took the parts, respec¬ tively, of Rich- ard Greatham, Simon Bliss and Myra Arundel, while Mrs. George assisted in the manage¬ ment. An article in the local press praises the per¬ formance for re¬ petition in both Bordeaux and Biarritz. W. P. GEORGE.

270


PARIS

Troop Convoys

That sounds like the Franee of 19 17 and 1918. But it is only a 20- years-after se- q u e 1 partici- p a t e d in by hundreds of American vet¬ erans o f t h e fighting south of the Pyre- n e e s who crossed France in sealed trains in charge of American con¬ suls. This is just another service our of¬ ficers have been called on to perform, and is in itself only a small part of a job which included many months of monotonous routine trying to recover the hundreds of American passports lost during the strife in the Peninsula, and re-establishing the iden¬ tity of their former possessors; arranging for the

Members of American anti Mexican Consular Services and Mexican- American Immigration Services at El Paso, Texas, and Ciundad Juarez, Mexico, at a Good Will Supper last December. Consul General Blocker appears in the lower right hand corner, and Vice Consul Cowles above

him with the accordion.

release of these men and their r ep at r iation with the aid of private organ¬ izations ; car¬ ing for the wounded a n d ill. and in be¬ half of their wives and par¬ ents attempt¬ ing the almost impossible task o f ascertain¬ ing the where¬ abouts of many whose identity was often dis¬ sipated upon crossing the southern fron¬ tier of France. The last two train loads that were rushed

across France contained many who had to be evacu¬ ated by ships doing night runs through mine-in¬ fested and hostile waters, and who just before pass¬ ing the frontier into France were once more sub¬ jected to aerial bombardment. This work was ably


Paris Embassy Ball, February I 7th. The Ambassador and his staff just before the guests arrived. Left to right: Mrs. Plitt; Mrs. Ernest Mayer, wife of the Third Secretary; Mrs. McArthur; the Ambassador; and

Mr. Wilson, Counselor of Embassy. Courtesy of Life

A Political Bookshelf CYRIL WYNNE, Review Editor

Miss BAX OF THE EMBASSY, by Emily Bax, 311 pages, including index. Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston, 1939. $3.00.

This is a difficult book for a member of the Foreign Service to review dispassionately. No one who has served in an American Embassy, least of all those old enough to remember the placid routine before the War, can read Miss Bax without a feel¬ ing of wistfulness, without a sense of nostalgia for an almost forgotten existence.

The things we looked on as important, the worry and burden of the socially ambitious ladies, the re¬ moteness of American missions from the struggles that were occupying European Chancellories, all these things Miss Bax brings out in her book, and brings them out with a touch of gayety, with an affection for the men she dealt with, that gives the book its special charm to us who also knew these men, and those times.

Jack Carter holds a special place in her affection, although William Phillips and Irwin Laughlin rate high as well. In writing of Mr. Henry White she shows a flash of malice—the only touch in the book of this particular attribute. Hugh Gibson wins a special form of praise—“Mr. Gibson didn’t seem to know the difference between a duke and a dust¬ man. He seemed to think they were made of the same flesh and blood.” The Hodsons, father and sons live for us again as uniquie in her memory as they were in their lives.

The book covers the period of three Am- bass adors, Choate, Wh itelaw Reid, and Page. Three more con¬ trasting characters could not have been chosen. Her inti¬ mate ac¬ count of three fig¬ ures so well known to

the American public, is penetrating and stimulating. In their method of conducting business alone, much of the three characters is revealed.

The book is written with simplicity and direct¬ ness, the style is pleasant. Occasionally witty, the writer has the gift of reliving her youth and making us share it. We like not only the book—we like Miss Bax.

HUGH WILSON.

PROPAGANDA ANALYSIS, a monthly publication of the Institute for Propaganda Analysis, Inc., 130 Morning- side Drive, New York. Subscription rice $2.00 per year.

WORLD REVOLUTIONARY PROPAGANDA, by Harold D. Lasswell and Dorothy Blumenstock. New York, Alfred A. Knopf, Inc., 1939. Pp. xii-f-393-|-xii. $4.50.

Most Americans and particularly the members of American Foreign Service have become increasing¬ ly aware in recent years of the vast quantities of propaganda which surround our daily lives and which assault our eyes and ears and even permeate the very air we breathe. However, until very re¬ cently there has been little information available in convenient published form bearing on the tactics and methods of propaganda. Foreign Service Offi¬ cers will welcome two recent sources of information on propaganda analysis which are now available.

The first is a monthly publication of the Institute for Pro¬ posed Anal¬ yses, 13 0 Morning- side Drive, New York City. The bulletin of the Insti¬ tute, enti¬ tled “Prop- aganda An aly sis” states that it is con¬ cerned with a 11 phases of p r o p a - ganda. The I n stitute numbers

Counselor’s Office at the Ameriran Embassy in London, 1912—Irwin Laughlin and Miss Bax at work. (Frontispiece from “Miss Bax of the Embassy” by

Emily Bax.)

272

among its advisory board certain university profes¬ sors of recognized standing and authority in the fields of sociology and propaganda, including Had¬ ley Cantril of Princeton, Leonard Doob of Yale, and numerous others.

In general, the bulletins are designed for adap¬ tion to classroom study and discussion. Accord¬ ingly, for the average Foreign Service Officer, who presumably will not be so fortunate as to be able to avail himself of such methods of propaganda study, the bulletins lose something in value.

Moreover, while the first volume and the more recent issues attempt considerable analysis of Nazi propaganda as well as the publicity methods fol¬ lowed by various organized groups in the United States, it is only in the Bulletin for March, 1939, that Communist Party propaganda has received at¬ tention. Unfortunately, the other effective wielders of totalitarian propaganda who have wisely con¬ centrated upon cultural rather than political themes appear to have been overlooked entirely.

Of perhaps more practical interest to the average Foreign Service Officer, especially since it is in compact and synthesized form, is “World Revolu¬ tionary Propaganda,” by Professor Harold D. Lass- well and Dorothy Blumenstock, a masterly case study of Communist propaganda in Chicago during the depression years, 1929 to 1935.

This book, which is purely objective in its treat¬ ment. and which does not attempt in any sense to plead a cause either for or against Communism, starts with a general definition of propaganda meth¬ ods and symbols and then proceeds with a brief analysis of the political and economic conditions of the world and particularly of the Chicago area at the outbreak of the 1929 depression.

The authors are to be complimented for their energy and thoroughness in collecting the mass of material illustrative of propaganda activities in Chi¬ cago during the period under review. As they themselves observe, they found no previous collec¬ tions or statistics in existence with regard to propa¬ ganda material on Communism, and hence were obliged themselves to collect and compile all ma¬ terial for their book.

The average Foreign Service Officer will not, of course, be greatly interested in the breakdown of the statistics in question, but will find of particular interest the chapters on channels of propaganda and the technique of propaganda.

Of perhaps even greater interest, however, to Foreign Service Officers will be part V of the book which deals with the influence of propaganda and concludes with an estimate of the effect produced on an American community by active Communist propaganda.

It is to be noted that the book itself was pub¬

lished after the adoption of the new approach by the Communist World Congress of 1935, in the course of which a completely different set of tactics was adopted by the Third International, when the attacks on democracy were abandoned for coopera¬ tion with democratic elements in a united front against “Fascism” with the attendant doctrines known popularly as the “Trojan Horse” theory and the “Popular Front” theory. However, the period under review in Chicago ended with 1934 so that the authors have not as yet had any great oppor¬ tunity to observe the effectiveness of the shift in Communist tactics. The authors have nevertheless noted in review that even before 1934 certain ele¬ ments in the local Chicago Communist organiza¬ tions manifested opposite tendencies in respect to the party line of 1928.

The authors state that in a typical American in¬ dustrial community such as Chicago, Communism definitely ran into two serious psychological diffi¬ culties; the essential nationalism of the average American citizen, even those of foreign birth; and the essential individualism of the average American. On page 341 it is stated:

“The restrictive effect of American individual¬ ism was expressed in several direct and indirect ways, but the common net result was to accentu¬ ate the conflict between local and central units of the Communist Party, and hence between ‘American’ and ‘foreign,’ ‘rank and file’ and ‘bureaucracy’.” Commenting on relations to Communist propa¬

ganda the authors affirm: “When the Communists provoked greater cen¬

tralization of administrative activities, they did not necessarily advance their own cause. If greater centralization increases the effectiveness with which the established elites in America are able to defend themselves against ‘subversive’ in¬ fluences. it weakens world revolutionary radical movements. The ‘completed shell of the social¬ ized state’ may be seized by very different elites than those which head up in Moscow.”

In this connection they point out that the previous Communist tactical line (1928-1935) of denouncing socialist and liberal organizations as “Social-Fas¬ cist” spread dissension among elements of the left and center, thus contributing substantially to the rise of “national revolutionary radical propagan¬ dists which cut short the life of the German repub¬ lic and Italian parliamentarism.”

In their conclusion the authors draw a parallel between “Russian revolution” and the “French Revolution,” pointing out that “it was a turning point in world politics when the revolution in France was ‘stigmatized’ as the ‘bourgeois’ revolu-


273

AMERICA'S F OUR CHIEF MARKETS AND S

COUNTRY RANK AS-

BUYER SELLER

UNITED KINGDOM 1 3

CANADA 2 1

JAPAN 3 2

FRANCE 4 11

GERMANY 5 9

NETHERLANDS 6 19

ARGENTINA 7 18

PHILIPPINE ISLANDS 8 7

BELGIUM 9 17

CUBA 10 5

BRITISH SO. AFRICA 11 26

SOVIET RUSSIA 12 22

AUSTRALIA 13 37

SWEDEN 14 14

MEXICO 15 15

BRAZIL 16 6

ITALY 17 16

VENEZUELA 18 25

NETHERLANDS W. INDIES 19 24

COLOMBIA 20 12

BRITISH INDIA 21 10

CHINA 22 13

NETHERLANDS INDIES__ 23 8

IRELAND 24 75

CZECHOSLOVAKIA 25 21

VALUE OF-

U. S EXPORTS TO- L). S IMPORTS FROM 50 IOO

$521,1 24,000 S118,371,000

467.662.000

239.575.000

133.835.000

108.334.000

96.753.000

86.772.000

86.472.000

76.936.000

76.329.000

71.762.000

69.691.000

68.823.000

64.231.000

62.043.000

61.955.000

58.266.000

52.278.000

42.785.000

40.884.000

35.764.000

34.772.000

27.518.000

26.947.000

26.493.000

256.745.000

131.696.000

54.434.000

63.845.000

30.040.000

41.672.000

94.180.000

42.029.000

105.476.000

19.074.000

23.532.000

8.768.000

45.062.000

42.571.000

97.752.000

42.169.000

20.054.000

20.116.000

49.412.000

58.189.000

47.224.000

68.780.000

1.022.000

27.201.000

4. BRITIS

20. CHILE

23. SWITZ

274

OUR CHIEF EXPORTS IN 1938

RANK COMMODITY VALUE PERCENT OF TOTAL EXPORTS

1 AUTOMOBILES, PARTS, ETC. 5270,389,000 8,8

2 UNMANUFACTURED COTTON 228,669,000 7.5

3 LEAF TOBACCO 155,304,000 5.1

4 CRUDE PETROLEUM _ 111,739,000 3.7

5 GASOLINE 103,544,000 3.4

6 ELECTRICAL MACHINERY, ETC. 102,151,000 3.3

7 METAL-WORKING MACHINERY 97,271,000 3.2

8 CORN 94.497.000

78.141.000

3.1

9 WHEAT 2.6

10 AGRICULTURAL MACHINERY 75,435,000 2.5

11 REFINED COPPER 74,063,000 2.4

12 LUBRICATING OIL 68,855,000 2.3

13 AIRCRAFT PARTS, ETC. 68,209,000 2.2

14 GAS OIL AND FUEL OIL 56,356,000 1.8

15 COAL AND COKE 55,775,000 1.8

16 IRON AND STEEL SCRAP 44,932,000 1.5

17 IRON AND STEEL PLATES, SHEETS, ETC 42,183,000 1.4

18 WELL AND REFINERY MACHINERY 40,842,000 1.3

19 BOARDS, PLANKS, AND SCANTLINGS 30,687,000 1.0

20 COTTON CLOTH 30,561,000 1.0

21 CONSTRUC. 4 CONVEYING MACHINERY- 23,914,000 0.8

22 CANNED FRUIT 23,230,000 0.8

23 WHEAT FLOUR 23,151,000 0.8

24 BOOKS, MAPS, PICTURES, ETC. 23,000,000 0.8

25 PHOTOGRAPHIC GOODS, ETC 19,862,000 0.6

TOTAL EXPORTS $3,094,095,000

CHIEF SUPPLIERS

YA $112,142,000

28,557,000

D 22,774,000

FOREIGN COMMERCE DEPARTMENT

CHAMBER OF COMMERCE OF THE U. S. A.

