gin jal warn a animal 2010
DESCRIPTION
faalTRANSCRIPT
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GINJAL
KUNCORO PUGUH S
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FUNGSI
Pengaturan keseimbangan air & elektrolitPengaturan konsentrasi osmolaritas cairan tubuh & elektrolitPengaturan keseimbangan asam basaEkskresi hasil sisa metabolisme Pengaturan tekanan arteriSekresi hormonGlukoneogenesis
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ExcretionThe removal of organic waste products from body fluids
EliminationThe discharge of waste products into the environment
Homeostatic regulation of blood plasmaRegulating blood volume and pressureRegulating plasma ion concentrationsStabilizing blood pHConserving nutrients
Functions of the urinary system
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ANATOMI FISIOLOGI GINJAL ANJING
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ANATOMI FISIOLOGI GINJAL SAPI
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Figure 26.3
Figure 26.3 The Urinary System in Gross Dissection
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ANATOMI & FISOLOGI
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Cortical nephrons~85% of all nephrons
Located in the cortex
Juxtamedullary nephronsCloser to renal medulla
Loops of Henle extend deep into renal pyramids
Two types of nephron
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Figure 26.7a
Figure 26.7 Cortical and Juxtamedullary Nephrons
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Figure 26.7b, c
Figure 26.7 Cortical and Juxtamedullary Nephrons
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Production of filtrate
Reabsorption of organic nutrients
Reabsorption of water and ions
Secretion of waste products into tubular fluid
Nephron functions include:
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Regulating blood volume and composition
Excreting waste productsUrea
Creatinine
Uric acid
Urine production maintains homeostasis
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FiltrationBlood pressure
Water and solutes across glomerular capillaries
ReabsorptionThe removal of water and solutes from the filtrate
SecretionTransport of solutes from the peritubular fluid into the tubular fluid
Basic processes of urine formation
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Figure 26.9 An Overview of Urine Formation
Figure 26.9
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Filtration in the kidneys modified by carrier mediated transport
Facilitated diffusion
Active transport
Cotransport
Countertransport
Carrier proteins have a transport maximum (Tm)
Determines renal threshold
Carrier Mediated Transport
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Accomplished via diffusion, osmosis, and carrier-mediated transport
Tm determines renal threshold for reabsorption of substances in tubular fluid
Reabsorption and secretion
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Superficial outer cortex and inner medullaThe medulla consists of 6-18 renal pyramids
The cortex is composed of roughly 1.25 million nephrons
Major and minor calyces along with the pelvis drain urine to the ureters
Sectional anatomy of the kidneys
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NEPHRON
Merupakan unit fungsionil terkecil ginjal
1 Juta / Ginjal
Panjang seluruh nephron = 45 – 65 mm
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GLOMERULUS
Kapsula Bowman : pars visceralis & pars parietalisFilter glomerulus : 3 lapis
1. Endhotelium kapiler :100nm2. Lamina basalis :8 nm3. Epithel Pars viceralis kapsula Bowman
( Podocyt) : 25 nmLuas area filtrasi 0,8 m2
Ultra filtrat = plasma - protein
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Figure 26.10 Glomerular Filtration
Figure 26.10
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Figure 26.8 The Renal Corpuscle
Figure 26.8a, b
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Figure 26.8 The Renal Corpuscle
Figure 26.8c, d
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Figure 26.10 Glomerular Filtration
Figure 26.10a, b
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Proximal convoluted tubule (PCT)Actively reabsorbs nutrients, plasma proteins and ions from filtrate
Released into peritubular fluid
Loop of HenleDescending limb
Ascending limb
Each limb has a thick and thin section
Functional anatomy of the nephron
Animation: Urinary System AnatomyPLAY
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Glomerular filtration produces fluid similar to plasma without proteins
The PCT reabsorbs 60-70% of the filtrate produced
Reabsorption of most organic nutrients
Active and passive reabsorption of sodium and other ions
Reabsorption of water
Secretion also occurs in the PCT
Reabsorption and secretion at the PCT
Animation: Early Filtrate ProcessingPLAY
Animation: Glomerular filtrationPLAY
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TUBULUS PROKSIMALIS
P = 15 mmTight junctionLateral intercellular spaceBrush borderReabsorbsi 65 %Zat yg direabsorbsi tidak disekresi kecuali K+