_j I

OUR CHIEF IMPORTS IN 1938

RANK COMMODITY VALUE PERCENT OF TOTAL IMPORTS

1 COFFEE - _ . 5137,824,000 7.1

2 CANE SUGAR 130,400,000 6.7

3 CRUDE RUBBER _ .... 130,129,000 6.7

4 STANDARD NEWSPRINT PAPER— 101,456,000 5.2

5 RAW SILK 88,821,000 4.6

6 WOOD PULP 72,766,000 3.7

7 DISTILLED LIQUORS 49,197,000 2.5

8 TIN BARS, BLOCKS, PIGS 44,861,000 2.3

9 FURS. 43,182,000 2.2

10 COPPER ORE, CONCENTRATES, ETC 36,087,000 1.9

11 UNMANUFACTURED TOBACCO.- — 36,028,000 1.8

12 RAW HIDES AND SKINS, EXCEPT FURS_ 29,880,000 1.5

13 BANANAS 28,798,000 1.5

14 FISH 28,349,000 1.5

15 BURLAPS 28,343,000 1.5

16 DIAMONDS 28,307,000 1.5

17 FERTILIZERS, EXC. NITRATE OF SODA_ 25,764,000 1.3

18 UNMANUFACTURED WOOI 22,602,000 1.2

19 COCOA, OR CACAO, BEANS - 20,139,000 1.0

20 FLAXSEED _ 19,872,000 1.0

21 CRUDE PETROLEUM 18,603,000 1.0

22 TEA 18,313,000 0.9

23 INDUSTRIAL CHEMICALS 16,794,000 0.9

24 ART WORKS 16,774,000 0.9

25 COAL-TAR PRODUCTS 15,970,000 0.8

TOTAL IMPORTS $1,949,760,000

275

THE AMERICAN pOREIGN gERVICE JOURNAL

NEWS FROM DEPARTMENT (Continued from, page 269)

W. Garland Richardson, Vice Consul at Tokyo, and Mrs. Richardson visited the Department in early March after arriving at San Fran¬ cisco on the S. S. President Coolidge. Mr. and Mrs. Richardson spent a week at Wadetown, West Virginia, and plan to spend the bal¬ ance of their leave in Vir¬ ginia before sailing for Ja¬ pan in mid-May on the S. S. President Taft. * w. c. Richirdgon

John K. Emmerson, Vice Consul at Osaka, ac¬ companied by Mrs. Emmerson and their child, ar¬ rived in San Francisco in March on the S. S. Presi¬ dent Coolidge. They spent several weeks in Colo¬ rado visiting relatives and a short time with Mr.

Emmerson’s family in Auro¬ ra, Illinois. He visited the Department on April 13 and planned to visit the World’s Fair before returning to Japan.

•* Andrew W. Edson, For¬

eign Officer detailed for study in economics at Har¬ vard University, is the au¬ thor of a brief paper entitled “Notations in Mathematical Economics” which has been accepted for early publica¬

tion, possibly about August or September, in The Quarterly Journal of Economics, published by Har¬ vard University.

* w * James W. Riddleberger, Second Secretary at

Berlin, arrived in New York City on March 30 on the S. S. Manhattan and proceed¬ ed to his home in Woodstock, Virginia, to join his wife and infant child. He visited the Department on April 12 and planned to sail from New York City for his post about the end of May.

J. K. Emmerson

ited the Department on April 11 during home leave which he is spending principally at his home in

Philadelphia. He planned to proceed in May to his new post at Port Said where he will be preceded by his wife

1 ys- -Sr and daughter who remained in Europe.

A

m B. R. Riggs

William W. Walker, Vice Consul at Port Limon, Costa Rica, accompanied by Mrs. Walker, arrived in New York City from their post on April 2 on the S. S. Talamanca. He was called home by the death of his father, Calvin Walker

in Asheville, North Carolina. Mrs. Walker planned to proceed to her home in Jacksonville, Florida, for a visit with her parents.

* * -K-

C. Burke Elbrick, Third Secretary in Warsaw, arrived in New York City on March 30 on the S. S. Man¬ hattan. He proceeded im¬ mediately to Washington to join Mrs. Elbrick and their infant son, Alfred Johnson Elbrick, who was born in Norfolk. Virginia, on No¬ vember 12 while Mr. Elbrick was on temporary duty at the Legation in Prague. Af¬ ter visiting the Department he proceeded on April 11 to Louisville. Kentucky, for a week’s visit with relatives. They plan to leave New York City during the first week in June for Warsaw.

■fc * *

H. Freeman Matthews, First Secretary and Con¬ sul at Paris, was designated on April 4 as First

Secretary of Embassy at Ma¬ drid for temporary duty fol¬ lowing this government’s recognition of the new re¬ gime in Spain. Mr. Mat¬ thews proceeded by auto¬ mobile to San Sebastian, ar¬ riving there on April 9 and reopening the Embassy as Charge d’Affaires.

C. B. Klhrick

Benj amin Reath Riggs, until recently First Secretary and Consul at Helsinki, vis- J. W. Riddleberger II. F. Matthews

Ralph A. Boernstein, Con¬ sul at Montreal, paid a brief

276

Security (steel) Van on the Streets of Hong Kong

Security Steel Vans save packing costs,

ocean freight charges, insurance premiums,

hotel expenses, — and nervous wear and

tear.

See pamphlet "Packing for Overseas Shipment

for simple method of fumigating goods to destroy

moths, beetles, etc.

If in Europe or Near East, enquire of Paris Office;

elsewhere, Washington.

^pruriffi J&opagp (Jotupattg of UJaghatsfron

Affiliated with the American Security 8C Trust Co.

1140 FIFTEENTH STREET A Sate Depository for 48 Years

European Office:

31 Place du Marche St. Honore, Paris

Telegrams "Medium”

N.B. Insurance Rates, Premiums, on the Annual or Trip Policies issued by us are guaranteed. NO HIGHER than those of similar policies of foreign underwriters. You can write us for insurance. Your goods will be covered even though your letter arrives after goods are shipped.

Since it costs no more . . . perhaps less,

Give American Underwriters a Chance.

Banking Service

in Washington, D. C. for Foreign Service Officers

The American Security and

Trust Company, located oppo¬

site the United States Trea¬

sury, has for forty-eight years

conducted a general banking,

trust and safe deposit business.

It serves the financial needs

of many thousands of cus¬

tomers, among whom are for¬

eign service officers stationed

throughout the world.

Wherever your post of duty

may be, you, too, will find it

advantageous to establish a

banking connection with the American Security.

Inquiries are invited.

AMERICAN SECURITY AND TRUST COMPANY

15TH AND PENNSYLVANIA AVE.

WASHINGTON, D. C.

CAPITAL $3,400,000 SURPLUS $3,400,000

Member Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation

277


MERCHANT MARINE of the AIR On duty or on leave. Pan American will take you there three times faster.

/* / ! sTMTEKICVIiV r , , HY'IYS SYSTEM

The Manhattan Storage & Warehouse Company

52nd Street and Seventh Avenue

80th Street and Third Avenue

New York City

♦ ♦

SUPERIOR FACILITIES FOR STOR¬ AGE OF HOUSEHOLD GOODS, PACKING, MOVING, SHIPPING

AND LIFT VANS ♦ ♦

SPECIAL SERVICE TO MEET PERSONAL REQUIREMENTS

♦ ♦ • Prices Most Reasonable •

visit to Washington during the middle of April.

a a a

Two members of the Con¬ sulate General at Hankow departed from that city on March 22 en route to Shang¬ hai on a Japanese transport Shinyo Maru. They were Vice Consul Robert M. Tay¬ lor, recently assigned to the Consulate General at Tient¬ sin, and Vice Consul Verne

to the United States on home

* a a

Clarence J. Spiker, until recently Consul Gen¬ eral at Basel, accompanied by Mrs. Spiker, arrived in New York City on March 30 on the S. S. Man¬ hattan. Mr. Spiker remained at the Department for about ten days in mid-April before proceeding to his home in Hartford, Connecti¬ cut. They planned to sail from San Franciscc in May en route to their new post in Hankow.

e » » Dudley G. Dwyre, recently

appointed First Secretary and Consul General at Montevideo, accompanied by Mrs. Dwyre, sailed from New York City on May 5 for his new post after an ex¬ tended sojourn in Washington.

# *

Charles R. Cameron, Consul General at Tokyo, left his post on March 24 on a tour of inspection to the Consulate at Taihoku, Formosa Islands. He

returned to his post on April 11.

a a

Robert S. Ward, Consul at Foochow, visited the De¬ partment in the latter part of March while on home leave.

a a a

Calvin Hawley Oakes, Consul at Calcutta, sailed from New York City on March 22 on the S. S. \Vash-

C. J. Spiker

278

Tell Your Friends

ington en route to his post after home leave.

William C. Burdett, Con¬ sul General at Rio de Jane¬ iro, departed from his post on March 19 for a tour of inspection of two posts un¬ der his jurisdiction. He re¬ turned to Rio on March 30.

U. Alexis Johnson, Vice Consul at Seoul, Korea, visited the Department on April 10 on home leave. He planned to remain in Washington, his home, until about March 1.

Stephenus V. C. Morris of New York City re¬ cently assumed his duties in the Division of European Af¬ fairs in connection with the Departmental Committee on Political Refugees. Mr. Mor¬ ris formerly served as Am¬ bassador Long’s Private Sec¬ retary in Rome in 1934 and 1935 and subsequently was with the Institute of Pacific Relations in New York City.

* -a #

John M. Cabot, Second Secretary at Guatemala, vis¬ ited the Department in March on home leave before proceeding to his home in Boston.

» * *

Orray Taft, Jr., Vice Consul at Warsaw, and Mrs. Taft and their two chil¬ dren arrived in New York City on the S.S. Washington on April 14. After visiting the Department for several days Mr. Taft proceeded to Toronto to join his family in visiting Consul and Mrs. Warwick Perkins. They plan to spend home leave principally in Santa Barbara,

j. M. Cabot California.

U. A. Johnson

■ When they plan their trip to the Fairs, they should also include a visit to that fascinating Capital city- Washington. Where history is written every day in the year, and historical spots remain to tell a visual story of the eventful past.

THEY, TOO, WILL LIKE THE MAYFLOWER

■ Where its convenient location to the White House and other points of interest assures them a quick retreat to complete relaxation and comfort in its silently Air Conditioned Bedrooms, Restaurants and Lobbies. The world-famous cuisine of The Presidential Dining Room and the always- gay surroundings of The Mayflower Lounge, combine with other modern services, to make their visit to Washington a delightful and colorful one.

Diplomatic discount extended

to officers of the Foreign Service

in Washington on active fluty.

WASHINGTON'S FINEST HOTEL

THE MAYFLOWER WASHINGTON, D. C.

R. L. POLLIO, MANAGER

279


S§ Our International Relations

The Plaza is the warm friend of all world travelers. . . . Perfection marks every detail of ap¬ pointment, service and cuisine. A so¬ cial center conven¬ ient to everything in town. Subway at hotel direct to World’s Fair. A 25% discount from room charges is allowed mem¬ bers of the Foreign Service.

HENRY A. ROST Pres. & Managing Director

I^PLfl Z li Facing Central Park • FIFTH AVE. AT 59TH STREETAjl

Outstanding Foreign Banking Facilities

The foreign banking organization of The Chase National Bank includes branches and representatives on three continents supplemented by thousands of correspon¬ dents. Branches are located in London, Havana, Panama, Cristobal, and San Juan. In addition, the bank maintains offices for its representatives in Rome, Berlin and Mexico City. Through an affiliate, The Chase Bank, branches are operated in Paris, Shanghai, Hongkong and Tientsin.

THE

CHASE NATIONAL BANK OF THE CITY OF NEW YORK


F. S. O.’s TRAINING SCHOOL VISITS PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICE

The Foreign Service Officers’ Training School spent the whole day of March 23 as guests of the Public Health Service, attending five lectures and one moving picture. The program was arranged by Dr. Roy P. Sandige.

The moving picture presented the history of the Public Health Service and the main divisions of the Service today. Included among these divisions were the following: Current Information on the Preva¬ lence of Communicable Diseases; Prevention of Inter-State Spreading of Disease and the Control of Epidemics; Cooperation with State and Local Health Authorities; Investigation of the Diseases of Man; Medical Service in Federal Penal and Cor¬ rectional Institutions; and the Inspection of Immi¬ grants Abroad.

The lectures were primarily intended to be of assistance to Foreign Service Officers in maintain¬ ing their health under the varied and sometimes difficult conditions encountered by them and in¬ cluded general descriptions of the important dis¬ eases, their diagnosis and treatment, the important factors in their spread and control, together with much practical advice on special problems not strictly in the field of medicine but closely allied to it. The program constituted a full day’s lesson, effectively presented, and designed to be not only informative but also to show how important to the health authorities the intelligent investigation and reporting of a Foreign Service officer may be in a number of particular situations.

The list of lectures follows:

“Health Conditions in Latin America,” by Dr. A. A. Moll, Secretary of the Pan American Sani¬ tary Bureau.

“Personal Hygiene,” by Dr. Robert D. Wright, Assistant Surgeon, U.S.P.H.S.

“Malaria,” by Dr. L. L. Williams, Senior Sur¬ geon, U.S.P.H.S.

“Infectious Diseases as Related to Immigration and Quarantine,” by Dr. C. L. Williams, Assistant Surgeon General, U.S.P.H.S.

“Mental Diseases as Related to Immigration.”

A general article on the work of the Public Health Service, both domestic and foreign, is be¬ ing prepared for the JOURNAL.

280

THE SECRETARY RECEIVES FOREIGN SERVICE SCHOOL

The Secretary of State received the members of the Foreign Service School at 3 o’clock the after¬ noon of April 21 in the Diplomatic Reception Room. After being introduced to each officer and express¬ ing interest in the various posts at which they had served in their preliminary assignments, he stressed at the outset the importance to officers of good physical condition. He said that this generation found itself in the world at a most difficult time and that the work of the Service required a high degree of talent, courage and stamina.

In the course of extended and interesting re¬ marks on the general trends of recent American foreign policy, the Secretary paid a compliment to the work of Foreign Service officers whose reports, he said, have enabled this Government to interpret developments abroad with a high degree of ac¬ curacy.

NEWS FROM FIELD (Continued from page 271)

conducted by the Service in France, and special reference is due to Consul Wiley and his staff at Havre and Vice Consuls Gannett and Severe at Paris. Those, however, who carried on this work under actual war conditions and risked their lives in its accomplishment are the officers stationed south of Perpignan who, if they had the time, could undoubtedly furnish front page news for the JOUR¬ NAL. EDWIN A. PLITT.

MONTEVIDEO Their many friends could hardly credit the real¬

ity of the moment, when on the night of February 1, after more than eight years of successful work, Mr. and Mrs. Leslie E. Reed waved farewell to Montevideo from the river boat bearing them and their daughter, Rosalind, to Ruenos Aires, whence they are to depart almost immediately for Wash¬ ington en route to Athens, to which post Mr. Reed has been assigned as First Secretary and Consul General.

The send-off, participated in by Uruguayans, official and unofficial, by diplomats, by British friends and by most of the American community, including the Minister and Mrs. Dawson and the whole of the “official family,” was but the conclu¬ sion of a series of demonstrations in honor of the Reeds, which left them spent from its intensity. Omitting the innumerable private dinners, lunch¬ eons and cocktail parties given for them, it is felt

Friendly Hospitality thoughtful service . . . utmost VALVE make these ships outstandingly popular with seasoned travelers.

There are lots of things you’ll like about these ships, hut whether you’re returning from a stay abroad or just “on your way over” you’ll want to travel in perfect comfort and get the utmost enjoyment out of your voyage. That’s where these ships can really toe the mark. They offer every luxury and modern convenience—hospitality that’s sincere—large comfortable staterooms—grand food—service by a staff ex¬ pertly trained and really interested in seeing that you get what you want. These are a few of the many reasons why the Manhattan and ITashington are chosen, not once, but again and again by experienced travelers.

THE MANHATTAN AND WASHINGTON are the largest and fastest passenger liners ever built in this country and as an American you’ll be proud of them. On board there’s everything you could ask for—tiled swim¬ ming pool—gymnasium—acres of deck space—deck sports —movies,—dancing every evening—and above all a congenial crowd. You can “be yourself” and have a grand time.

WEEKLY SAILINGS TO ALL EUROPE Every Wednesday at noon a United States Liner sails direct to Ireland, England, France and Germany. Also “American One Class” liners direct to London and Liver¬ pool. Rates are low, too.

Ask your TRAVEL AGENT lor complete details.

United States Lines ONE BROADWAY, NEW YORK

Offices in Principal Cities

281

that two occasions in particular should be specifically referred to by way of indicating the high regard in which the Reeds were held by all sections of the local community. The first was a luncheon given on January 27 by the American Asso¬ ciation, which was attended not only by all the Americans and their fam¬ ilies but by the British Charge and his wife and all of the more promi¬ nent British in Montevideo and which was concluded, after the pres¬ entation of gifts from the Associa¬ tion and the American Women’s Club to Mr. and Mrs. Reed respec¬ tively, by everyone locking arms and singing “Auld Lang Syne.” The other was a “despedida” arranged by some ladies of Uruguayan soci¬ ety two nights later and which was held in the spacious and attractive gardens of the Miramar Hotel. This dinner was a subscription, and therefore a spontaneous affair, no invitations being issued. Not only was the diplomatic corps fully represented as well as Uruguayan socicety, but the Uruguayan Govern¬ ment in the persons of three Cabinet officers. Last but of equal significance was the presentation to Mr. and Mrs. Reed on the part of the officers of the Legation and Consulate General and their wives of a set of black marble bookends upon which a pair of silver and gold gaucho spurs had been mounted, a remembrance which, it is hoped, will always recall to the Reeds the hospitable land where they made their home for so many years and where their pres¬ ence made a lasting impression in the hearts of their associates and countless friends.

REGINALD BRAGONIER, JR.

Photo by Romeyn Wormuth

A Pan American Float al the celebration ol’ Wash¬ ington’s birthday in Laredo, Texas, in which Mexican

officials participated.

MEXICO The following item from the Mex¬

ico City Country Club News of Feb¬ ruary 22 has been offered by the Consul General, Mr. James B. Stew¬ art, in hopes of interesting partic¬ ularly “the 109 Foreign Service offi¬ cers who play golf”:

Hybrid Lingo of Golf There may be some doubt as to

whether golf is the most interna¬ tional game in the world, but there can be little doubt that it has the most cosmopolitan vocabulary. Its name is said to derive from The Netherlands. “Dormy,” referring to the supine or laggard player, seems to be a French contribution. “Foz- zle” comes from the German “fus- cheln,” meaning to perform hastily »r carelessly. “Mashie” is the French “massue,” a club. “Caddie” is ap¬ parently a corruption of the French “cadet,” though it comes into golf by way of Edinburgh, where 200 years ago it was applied to the city’s

porters, chairmen and water-carriers.

LEIPZIG A group of American engineers visiting the Leip¬

zig Trade Fair, together with seven German engi¬ neers representing important local industries, were entertained at Tea on Friday, the 3rd of March, 1939, at the home of Consul General and Mrs. Ralph C. Busser in the Zoellner Strasse. This social gathering of an informal character afforded op¬ portunity for the friendly exchange of interesting in¬ formation and experiences in various fields of en¬ gineering, industry, and economics. The American engineers included Erik Oberg, Editor of “Ma¬ chinery,” Ernest E. Wachsmuth, Ph.D., and W. A. Schuyler, all of New York; Paul Howard Rosen¬ berg of Detroit, Mich.; and Milton B. Herbrick of Omaha, Nebraska, representing the International Harvester Company.

American Consul General and Mrs. Ralph C. Busser entertained about 65 guests at their home in the Zoellner Strasse, Leipzig, on Friday evening, March 31st. The instrumental part of the musical program included Sonatas of Franck, Brahms and Debussy for the violin and piano, played by Miss Mary A. Cullmer, a brilliant young violinist and conductor of Indianapolis, Indiana, and by Herr Fritz Weitzmann, the well known pianist of Leip¬ zig. Miss Marion Davies of Swansea, Wales, also delightfully entertained the party with songs from

Since Iasi July ihe American Consulate at Pernambuco has been installed on the top floor of the Sul American Building. The cornc*r office, marked bv flag and seal, is the principal officer’s room. Photo from

W. N. Walmsley, Jr.

282

A Norwegian Fisherman and His “Helping Hand” Pause for a Camera Portrait by A. B. Wilse

The GEOGRAPHIC

welcomes

TRAVEL NARRATIVES

Foreign Service Officers are invited to submit to the NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC

MAGAZINE factual accounts of travel ex¬ periences, accompanied by human-interest photographs. By thus helping The Maga¬ zine to present “a constant record of a changing world," yon can contribute to the reading pleasure of a million families. Enjoy the satisfaction of making this im¬ portant use of your geographic knowledge. Liberal payment is made for all narratives and pictures accepted for publication. Before preparing manuscripts it is ad¬ visable that you submit to the editor a brief outline of your proposed article.

THE NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC MAGAZINE Gilbert Grosvenor, Lxtt.D., LL.D., Editor

WASHINGTON, D. C.

Purcell, Mozart, and Hugo Wolf. Among the guests yvere Consul and Mrs. David H. Buffum, Vice Con¬ sul and Mrs. Paul M. Dutko, the consular officers of Poland, Italy, Switzerland, Bulgaria, Ecuador and Haiti. Dr. and Mrs. H. Earle Blunt, Mr. and Mrs. Milton B. Herbrick, Reichsgerichtspresident and Frau Dr. Bumke, Lieutenant General and Frau Gabcke, Major and Frau Lutgen, Professor and Frau Driesch, Professor Litt. other German and American residents of Leipzig.

RALPH C. BUSSER.

BORDEAUX W. Perry George, Consul at Bordeaux, has sent

the following clipping from ihe “Liberte du Sud- Ouest” of January 8, 1939, concerning one of the regular consular luncheons. Mr. George says of these luncheons “They have become an important feature of Bordeaux life, and I have often heard them commented upon by prominent Frenchmen as something unique in this city, and rather ad¬ mirable. We always have a number of guests, and there are usually a few speeches. Political discussions are taboues, and the greatest bonhomie prevails. Conversation is always animated and I have yet to see any one apparently not having a good time.”

LE DEJEUNER MENSUEL DU CORPS CONSULAIRE

DE BORDEAUX

Le corps consulaire de Bordeaux avait convie ses membres et leurs invites a son habituel dejeuner mensuel, hier samedi, au Restaurant de la Presse.

Le repas, ordonne selon les rites de la meilleure tradition gastronomique, fut precede d’une allocu¬ tion etincelante de M. le docteur C.-F. Calamet, doyen du corps consulaire. Souhaitant la bienvenue a ses hotes, M. Calamet fit avec esprit un cours de geograpliie culinaire qui divertit fort l’auditore et fut salue par des applaudissements qui allerent autant a Torateur qu’a l’homme au grand cceur et a la haute culture.

Apres le repas, notre ami Philippe Henroit prit la parole au nom des invites du corps consulaire. En des phrases marquees au coin de l’humour le plus sur, le depute de Bordeaux fit l’eloge de ce corps admirable oil triomphe, dans notre ville, cet esprit qui, selon lui, constitue Tlnternationale de l’amitie.

On remarquait autour des tables la presence de MM. le docteur C. Calamet, consul general de l’Uruguay, doyen du corps consulaire; Renaud- Dandicolle, consul general de Nicaragua, tresorier;

283

THE

"AMERICAN WAY" For Passengers and Freight

TO AND FROM

THE

MEDITERRANEAN AND

BLACK SEA

♦

Home Office:

AMERICAN EXPORT LINES 25 BROADWAY - - - NEW YORK

European Headquarters:

VIA GARIBALDI, 3 - - GENOA, ITALY

de Mesquita, secretaire, vice-consul du Bresil; Grange, consul general de Belgique; del Canil, consul de l’Argentine; Lima Barbosa, consul du Bresil; Perry George, consul des Etats-Unis d’Amerique; Border, consul d’Angleterre. . . . and over a dozen more.

BERGEN The American Club of Bergen held an entertain¬

ment and dance on the evening of Washington’s Birthday at the Hotel Rosenkrantz.

It may be of interest to note the growth of the American Club during the past year. The club, which was started in 1936, is mainly composed of former American citizens who under present eco¬ nomic conditions find it easier to gain a livelihood in the land of their birth. As more people return from different parts of the United States to the Bergen district, they find the club a means of keep¬ ing in touch with each other and American thought. Thus the organization has had an active year.

During the past months several dinners have been arranged, some quite elaborate, with fifty guests or more. A number of lectures and talks on appro¬ priate subjects have been given. During the sum¬ mer the dub played an important part in helping other organizations entertain large groups of visi¬ tors from the United States. It plans similar ac¬ tivities for the coming season. A Christmas-tree party was attended in the afternoon by over sixty children—most of them born in the United States— and in the evening by double as many adults. Offi¬ cers of naval boats then in port came as guests.

The clubs’ reading circle is thriving. The newest and best American books are obtained regularly and circulated. The club’s orchestra has learned to play American music, especially old American songs which are sometimes sung. The club has ordered from America two hundred song books for all¬ song evenings. The Star Spangled Banner is regu¬ larly played along with the Norwegian anthem at every formal meeting—while the members stand and sing.

It may be noted that Vice Consul Arnlioth G. Heltberg of the Bergen office was active in start¬ ing this movement. In a semi-official capacity he keeps in touch with all club plans, projects and ar¬ rangements. The club usually has its entertainments in Bergen’s communal hotel, the Rosenkrantz, where smartly furnished rooms are available. The Con¬ sulate has loaned flags for these gatherings and on the occasion of last evening, its framed picture of George Washington.

N. P. D.

284

GIBRALTAR A Flame Three Centuries Old

There is burning today at Pontoise, France, a

flame that was lit by the inhabitants three hun¬ dred years ago. Pontoise is now' a serene suburb

of Paris, eighteen miles northwest of the center of the city. Three hundred years ago it was a

mere small isolated capital of an arrondissment of the Department of Seine-et-Oise, but if you

will read the article concerning it in the Ency¬ clopedia Britannica (which by the way is silent in regard to the flame) you will find that centuries

before the flame was lit Pontoise could well

boast its own spherule of French history. Late in December, 1938, the Pontoise flame was

taken out of its place of keeping for its symbolic

annual parade about the principal streets of the town. Local people and visitors went to see

this great, undying symbol of gratitude brought out into the open for public view at least once

a year. They like to have it rejuvenate in them

the realization that it was the few survivors of a deadly malady, who vowed three hundred years

ago to light it and to keep it indefinitely burning.

They like to have it remind them of the progress that has been made in medical science for their

present and future protection, since that long, long ago when the best medicos failed to find a

way to combat the malady which, peradventure,

gave to Pontoise its own remedy by finally dying out.

But wherever man exists he must have his

ways to earn his bread, and while living the most energetic and enterprising among them

always seek to employ the best means available

to them to improve their commerce, even to the use of sacred as well as profane spectacles fur¬ nishing opportunities to advertise their goods.

This is as true of the merchants of Pontoise as it is of those of Oberammergau, Germany, where the great Passion Play is intended to be staged every

ten years in keeping with a vow made in 1633 by the people of that village, also in gratitude for liberation from a severe affliction that spread death among them; and the makers of merchant¬

able things at Pontoise eagerly fall into the an¬

nual parade with the choicest exhibits of their wares.

For the flame of three hundred years three can¬

dles were lit. Therefore, in fact, there are sup¬

posed to be three flames three centuries old. Each

candle under the vow must weigh the equivalent

of about twenty-five pounds and as fast as one

burns down near to finality another is lit from the same flame. It all envisages profound grati¬

tude still affluently extant at least two full cen-

73 branches in Greater New York, 70 overseas offices in 24 countries and

correspondent banks in every com¬

mercially important city in the world.

THE NATIONAL CITY BANK OF NEW YORK

"Your personal representative throughout the world"

Head Office: 55 Wall Street


285

turies after the demise of all who conceived the theme.

WILLIAM E. CHAPMAN.

NAIROBI Situated almost on the equator 12 miles from

Nyeri, Kenya Colony, East Africa, which lies at the foot of Ml. Kenya (17,040 ft.), is a bungalow hotel nestling high in the boughs of an immense tree overlooking a water hole where come to drink rhinoceros, giant forest hogs, elephants, leopards, wild pigs, waterbucks, hyenas, duikers, baboons, bushbucks, monkeys and other forest animals.

“Treetops,” altitude 8,530 ft., which consists of 3 bedrooms with electric light and running water, is the quietest and probably the most expensive hotel in the world, considering the amount of space allotted to its guests. The rates for one night vary from about $50.00 to $15.00 a person, depending on the size of the party, the maximum being 6. If rhinos or elephants are not seen, half of the charges is returned. Visitors to “Treetops” motor from the excellent Outspan Hotel at Nyeri not later than noon, travel 11 miles through fascinating country,

Treetops Hotel, Kenya

walk 1 mile through jungle and return after break¬ fast the next day. Warm clothes and rubber soled shoes are required. An expert white hunter guides the party.

From a bedroom reached by a 30-foot ladder the guest can see and observe the ways and habits of big and small game. The only shooting done is by camera.

The ideal tree selected for the construction of “Treetops” was some way off the beaten track to the wTater hole where the animals drank so the course was cunningly changed by laying a trail of

salt which was moved every night a little nearer the tree. The salt is well dug into the earth to defeat the thieving natives who are just as fond of it as are the wild animals which consume 60 lbs. of salt at night.

WALDO E. BAILEY.

OSLO Mrs. Leland W. King has written this pictur¬

esque account of a Christmas party: Norway looked like a great beautiful Christmas

card anyway, with the snow clinging in deep white clouds to every fir and housetop in the country. But you’d forget the outside setting and the fact that it was a record-breaking day in Oslo—the coldest in two years—the moment the big doors of the American Legation swung open to the guests of Mrs. Harriman, American Minister to Norway, on Christmas day.

Blazing logs in the fireplace, flashes of red from the poinsettias, sparkles of silver from the decora¬ tive bells, loops of pungent evergreen and dangles of mistletoe made the great hall and the long living room a merry setting for the excited laughter of the children, and for the holiday greetings of the grown-up guests.

Only a tall towered cake topped with a Nor¬ wegian and an American flag, dishes of ice cream, and bottles of bright orange squash spread on a Christmassy table cloth in the Minister’s study could have lured the children away from the tree, and then they were so content that they didn’t mind being bundled off home so that the grown-ups party could begin.

During the gaiety of the dinner table chatter and the enthusiasm of drinking the health of the President of the United States and of the King of Norway, the cathedral strains of an organ be¬ gan to dominate the happy sounds, and the young boys of the St. Olaf’s choir filed around the table. When the choir had taken its place beside the organ, which had been well concealed behind a screen, one of the great moments of any Christ¬ mas party—anywhere, ever—began: Fifty-five beautifully trained young voices caroling “Silent Night,” etc., etc.

The unforgettable quality about this Christmas party—that certain something which sent everyone away with a lift of gladness in his heart—was a spirit which defies description, a spirit of love and happiness engendered in the very air. Each guest felt it, and though no one quite found words to express his appreciation, at least everyone knew where this unusual glow had originated. It was like leaving the very spirit of Christmas to say good-night to Mrs. Harriman.

286


For fast, accurate

and reliable telegraph

service to Central

and South America

and to the West Indies,

send your messages —

via dll dmerica tTlackay Hadio

Commercial Cables

Tostal Telegraph

THE INTERNATIONAL SYSTEM

Cablegrams “via All America” may be sent from any Postal Telegraph Office

ALL AMERICA CABLES AND RADIO, INC.

Main Office: 67 Broad Street, New York 287

& entente

C^orcliaie The Savoy-Plaza has a diplomatic service of its own. Luxurious rooms . . . delectable food ... sparkling en¬ tertainment are its envoys of cheery comfort. Smart shops, theatres, subway to World's Fair nearby. A 25% discount from room charges is allowed members

of the Foreign Service.

Plan to make the Savoy- Plaza your headquarters dur¬ ing your visit to World's Fair.

Henry A. Rost, Managing Director

George Suter, Resident Manager

SAVOY- PLAZA Overlooking Central Park

FIFTH AVE., 58th to 59th Sts., NEW YORK

To the Joreign Service Officers

of the United States ♦

THE UNITED STATES FIDELITY AND GUAR¬

ANTY COMPANY puts at your disposal its serv¬

ice in writing your bond. Special attention

is given to the requirements of Foreign Serv¬

ice Officers. Our Washington office specializes

in this service.

♦

UNITED STATES FIDELITY AND GUARANTY COMPANY

Lee H. Bowen, Manager

1415 K ST., N. W., WASHINGTON, D. C.

Telephone—National 0913

Write for your copy of the "Insurance Guide.”

FIELD CORRESPONDENTS The Editors of the JOURNAL are now giving their

attention to a revision of the list of field corres¬ pondents and are communicating with various offie- cers in the field requesting them to serve in this capacity. 11 is hoped that those being approached in this matter will give it every consideration and find it possible to take on the work of sending in news from the territories allotted to them. In line with our desire to print as much interesting news as pos¬ sible on the Service as a whole, it is essential to have the aid of the officers in the field. It has been pro¬ posed that a full list of those officers who agree to act as field correspondents be published each month. The cooperation extended by officers who have served in the capacity of field correspondents in the past is greatly appreciated by the JOURNAL staff.

JOURNAL INDEX The editors wish to announce that the 1938 Index

to Volume 15 of the JOURNAL has been printed and is available to all subscribers of the JOURNAL upon request addressed to the Editor of the JOURNAL at the Department of State.

LACONRA, PORT OF NON-ENTRY

(Continued from page 254)

plenish supplies we were literally down to our last crumbs.

Starting before daylight the morning following our arrival at Aben, we reached Laconra well be¬ fore noon. This village is strategically located on the banks of the Salween at the junction of the pilgrim route over the Dokerla and the main trail which follows the Salween. As it is only a few stages from the Chinese border by either route, it has a certain importance as a port of entry and I was told that there might even be a small gar¬ rison of troops there. It was something of a shock, therefore, to find that the “village” con¬ sisted of one house, a temple, and a stupa closely resembling a large whitewashed Benedictine bottle. The total population when we arrived was two, an almost mummified deaf and blind priest and a very old but very active woman.

We had rather hoped to pass through Laconra with little delay, pausing only for a meal. But we had reckoned without the old woman who, as the only actively functioning inhabitant in at¬ tendance, felt herself charged with the combined duties of immigration official, customs inspector and policeman. Enthusiastically assuming these

288

multiple responsibilities she informed us with emphasis that we could not proceed up the Sal¬ ween, farther into Tibet, but that we must go down the river back into China.

“So, only an old woman guards the gate to forbidden Tibet,” I thought, “how fortunate for me.” Giving vent to a literal “poo poo, Old Woman” I motioned the coolies on and prepared to continue up the river. But the coolies thought differently, they dropped their loads and refused to budge. Their position, gradually clarified in the course of the lengthy discussions which en¬ sued, was somewhat as follows. If they obeyed my orders and continued up river with me, sol¬ diers would be sent to pursue us (by whom and from where wasn’t clear) and before we had gone a day’s march they would overtake us, tie us up and beat us to death, a process which the coolies were sure I would enjoy no more than they. Even if, by some chance, we managed to avoid the soldiers, the next time the coolies came that way (they earned their living by carrying salt from the wells above Laconra to the saltless country below) they would certainly be seized and put to death.

By the time this had been made clear the Old Woman’s son and the titular head of the village had arrived and added his approval to Old Woman’s stand. As there seemed to be no way to circumvent an order so effectively supported by a sit down strike, I was, without benefit of vio¬ lence or show of force, effectually prevented from penetrating further into Tibet. So plans were changed under duress and I decided to go down the Salween a ways, cross over to the upper Irra¬ waddy basin and continue down to the railhead in Burma, 700 miles north of Rangoon.

By the time Old Woman had finished changing our plans for us a party of Tibetans from some¬ where on their way to somewhere else had ap¬ peared and had halted to prepare a meal. So we all settled down to eat and enjoy a taste of gre¬ garious life at the crossroads. The Tibetans being in need of tea, 1 kindly sold them two pieces (it is compressed into mushroom shaped bricks) for twice as much as I had paid for them a few weeks previously. Making the most of the opportunity for trade one of the other members of the party exerted his best efforts to sell an extra tsube (the Tibetan national garment) to one of my coolies. Finally, after innumerable bowls of butter tea had been consumed, a deal was consummated which involved several other people and the trans¬ fer not only of the tsuba but also of more tea, some silver dollars, a blanket and a knife and

TODAY IT’S STILL

The First Service Of Its Kind!

THE MAKERS of Gargoyle Industrial Lubricants were the first to recognize

that “Correct Lubrication” meant more than just good oil... the first to establish a special engineering staff to work with plant men on individual problems... to help them apply oils in the right way!

Today, Socony-Vacuum’s Engineering Serv¬ ice is by far the most popular in the oil industry!

It’s popular because it’s practical! Based on Socony-Vacuum’s 72 years’ experience, it has proved time and time again that it helps cut costs and increase plant efficiency.

S0C0NY-VACUUM OILCO.Jnc. 289

chopstick set, this latter falling to me. During this eat and trade session several other

odds and ends of humanity had wandered in in¬ cluding a lone unfortunate Chinese trader with a mule load of tea and cotton yarn. The officious Old Woman and son searched him and his load thoroughly but allowed him to proceed on up the river after exacting what appeared to be an ex- horbitant transit tax (or perhaps it was an inspection fee). By mid-after¬ noon, when we were ready to move on, the town looked almost like the important place it was re¬ puted to be, even the old priest had become mildly ani¬ mated and started chanting his pray¬ ers. The last we heard of Laconra as we left the town behind us was the tinkling of the lit¬ tle bell with which h e accompanied his chanting.

We pitched camp on the banks of the river a few miles downstream and spent the re¬ maining waking hours rehashing the gossip, admir¬ ing the recent pur¬ chases and nursing futile resentment against the obstructive Old Woman.

Another two days saw us at Sonta, a small village on the Salween just above the entrance to a high and precipitous gorge through which the river flows. As there is no passable trail through this gorge, if one wants to continue on downriver he must leave the stream and cross a 12,000 foot pass, the Sonlonla, a few miles inland. This pass, at the foot of which lies Sonta, marks the Sino-Tibetan border on the Salween. We camped on the outskirts of the village and prepared for an early start the next day, when we expected to cross the pass and get back into Chinese controlled territory. I was still to have one more experi¬

290

ence with Tibetan immigration procedure, how¬ ever. As we were peacefully eating our evening meal the headman of the village appeared and announced that I could not leave Tibet unless 1 had an “official paper” (he would probably have called it an exit visa if the Tibetan language con¬ tained such a term).

“All right, if I can’t leave your country, to¬ morrow we’ll go on back up the river,” I answered.

“Oh, no, for¬ eigners are not al¬ lowed to go far¬ ther into Tibet.”

“Very well then, we’ll rest here for a few days.”

“Oh no, you can’t do that either because foreigners are not allowed to stay here.”

Apparently the only course left open to me was to evaporate into thin air. But it soon de¬ veloped, of course, that for a “small consideration” the exit visa require¬ ment could prob¬ ably be waived. Negotiations dragged on into the next morning but finally several bricks of tea, a small flashlight and a pair of sun glasses purchased

our release and we went on to spend the night about halfway up the pass. The next day we scrambled up to the summit which marked the completion of one stage of a journey which ended some six weeks later, as far as primitive travel is con¬ cerned, at Myitkyina, the railhead in Burma. After a last look at Tibet we literally slid down the steep mountainside into China, feeling a cer¬ tain satisfaction at having had a glimpse of the forbidden land and heaving a sigh of relief at having escaped relatively unscathed the toils of what is undoubtedly one of the world’s strictest, most efficient and yet simplest systems of immigra¬ tion control.

Pyramids of prayer-stones

The American Legation at Ciudad Trujillo

By FREDERICK LARKIN, Department of State

The American Legation now under construction at Ciudad Trujillo.

Shown above is a reproduction of the architect’s perspective of the new residence for the Minister to the Dominican Republic, at Ciudad Trujillo. The building is now under construction, a prominent Dominican engineer, Senor J. C. Alfonseca L., hav¬ ing secured the contract. It is expected the work will be completed early next Spring.

In addition to the residence there is also being erected on the Government-owned property a new office structure to house the Chancery and Con¬ sulate in modern and comfortable fireproof quarters.

The Government’s property in Ciudad Trujillo is well placed in the finest residential section of the Capital; with a frontage of over 400 feet on the important Calle Cesar Nicolas Penson, it rises at a gentle slope to the residence terrace about a thou¬ sand feet from the street and nearly 50 feet above it. This situation provides commanding views of the beautiful Dominican country-side and the sea,

and takes advantage to the utmost of both the sea and the off-shore breezes.

With the most willing and courteous cooperation of the Dominican Department of Agriculture and the Experimental Station of the U. S. Department of Agriculture at Mayaguez, P. R., many studies have been made of the hundreds of decorative Dominican trees, shrubs and flowers available for beautifying the Legation property, and the land¬ scape architects expect that the grounds, when they are completed, will be a beautiful exposition of in¬ digenous Dominican flora. A much needed and very practical item in the landscape design is the swimming pool; the fine location of this shows in the perspective, along with a portion of the guest cabana adjoining it.

Another very desirable feature of the whole project at Ciudad Trujillo will be the erection and furnishing complete of an attractive and adequate residence for one of the Secretaries.

291

SUEZ (Continued from page 261)

or to those nationalities interested in the use of that waterway. In the semiofficial statement of the Com¬ pany issued in Paris on January 7, 1939, to which reference has previously been made, it was observed:

“According to its Statutes, the international character of its Board was intended to correspond to the countries which participated in the Capital risks of building and maintaining the Canal.”

The Directors of the Company are elected at the annual stockholders’ meeting for a period of eight years (Article 26 of the Statutes) and each must possess at least one hundred shares of stock (Article 28). Stockholders may participate in the annual meeting only if they possess at least twenty-five shares of stock (Article 44). They are entitled to one vote for each twenty-five shares owned by them, but no stockholder may exercise more than ten votes (Article 51). It is for these reasons that Great Britain, while the largest single holder of stock in the Company, nevertheless possesses a minority position on the Board.

Concerning Great Britain’s stock holding rela¬ tionship to the Suez Canal Company, Sir Arnold Wilson quotes the following from a memorandum of the Marquis de Vogue:

“In her dealings with the Company, Great Britian can only act in the capacity of a shareholder. This the British Government has always thoroughly understood. Under Article LI of the Articles of association, one and the same shareholder is only entitled to command ten votes at the general meeting. This provision common to many leading concerns is obviously due to the desire to avoid the unre¬ stricted preponderance of what are frequently called ‘the big shareholders.’

“Lesseps wanted a uni¬ versal company of which no State, no one body, no individual magnate could possibly became the sole chief. The British Gov¬ ernment, by purchasing the shares belonging to the Khedive, strictly inherited the rights of that ruler, whose approval of the arti¬ cles of association has sanctioned the restriction specified in Article LI. Failing such restrictions, the preponderance of some one partner was to be feared, a particularly grave risk in the case of the operation of a great sea route.

“By ‘cornering’ the shares, any one Government—not necessarily the British Government, might have acquired exclusive control of the concern, contrary to the wishes both of the Viceroy of Egypt and the founder of the Com¬ pany. The limitation of the power to vote is, in the present

instance, comformable to the general interests, and surely any infringement of Article LI—inadmissible in law and dangerous in fact—would not fail to give rise to sharp diplomatic reactions.

“All such considerations are lost sight of by those who ingenously suggest that British Government should divide up their shares among 706 mandatories, forgetting that, under Article XLIV and XLV of the articles of association, the general meeting is made up by all the shareholders own¬ ing at least 25 shares, and that no one is entitled to repre¬ sent a shareholder at the meeting unless he is himself a member. Neither directly nor indirectly can the statutory maximum of ten votes be exceeded.” (Wilson, The Suez Canal, p. 163.)

To these observations of the Chairman of the Suez Canal Company, Sir Arnold Wilson has ap¬ pended this comment of his own:

“This statement does not challenge but rather confirms the view that the British Government could legally divest itself of its shareholding, by disposing of them in parcels of 250 shares at current market rates to some 700 holders, individuals or corporate bodies interested in the traffic through the Canal who could,- if they voted in agreement with each other, exercise through their 7,000 votes a con¬ trolling voice at General meetings.”

In 1937 an agreement was concluded between the Egyptian Government and the Suez Canal Company which provided notably for the payment of an an¬ nual royalty of LE 300,000 ($1,500,000) by the Company to the Egyptian Government and the appointment of two Egyptian Directors on the Com¬ pany’s Board. Concerning the last mentioned pro¬ vision it may be noted that the agreement provided that two seats on the existing Board should be re¬ served for Egyptian members and that, if in the future the number of Directors of the Company

should be increased, one of the new seats would be reserved for an Egyptian. While it was expressly stated that the choice of mem¬ bers of the Board was the sole right of the Company, it was agreed that there should be submitted to the Egyptian Govern¬ ment in the first place a list of the Egyptian nominees. In actual practice, the Egyptian Government has cho¬ sen the Egyptian mem¬ bers.

Ratification of the agreement by the Egyptian Government in Journal Officiel No. 73 of August 9, 1937, gave Egypt for the first time since 1880 a financial return from the operations of the Canal

American Consulate at Aden

292

THEODORE ROOSEVELT

TO

FRANKLIN D. ROOSEVELT

WM. HOWARD TAFT WOODROW WILSON WARREN G. HARDINC CALVIN COOLIDGE HERBERT HOOVER

1905 1939

PHOTOGRAPHING NATIONAL NOTABLES FOR

THIRTY-FOUR YEARS

HARRIS & EWING 1313 F Street, N. W.

Washington, D. C,

Phone NAtional 8700

293

Company. According to the original Act of Con¬ cession of 1854, the Egyptian Government was to receive fifteen percent of the profits of the Company, ten percent was to go to the holders of founders’ shares, and seventy-five percent to the stockholders. Article 63 of the Statutes reduced the proportion to the stockholders to seventy percent I increased to seventy-one percent in 1871) and allotted three per¬ cent to the Directors (reduced to two percent in 1871) and two percent to an employees’ benefit fund. In 1880, however, the Egyptian share of the profits was transferred in perpetuity by the Egyp¬ tian Government to the Credit Foncier de France in part satisfaction of debt, and was in turn sold to a French Societe civile (administered by the Com- ptoir National d’Escompte) for 22,000,000 francs.

The quid, pro quo of the agreement of 1937 to the Canal Company was the issuance by the Egyptian Government of a decree on April 23, 1936, modify¬ ing Article 17 of the Supplementary Act of Con¬ cession of 1856 (which fixed the Canal tolls at ten francs for freight and passengers) to permit the Egyptian Minister of Finance to fix the maximum tolls not to exceed the equivalent piasters of 3.278875 grams of pure gold. This modification was made necessary by the promulgation of the Egyptian decree of May 2, 1935, voiding gold clauses in foreign currencies in Egypt and thereby casting doubt upon the legal right of the Company to impose tolls at more than ten paper francs.

Suez Canal tolls are at present five shillings nine pence or 28.030 Egyptian piasters per net registered ton for loaded vessels (half the amount for vessels in ballast) and the same amount per passenger. These tolls were introduced as of December 15, 1938, and represented a reduction of tolls from those previously introduced on April 1, 1937, which in turn represented a reduction from the tolls made effective on June 1, 1936. The report of the Com¬ pany for the year 1937 noted that before the re¬ duction on December 15, 1938, the dues of the Panama Canal were only sixty percent of those of the Suez Canal Company.

The Suez Canal tolls have for long been a subject of complaint on the part of shipowners and par¬ ticularly of British shipping interests, the greatest users of the Canal. In 1931 the Liverpool Stem- ship Owners’ Association estimated that the Suez Canal dues amounted to upwards of fourteen per¬ cent of the value of gross freights passing through the Canal in 1931. (Wilson, The Suez Canal, page 129). In response to a plea from the Association for a reduction in dues, Lord Inchcape, Chairman of the London Committee of the Suez Canal Com¬ pany, in a letter subsequently published in the Times of May 13, 1931, replied:

“Since 1883 the increase in dividends has given the shareholders L59,000,000, while the reduction in dues has given the shipowners L60,000,000. Since 1920 the share¬ holders have received an increase in dividends of L13,700,- 000 and the shipowners have gained Lll,700,000 by reduc¬ tion of dues; hut since 1913 the shareholders have received L2,400,000 less in dividends than if the 1913 dividend had been maintained.” (Wilson, The Suez Canal, p. 130).

The Association, in their reply expressing dis¬ appointment with Lord Inchcape’s letter, empha¬ sized among other things that ordinary shareholders of the Company were to receive for each 250 franc share a dividend of 577 francs of 1930 as compared with 530 francs for 1929. (Wilson, p. 157). In 1937 the dividend was 561 francs (which would represent a return of 3.13 percent on an investment at current share quotations.)

The conflict between users of the Canal and the stockholders has been described by Sir Arnold Wil¬ son as in essence a question whether a monopolist company is “entitled to distribute huge dividends at the expense of those who make use of its services and of those whom its clients serve?”

The interests of the nineteen French directors, who constitute a majority of the Board, are directed, as the principal private stockholders, towards obtain¬ ing as great a return as possible from the Com¬ pany’s investment. In recent years the directors have received annually some .$15,000 to $20,000 each as their share of the 2 percent of the net profits reserved for directors. This is exclusive of liberal expense allowances as well as of the dividends re¬ ceived by each director from his own shareholdings. The Egyptian directors are likewise interested in preserving the profit-making character of the enter¬ prise. An interpretation of the attitude of the British directors on the Board of the Company was set forth in the letter already referred to of Lord Inchcape in which he stated:

“Interested in shipping as the majority of the British directors are, they must at the same time as directors of the Company have regard to all the interests involved. The last reduction (of dues) in September (1930) was obtained at the instance of the British directors, whose representa¬ tions were met in a spirit of acquiescence on the part of their French colleagues.”

Bibliographical Note

The two principal works in English on the Suez Canal are Sir Arnold Wilsons “The Suez Canal,” London, 1933, in which chief emphasis is placed on the economic and commercial aspects of that water¬ way, and Charles W. Hallbergs’ “The Suez Canal,” New York, 1931, which is devoted to the history and diplomatic importance of the canal. The two works, therefore, are essentially complementary. A study of prime importance also is a pamphlet en¬ titled “The Suez Canal and League Sanctions” by Raymond Leslie Buell published in Geneva Special

294

Studies, vol. VI, No. 3, 1935, by the Geneva Re¬ search Center, Geneva, Switzerland. Some of the in¬ terpretive comment in this pamphlet, however, is subject to revision, notably in the light of the de¬ bates in the British House of Commons on matters touching upon the Canal, particularly the debates of October 22, 1935, arid May 8, 1936. Certain of the pamphlet’s conclusions would also need to be modified in the light of the Anglo-Egyptian Treaty of Alliance of August 26, 1936.

NATIONAL FOREIGN TRADE WEEK The Foreign Commerce Department of the Cham¬

ber of Commerce of the United States has made extensive plans for “National Foreign Trade Week.” which will be held May 21 to 27.

At many foreign posts American Foreign Ser¬ vice officers have been instructed to assist in every possible and appropriate way in the efforts of the local American Chambers of Commerce in those countries to celebrate “National Foreign Trade Week.” Last year such cooperation was similarly extended to groups of American business men over¬ seas participating in the Week. There are 37 Amer¬ ican Chambers of Com¬ merce located in 20 dif¬ ferent foreign countries.

The Department of State has made avail¬ able to participants in “National Foreign Trade Week” copies of its ‘‘Trade Agreements Map,” which was pub¬ lished on page 90 of the February issue of the JOURNAL. Further data on American foreign trade, prepared by the Chamber of Commerce of the United States, is presented on page 274 of the present issue.

The Pan American Union has prepared special literature in con¬ nection with the Week, in historical and other cultural fields as well as that of trade; and it has made available a number of motion pic¬ ture films.

The World’s Fair in New York and the Golden Gate Exposition of San Francisco have also co¬ operated, as have a large number of steamship, airway and railway lines, service clubs, periodicals, hotels, and other organizations, both national and international.

FROM THE ART DIGEST FOR FEBRUARY, 1939.

Jefferson Patterson took a bit of his native America with him when he sailed recently for Ger¬ many to assume his duties as First Secretary of the American Embassy at Berlin. Just previous to de¬ parture Mr. Patterson acquired from the circulating galleries of the Dayton Art Institute five paintings by three contemporary artists—Edward Burroughs, Roy Mason and Dale Nichols—to hang in his Berlin residence.

None of the paintings is in the extreme modern idiom now under quarantine in Nazi Germany. Three are oils by Dale Nichols, Chicago artist whose important End of the Hunt has just entered the Hearn Collection of the Metropolitan Museum. Purchased in conjunction with the Macbeth Gal¬ leries of New York, they are titled While the Sun Shines (not so sharply defined as the artists’ usual

work I, Green Fields and The Three Hunters. The other two are w'ater col¬ ors, Beach Looking To¬ ward Cape Henry by Edward Burroughs and No Duck Bay by Roy Mason. Burroughs, dean of the Dayton Art Insti¬ tute School, painted the Cape Henry view while in Virginia last summer.

“Mr. Patterson select¬ ed those paintings,’’com¬ ments the Dayton Jour¬ nal-Herald, “not only be¬ cause he wishes them for personal possessions but also because he believes them worthy of repre¬ senting his country’s art. They will have a wide audience, for the resi¬ dence of the First Secre¬ tary is, in a sense, a world crossways, and citizens of all nations are guests.” Ambassador Daniels and Mr. Connie Mack

295

JHF pOREIGN gERVICE JOURNAL

FOREIGN and DOMESTIC REMOVALS in safe steel lift vans, wooden vans or cases.

STORAGE of household effects, Works of Art, furniture, office records and private automobiles.

A POLITICAL BOOKSHELF (Continued from page 273)

tion. This denied in a functional, as distinguished from a territorial sense, the claim of the revolu¬ tionary leaders and their followers to speak for all mankind.” The authors state that already there are groups w'hich claim that if the revolutionary elite in France spoke for the “rights of man” and pre¬ dominantly benefited the bourgeoisie, the revolu¬ tionary elite in Russia spoke for the “proletariat” and predominantly benefited the skilled groups, which is a layer of the bourgeoisie.

The authors argue that it is highly improbable, based upon historical parallels, that world unity will occur by incorporation of all states within the U.S.S.R. But concerning the probability that the elite which seizes power at a world center will fall short of world domination, they state that such does not imply a generalization that all elements of what was earlier called “the world revolutionary pattern” will fall short of almost universal diffusion.

The ensuing remarks of the authors are of suffi¬ cient interest to warrant quotation in full:

“We must distinguish the original world revolu¬ tionary pattern of the revolutionary center from the world revolutionary pattern of the epoch. The first (the original center pattern) is no doubt destined to be restricted; the second (the epoch pattern I is moving towards universality among the major powers.

“If we look back at the French case, we plainly see in the perspective of subsequent happenings that many of the innovations in symbol and prac¬ tice which took place within the borders of France also appeared beyond France, without formal affiliation of the other states with the eruptive center. That is, practices concerning the relation¬ ship of governments to economic processes which favored the rise of the bourgeoisie at the expense of the aristocracy became more and more uni¬ versal during the nineteenth century, although the world remained separated into independent states. The same may be said for a series of other prac¬ tices (universal suffrage, supremacy of legisla¬ tures over executives, etc.) as well as for certain symbols (‘rights of man’). In all of these cases the connection between them and the elite of the eruptive center of revolution in France was sev¬ ered. It is evident, too. that the most extreme features of the original revolutionary pattern did not persist, even in France.

“What are the features of the Russian center of world revolution which are also components of the world revolution pattern of our entire epoch? Perhaps one may attribute a preeminent place to the moderation of income differences by the abolition of private ownership of the instru-

296

mentalities of production (unaccompanied by re¬ instatement of differences of the same magnitude within governmentally controlled enterprises). Possibily another pattern is the increasing gov- ernmentalization of organized social life. An¬ other is the predominance of a party with privi¬ leged status. (This is less likely to universalize than the two patterns mentioned before.) The SovietUnion is a party bureaucratic state, because the most influential elite is composed of special¬ ists on party propaganda and party organization. Under certain conditions a military bureaucratic slate (garrison state) may arise (in Japan, for example) in which the most influential elite is composed of specialists on violence. It is prob¬ able that in the present epoch transitions to both of these state-forms would be accompanied by moderation of income differences.”

The authors conclude: “The chief role of Communist propaganda (in

the U. S. A.)* was to crystallize the conflicts between diffusion and restriction tendencies in relation to the Russian center of the latest wave of world revolution. Propaganda did not create many of the profound ideological and material differences which it did so much to bring before the collective focus of attention; propaganda ac¬ celerated the intensification of these conflicts. In this sense the chief function of the Third Interna¬ tional in America has been to expedite the rejec¬ tion of the Russian revolution (i.e. the original center pattern).** It was not sufficiently men¬ acing, however, to stimulate greatly the appear¬ ance of an American version of the world revolu¬ tionary pattern of the epoch. ’ It is much to be hoped that the authors will

persevere in what is almost an untouched field and will publish a second volume on Communist tactics and methods of propaganda subsequent to 1934, since during the last five years propaganda has been developed in a new and more effective manner.

Although Nazi propaganda has been covered by the Bulletin of the Institute for Propaganda An¬ alysis and by other more popular periodicals, there is still room for a basic study by Professor Lasswell and his collaborator of rightist totalitarism propa¬ ganda (both Nazi and Fascist) in this country.

SELDEN CHAPIN.

WOODWARD & LOTHROP 10th, 11th, F and G Streets

Washington, D. C., U. S. A.

"A Store Worthy of the Nation’s Capital"

Let Us Do Your

Spring and Summer

Shopping in the States

There are perhaps little gadgets you have

had in mind for some time, or gifts you

want to send to friends or relatives, or

things for yourself and your home for

Spring and Summer—all things you usually

find difficult to get.

The simple solution is to make out your

list and mail to Mrs. Tolson, and she will

do her utmost to find just what you have

in mind. Please do not forget to men¬

tion age, sizes, color preferences, approxi¬

mate prices you wish to pay, and any other

pertinent information which will enable us

to shop for you to better advantage.

Address your communications to Wood¬

ward & Lothrop, Washington, D. C.,

U.S.A.; attention Mrs. Marion Tolson.

297

Foreign Service Changes

The following changes have occurred in the For¬ eign Service since March 11, 1939:

Garrett G. Ackerson of Hackensack, New Jersey, American Consul and Third Secretary of the Amer¬ ican Legation at Budapest, Hungary, has been designated Second Secretary of the Legation and will continue to serve in a dual capacity.

William M. Cramp of Philadelphia, Pennsyl¬ vania, American Consul and Third Secretary of the American Legation at Tegucigalpa, Honduras, has been designated Second Secretary of the Legation and will continue to serve in a dual capacity.

Archibald E. Gray of Bethlehem. Pennsylvania, American Consul and Third Secretary of the Amer¬ ican Legation at Helsinki, Finland, has been desig¬ nated Second Secretary of the Legation and will continue to serve in a dual capacity.

Norris B. Chipman of District of Columbia, American Consul and Third Secretary of the Amer¬ ican Embassy at Moscow, U.S.S.R., has been desig¬ nated Second Secretary of the Embassy and will continue to serve in a dual capacity'.

William P. Cochran, Jr., of Wayne, Pennsylvania, Third Secretary of the American Embassy at Lima,

Peru, has been designated Second Secretary of the Embassy at Lima.

Ware Adams of Savannah, Georgia, now as¬ signed to the Department of State, has been desig¬ nated Third Secretary of the American Embassy at Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.

The assignment of W. Leonard Parker of Syra¬ cuse, New York, as American Vice Consul at Tokyo, Japan, has been cancelled. Mr. Parker will remain as American Vice Consul at Rangoon, Burma.

The assignment of Robert C. Strong of Beloit, Wisconsin, as American Vice Consul at Prague, Bohemia, has been cancelled. Mr. Strong has now been assigned American Vice Consul at Frankfort- on-Main, Germany.

Non-Career Carl 0. Hawthorne of Missouri, American Vice

Consul at Tsingtao, China, has been appointed American Vice Consul at Tsinan, China.

William N. Carroll of North Caroline, American Vice Consul at Birmingham, England, has been ap¬ pointed American Vice Consul at Southampton, England.

TRADE AGREEMENT NOTES

Trade Agreement Concluded with Turkey

A trade agreement between the United States and Turkey was signed at Angara on April 1, pro¬ claimed on April 5, and will come into effect pro¬ visionally on May 5.

Foreign Service Training School

Officers of the Trade Agreements Division ad¬ dressed the Foreign Service Officers’ Training School during the month of April on the following topics:

1. The trade-agreements program and its place in American and world affairs;

2. Trade-agreements organization and proced¬ ure;

3. The unconditional most - favored - nation policy;

4. Results of the trade-agreements program.

Foreign Trade for the first two months of 1939 United States exports were valued at 431 million

dollars for the first two months of 1939. Exports to agreement countries amounted to 254 million dol¬ lars. Total trade represented a decrease from the corresponding period of 1938, but the decrease was less to the agreement than to non-agreement coun¬ tries. Exports to 17 of the agreement countries in¬ creased for the first two months of 1939 over 1938.

Imports for January and February 1939 totaled 336 million dollars. This was a one percent increase over the corresponding months of 1938. Imports from trade-agreement countries amounted to 197 million dollars. Imports increased from a majority of the agreement countries.

Agreement with Czechosolvakia Suspended

On March 23 the President by proclamation suspended the operation of the trade agreement with Czechoslovakia, effective April 22, 1939.

298

TENNESSEE (Continued from page 259)

the salute had been acknowledged and returned, the Secretary was received by Captain Decker. Soon we learned that the Assistant Secretary had come aboard to accompany $10,000,000 in U. S. gold des¬ tined for London to facilitate the repatriation of American citizens who had been stranded in Europe through the break-down of exchange facilities and lack of transportation. As the first kegs of gold were being hoisted over the side our State Depart¬ ment contingent set off for a day’s necessary shop¬ ping in New York. It proved my last day on American soil for more than five years. Upon re¬ turning to the Tennessee at 6 o’clock we were ad¬ vised that the State Department men owing to lack of accommodations were to proceed by the U.S.S. North Carolina from the Boston Navy Yard the following evening. This was a bit of mix-up. We with our baggage returned to New York, and the next morning set off for Boston by train and sailed from the Boston Navy Yard on the U.S.S. North Carolina at sunset that evening. Besides a special representative of Secretary Bryan our company em¬ braced Minister Garrett who was on a special mis¬ sion to Vienna. Consuls General Denby at Vienna and Horton at Smyrna, Consuls Garrels at Alexan¬ dria, Egypt, Cooke at Patras, Greece, Seltser at Breslau, Young at Karlsbad, Leonard at Colombo, de Witt Poole who was serving as Vice and Deputy Consul General at Berlin, and Reed Paige Clark who was returning to his post at Monrovia as Gen¬ eral Receiver of Customs and Financial Adviser to the Liberian Government.

The voyage to Falmouth where we were joined by the Tennessee and the subsequent day ashore motoring about Cornwall is another story. When 1 saw the four funnels of the Tennessee disappear in the haze the next morning as the North Carolina set out for Cherbourg, France, I did not know that I was to see it and its complements of officers and men again in the waters of the eastern Mediter¬ ranean with a base at my post, Alexandria. Ameri¬ can interests in Palestine, Syria and Constantinople demanded the presence of an American armed vessel in those waters as a precautionary measure. First came the North Carolina; then the Tennessee, later the DesMoines, the Chester and the colliers Caesar and Vulcan. Through the intermediation of Am¬ bassador Morganthau at Constantinople, funds were supplied from various sources to the Zionist colonies in Palestine. The Tennessee on two occa¬ sions took consignments of gold sovereigns which I procured by drafts on the American Ambassador at London. All orders for the Tennessee came in code to the Consulate, were decoded and forwarded

by British naval wireless to the Tennessee. One day I received a telegram from Captain Decker: “Tennessee arriving tomorrow afternoon with 1,500 Jewish refugees.” That telegram fell as a bomb¬ shell on the Egyptian and British officials and the international communities in Alexandria. It was the first contingent of the ten thousand more or less of those unfortunate Jews of allied nationality who during the ensuing several months were brought to Alexandria, principally on American naval vessels. Later the Tennessee went its way for ultimate re¬ habilitation in structure and name and so became the U.S.S. Memphis.

Before the homeward bound pennant floated from its mast, the officers and available ship’s company were given a “Gala Evening” at one of the leading cinema theatres by “Le Comite des Refugees de Palestine” and the “Society l’O. I. Bene Berith.” There were speeches of “reconnaissance” and praises of the officers and men. The ship was pre¬ sented with a plaque of repousse silver mounted on a polished slab of basalt. The design depicted the Tennessee, the tablets from Mount Sinai and a group of refugees, all based on Psalms 78:13.

In 1922 while on my inspection trip through the West Indies, I saw the Tennessee again a wreck on the coral reefs of Santo Domingo harbor. On my evening walks along the tree-shaded avenue that skirts the waterfront I experienced many a nostalgic twinge at the sad sight of the historic vessel.

VISITORS The following visitors called at the Department

during the past month: March

Francis H. Styles, Ottawa 13 Claude G. Bowers, Madrid 13 John C. Wiley, Riga i . 13 John M. Cabot, Gautemala 14 W. Henry Robertson, retired 15 W. Garland Richardson, Tokyo 16 Robert M. McClintock, Ciudad Trujllo 16 W. T. Costello, Moscow 17 B. R. Johansen, Harbin 17 Courtland Christiani, Newcastle on Tyne__ 20 Robert S. Ward, Foochow 20 Robert J. Clarke, Victoria 24 Earl Brennan, Surabaya, Java 29 Walter W. Ostrow, Zurich 29 Agnes W. Rother, Trindad J 30 John McArdle, Buenos Aires 30

April F. W. Jandrey, Naples 1 William W. Walker, Port Limon 3 C. B. Chiperfield, Athens 3 Henry W. Antheil, Jr., Moscow 4 Andrew W. Edson, study detail at Harvard 4 C. Burke Elbrick, Warsaw 4 Arnold Van Benschoten, Antwerp 5 Edward J. Nathan, retired ___ 5 Clinton E. MacEachran, Halifax 7

299

PERSONAL SHOPPING SERVICE IN NEW YORK CITY

No SERVICE CHARGE

For you when you are at your post abroad, with you when you are in the ^ity, thus saving your time and showing you the most economical way to buy. References from Service Families. You may have all the American things you need and are accustomed to have at home.

MONOGRAM OR OWN NAME MATCH BOOKS and PLACE CARDS—Price $3.50 to $5.50 per hundred

MISS E. J. TYNER Hotel Peter Cooper, 130 E. 39th St., New York City

TELEPHONE CABLE ADDRESS

CALEDONIA 5-5479 TYNERPOIL

FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL SPECIAL SUBSCRIPTIONS

Your relatives and friends will welcome this intimate news about the Service,

the people in it and its work.

Send them a subscription at our special rate.

T„, JOURNAL offers to each active and as¬ sociate member of the American Foreign Serv¬ ice Association the privilege of subscribing for the JOURNAL for or on behalf of rela¬ tives and friends at the rate of $2 per year.

Each member may use up to five of these special subscriptions. Please use the coupon below.

SPECIAL OFFER

AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL,

Care Department of State, Washington, D. C.

Please send the JOURNAL for one year

To

Send bill for $

To 1

COMMENT ON ALBANIA (Continued from page 256)

military academy which Octavius (later Augustus) Caesar was attending when he received notice of the assassination of his uncle, Julius Caesar, and a re¬ quest to return to Rome and share in the rule of the empire.

Mark Antony, on at least one occasion, according to historians of my acquaintance, led reinforce¬ ments to Caesar over the present site of Tirana.

The very mountains of Albania, which are as numerous as the peaks of Switzerland, echo the glories of an illustrious past, and one has no difficul¬ ty assuming that the stoic, courageous, friendly Albanian of today is little changed in characteristics from the ancient inhabitants who tilled the soil with a crooked stick and tended flocks on the hillsides in that ancient time when Albania was the granary of the Roman Empire.

And whatever may happen, I doubt if events to come ever will radically transform the interesting customs and picturesque costumes of the always chivalrous, charming Albanians who, though having been led into embracing the theology of Moham¬ med, never accepted the Prophet’s license to prac¬ tice polygamy.

Inhabitants of the lowlands along the Adriatic and some of the central valleys such as the site of Tirana will never cease to be grateful for the W'ork of Dr. Lewis W. Hackett of the Rockfeller Founda¬ tion in stamping out the mosquito which brought a malaria to many portions of Albania.

As to King Zog, whom I once knew as Ahmet Zogu, no one ever will question his personal cour¬ age. Of this quality he gave a remarkable demon¬ stration in the year preceding my arrival. One day as he was entering Parliament a would-be assassin fired on him. With two bullets in his body Zog broke away from his companions, pursued, caught and overpowered his assailant. Nothwithstanding his wounds he insisted on going through with the scheduled session of Parliament before placing him¬ self in the hands of doctors.

His conduct on that occasion I regard as typical of almost every Albanian, all of w'hom seek to emulate the bravery of Scanderbeg, national hero, who once ruled supreme from his citadel at Cruja. The bones of Scanderbeg rest under the principal mosque in Allesio which is reported to have been destroyed in the recent fighting. Other distingu¬ ished Albanians of modern history, by descent, were the late Prince Minister Francesco Crispi of Italy and the late King Fuad of Egypt.

(Editors Note: An article on “Albania and Its Eagle-Men,” by Minister Post Wheeler, was pub¬ lished in the Journal for August 1934.)

300

SIX-MAN FOOTBALL

Foreign Service officers may occasionally find opportunity to teach a group of youngsters this new variety of football, developed by a school teacher in Chester, Nebraska, and reported in the Nation s Business for November, 1938. It is designed to re¬ duce the casualties and at the same time permit more boys to play than has been possible in the regular game.

The new variety appears to be a hybrid between “tag” football and the original parent. A team consists of three line-men and three backfielders— one center, two ends, a quarter-back, a half-back and a full-back. The field is reduced from 300x160

feet to 240x120. As a safetv measure, the back- fielder who receives the ball from the center must pass it—forward, backward or laterally—before crossing the line of scrimmage. This serves to open up the game and slow down the offense sufficiently to take the edge off those bruising line plunges. Every player is eligible to receive a pass. Goal kicks score four points instead of the usal three, as a further inducement to opening up the game. Other changes are minor, all being designed to make the game safer by encouraging open running, passing and kicking at the expense of line plunges and close formations, where “piling on” is so apt to occur, with its attendant dangers.

The game develops more stars, because the play¬ ers have a more even chance of scoring. The open playing makes it easier to follow the ball, espe¬ cially for the more casual spectators. In Kansas and Nebraska countrysides the game has drawn large crowds, many of whom have never seen football before. The American Boy has distributed thou¬ sands of booklets of rules, prepared by the origi¬ nator. Last fall over two thousand High Schools, too small to support eleven-man teams, were playing six-man football. And there is every reason to expect a greater increase in the years to come.

PARENTS YOU can give your child a superior

education from kindergarten up to high school . . . while traveling and liv¬ ing abroad . . . with the world-famous Calvert School Home Instruction Courses. Used successfully for 30 years to educate the children of American Foreign Service officials, Army and Navy officers, mission¬ aries and world travelers.

Write today for your copy of the new Calvert School Catalog.

CALVERT SCHOOL 131 E. TUSCANY ROAD BALTIMORE, MD.

301

MARIHUANA—HASHISH IN MODERN DRESS

(Continued from page 265)

in most advanced forms cause assault and murder. Amnesia often occurs, and the mania is frequently so acute that the heavy smoker becomes tempo¬ rarily insane.

Police records can tes¬ tify to the cause and ef¬ fect relation between marihuana and crime. It is true, of course, that in some cases the drug is only a contributory factor. Many individuals with criminal tendencies are marihuana habitues. The drug is widely em¬ ployed a m ong many members of the under¬ world to bolster up their courage for contemplat¬ ed crimes, for the drug often gives the illusion of increased physical strength. Mentally un¬ balanced people have also used the drug, thus aggravating their condition. There are many other instances, however, in which marihuana has been more than an adjunct to the criminal act—in fact, it has been directly responsible for the crime itself.

These cases appear in the daily newspapers, and often as not, it has not been discovered until later that the assault has been made under the influence of marihuana. Hold-up shootings, attacks on women and children and cold-blooded murders have been committed by marihuana-crazed persons. It has been estimated that as many as one-half the violent crimes committed in certain districts in¬ habited by Mexicans, Filipinos, Latin Americans, Spaniards and Negroes are attributed to mari¬ huana abuse. A prosecuting attorney in New Or¬ leans claims 50 per cent of the murders in his city are traced to marihuana. The statement has been made, supported by statistics of the Department of Justice, that the narcotic law violator is a major criminal in this country. The abuse of marihuana by school children, vagrant youths, criminal char¬ acters of the underworld and various irresponsible individuals is now a recognized menace. Besides increasing the occupancy of the country’s peniten¬ tiaries and insane asylums and adding greatly to the cost of crime prevention, it has a general de¬

basing effect on the moral standards of every city and town.

The authorities of the Federal government re¬ sponsible for the prevention of crime and those charged with the prevention and cure of narcotic drug addiction have not been slow in recognizing

the seriousness of the situation. The Bureau of Narcotics of the Treas¬ ury Department has tak¬ en the lead in advocat¬ ing new laws and stricter enforcement. Since the drug made its appear¬ ance in the United States as a drug of abuse, the Bureau of Narcotics has initiated research and experimental projects designed to widen knowledge concerning the growing plant and its narcotic properties so that law enforcement au¬ thorities everywhere can more readily combat the evil. On October 1, 1937, a new Federal law

went into effect, imposing certain taxes with respect to the production, manufacture, sale and transfer of marihuana. While this law is an internal revenue measure, an indirect result of its enforcement should be to limit the use of the narcotic element to proper medical channels in accordance with the aim and purpose of practically all state laws regulating the marihuana traffic. The Bureau of Narcotics was largely instrumental in bringing about the enact¬ ment of this law. It will be several years before its effects can be estimated.

MOVING PICTURE POST REPORTS

The manager of Bell and Howell (Moving Pic¬ ture) Company’s export division has made two in¬ teresting suggestions to the Department. First, that facilities might be arranged in Washington for visiting officers to have their moving pictures demonstrated, because of their value to officers at Washington as true-to-life pictures of local affairs and customs at their foreign posts. Second, that officers who are considering buying motion picture cameras should be encouraged to choose the 16- millimeter size. Apparently this is the most fre¬ quently used size, and the more widely it is adopt¬ ed, the greater the chances will be of organizing facilities for demonstrating them.

U. S. Treasury Department

Typical methods of transporting: marihuana illegally. These specimens were seized by Federal authorities.

302

JHE AMERICAN fOREIGN $ERVICE JOURNAL

DIRECTORY OF SELECTIVE FIRMS ABROAD

• BRITISH ISLES

PAGAN I’S RESTAURANT Great Portland Street, London, England

WORLD FAMOUS

Five minutes’ walk from American Consulate General Patronized by American Foreign Service Officers

for over 40 years. SPECIAL RATES TO FOREIGN SERVICE OFFICERS

• CHINA

SHANGHAI’S LEADING HOTELS CATHAY HOTEL THE METROPOLE

250 Rooms and Suites 200 Rooms Amer. & European Plan Amer. & European Plan

Cable Add.: Catholel Cable Add.: Methotel

THE SEA CAPTAINS’ SHOP MRS. W. TORNROTH

119 Nanking Road Shanghai Lingerie, Lounge Garments and Pajamas for Women and Men. Chinese Suits, Costumes, Old Embroideries, Bags,

Curios and THINGS CHINESE. Mail Orders a Specialty

• CUBA

BACARDI Created in Cuba — Known the world over.

• FRANCE

HOTEL CONTINENTAL Dominating Tuileries Gardens

3 RUE CASTIGLIONE, PARIS S. PLANTADK, General Manager

Reductions are accorded to Officers of the American Foreign Service

P HOTEL GEORGE V AVENUE GEORGE V

A (Champs-Elysees)

R Kettects the traditional gaiety of Paris.

I Every modern comfort including apart-

C ments with complete kitchenettes. >3 Telg. Georgeotel. Paris MAX BLOUKT, Manager

• ITALY

Hotel Palazzo-Ambasciatori, Rome (OPPOSITE THE AMERICAN EMBASSY)

(Special Reduced Rates for Diplomats) This hotel is unrivalled for its Palatial Beauty, located in the exclusive section of Rome, and near the Pincio Gardens

RENOWNED FOR ITS FINE CUISINE RESTAURANT :: AMERICAN BAR :: GRILL ROOM

P. T. GALANTE. Gen. Manager

303


EDITORS’ COLUMN (Continued from page 266)

of a lecture note-book. There was inserted in the schedule a four-week period of experimental work, for which the class was divided into four groups, with each group spending a week in each of four important divisions—FA, PD, VD, and A-M/C. The first seven weeks of the course were given over to lectures on all the aspects of administration—ac¬ counts, passports, visas, commercial and all the oth¬ ers. After a month of practical observation and work in the divisions, the closing portion of the term was devoted to expositions of the state of the world by various members of the geographic divi¬ sions.

As in previous years, each member of the class wrote a theme, or short thesis of 10,000-15,000 words, but in the case of the present School, the as¬ signment of subjects was based on the idea that the seventeen themes should form a whole—a symposi¬ um on American foreign relations and the nature and work of the Department and the Foreign Ser¬ vice.

The School is over, and everyone in it has had a chance to ask all the questions that stimulated or plagued him. No longer is “the Department” a dis¬ tant and unknown quantity. The friendliness and helpfulness of those in the Department at all times has impressed every member of the class, and has gone far to make the brief time in Washington one of value, interest, and pleasure and the members of the School are grateful to all those who have inter¬ rupted their own work to lecture and otherwise assist.

MARRIAGE Shillock-Hess. Miss Mary Louise Hess of Chi¬

cago and John C. Shillock, Jr., Consul at Lisbon, were married on March 17, 1939.

BIRTHS

A son, Stephen Benjamin, was born on January 24 to Mr. and Mrs. Benjamin Mayham Hulley in Paris, where Mr. Hulley is Consul.

A daughter, Mary Stuart, was born on February 14 to Mr. and Mrs. Arthur R. Ringwalt in Peiping, where Mr. Ringwalt is Third Secretary.

A son, Edward Rutledge, was born on February 23 to Mr. and Mrs. Edward S. Maney in London, where Mr. Maney is Consul.

A son, Dennis Michael, was born on March 22 to Mr. and Mrs. Vernon L. Fluharty in Ciudad Juarez, where Mr. Fluhartv is Vice Consul.

IN MEMORIAM

Cora Goold, daughter of Consul General and Mrs. Herbert S. Goold, on February 19 at Casablanca, Morocco.

Robert L. Potter, minor son of Consul and Mrs. Kennett F. Potter, on February 26 at Prague.

CHAO YUNG-KUEI The many Foreign Service Officers who have

served at Peiping will learn with regret of the death on February 18 of T’ing-ch’ai (Messenger) Chao Yung-kuei.

T’ing-ch’ai Chao first entered the American ser¬ vice in 1900, at the time of the Boxer Rebellion, when he was in the employ of the American mili¬ tary forces in Peking. Immediately afterward he became Number One “Boy” in the Students’ Mess of the then Legation, serving in that capacity until 1909, when he was engaged as head t’ing-ch’ai at the Legation Chancery. In that post he served con¬ stantly and faithfully until paralysis partially in¬ capacitated him. A fourth stroke was the cause of his death, at the age of 54. Throughout his many years of service he had worked from 12 to 16 hours a day, never permitting himself to take a vacation because of his deep sense of responsibility.

T’ingch’ai Chao gained the affection and respect of all Americans at Peking. Devoted, intelligent, faithful, and efficient, he was a man of exceptional character and personality. His hold on the respect and affection of Americans who knew him is at¬ tested by the fact that in 1937 a fund of almost $2,000 was contributed by former American Ministers and other Americans who had served at the Embassy during his incumbency and by a considerable number of American Army, Naval, and Marine officers who had known him, as well as other Americans who had resided or still reside in Peiping. With this fund an annuity was purchased to provide for him after he was unable to work any longer. The annuity now will be paid to his widow and children for 15 years. L. E. S.

DEPARTMENT OF EASY ANSWERS New York, N. Y., April 8, 1939.

The Honorable The Secretary of State.

Dear Sir: I am contemplating a trip through the Mediter¬

ranean this summer and I would appreciate it if you would give me your advice as to the probability of a European War in the near future.

Yours very truly,

304

*★★★*★★★***■★★★*★*********

DIPLOMACY SUGGESTS

Here’s a time-honored American tradition that’s always at home abroad . . . OLD SCHENLEY American Rye and Rourbon Whis¬ kies. Made of premium American grains .. . selected especially for Americans living in foreign countries . . . OLD SCHENLEY Rye and Bourbon have been famous for their light-bodied flavor since the 1880’s. Diplomatic hosts distinguish their foreign “service” by serving OLD SCHENLEY American Whiskies. They’re Good Taste ... in any language. SOLD

CHENLEY AMERICAN RYE OR BOURBON WHISKEY

SCHENLEY INTERNATIONAL CORPORATION, EMPIRE STATE BUILDING, NEW YORK, N. Y. —

★ ★★★★★★★★★★★★★

The whiskey advertised here¬ with is intended only for export distribution in bond.

HOME OF DIPLOMATS The Waldorf-Astoria has long been the New York home of members of the American Foreign Service.

It has the exalted air of your own diplomatic activities, the cultural appeal appropriate to your profession.

Accustomed to comfort and luxury, you will like the Waldorf for its faultless appointments, its almost prophetic service, and its inspired sense of friendli¬ ness and hospitality.

Waldorf restaurants will beguile your appetite

with favorite dishes and your leisure with spirited music and glamorous and gifted entertainers.

You’ll be going to The Fair, of course, but even the World’s Fair is only a side-show to the permanent panorama of New York itself...Manhattan is still the major attraction!

No other address in New York is so geographically, socially, artistically, and diplomatically central to New York’s shops, clubs, theatres and restaurants, as The Waldorf-Astoria.

Services of the Information Bureau and Special Interpreters from our Foreign Department are available to all guests.

THE WALDORF-ASTORIA Park Avenue • 49th to 50th • New York

gl american foreign service * journal

Documents