Sekresi zat diikat oleh protein plasma
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Figure 26.12 Transport Activities at the PCT
Animation: Proximal Convoluted TubulePLAY
Figure 26.12
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The loop of Henle and countercurrent multiplication
Countercurrent multiplication Between ascending and descending limbs of loop
Creates osmotic gradient in medulla
Facilitates reabsorption of water and solutes before the DCT
Permits passive reabsorption of water from tubular fluid
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ANSA HENLE
Pars decendent : 2- 14 mmPars Ascendent : mithokondria >>, Sel Junxtaglomerular vas. Afferent mensekresi RENINANSA HENLE SEGMEN TIPIS : permeabilitas besar, metabolisme minimalANSA HENLE SEGMEN TEBAL : tidak permeabel thd H2O & Ureum, reabsorbsi aktif Cl- & Na+
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Figure 26.13a
Figure 26.13 Countercurrent Multiplication and Concentration of Urine
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Figure 26.13b
Figure 26.13 Countercurrent Multiplication and Concentration of Urine
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Figure 26.13c
Figure 26.13 Countercurrent Multiplication and Concentration of Urine
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Distal convoluted tubule (DCT)Actively secretes ions, toxins, drugs
Reabsorbs sodium ions from tubular fluid
Functional anatomy of the nephron
Animation: Urinary System Dissection and FlythroughPLAY
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DCT performs final adjustment of urineActive secretion or absorption
Absorption Tubular cells actively resorb Na+ and Cl-
In exchange for potassium or hydrogen ions (secreted)
Reassertion and secretion at the DCT
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TUBULUS DISTALIS
P = 5 mm
Ephitel lebih pipih dari ephitel tubulus proksimalis
Brush border (─)
Bagian proksimal = segmen tebal ansa henle
Bagian distal terjadi ion exchange K+ dg Na+ : Hormon Aldosteron
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Figure 26.14
Figure 26.14 Tubular Secretion and Solute Reabsorption at the DCT
Animation: Distal Convoluted TubulePLAY
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Figure 26.14c
Figure 26.14 Tubular Secretion and Solute Reabsorption at the DCT
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Reabsorption and secretion along the collecting system
Water and solute loss is regulated by aldosterone and ADH
ReabsorptionSodium ion, bicarbonate, and urea are resorbed
Secretion pH is controlled by secretion of hydrogen or bicarbonate ions
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DUKTUS COLLIGENTES
P = 20 mm
Menampung beberapa tubulus distalis
Ber muara di papilla renalis
Bagian Cortex : tidak permeabel thd ureum
Bagian medulla ; permeabel thd ureum
ADH < : tidak permeabel thd H2O
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Figure 26.6 A Representative Nephron
Figure 26.6
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Figure 26.5 The Blood Supply to the Kidneys
Figure 26.5c, d
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Figure 26.5 The Blood Supply to the Kidneys
Figure 26.5a, b
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SUPLAI DARAH GINJAL
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RENAL FRACTIONVasa afferent glomerulus membentuk vasa recta
Renal Blood Flow = 1200 ml/menit
Cardiac Out Put = 5000ml/ menit
Renal Fraction = 1200/5000 X 100% = 24%
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KECEPATAN ALIRAN DARAH TIAP 100 g JARINGAN
ORGAN BLOOD FLOW (ml / min )
Otot Skelet
Otak
Hati
Otot Jantung
Ginjal
3
54
58
84
420
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ALIRAN CAIRAN DLM TUBUH
JARINGAN Kecepatan (ml/min)
Reabsorpsi ( %)
Tubulus Proksimal
Ansa Henle
Tubulus Distalis
Duct. Colligentes
Urine
125
45
25
12
1
65
15
10
9,3
0,7
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REABSORPSI ELEKTROLIT
( kation ) perlu dikendalikan, bila berubah : kegagalan faal ginjal
K+ > : potensial membran < : paralisis
K+ < : potensial membran > : paralisis
Na+ << : Potensial aksi < : paralisis
Ca++ < : permeabilitas membran > : tetani
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Amount of filtrate produced in the kidneys each minute
Factors that alter filtration pressure change GFR
Glomerular filtration rate (GFR)
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GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE ( GFR)
Jumlah filtrat yg disaring dr plasma dalam satu menit
Normal : 125 ml / min
Lebih dr 99% direabsorpsi
Produk urine : 1 L / hari
Zat yg digunakan untuk mengukur : Inulin, Manitol
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A drop in filtration pressure stimulates Juxtaglomerular apparatus (JGA)
Releases renin and erythropoietin
Factors controlling the GFR
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FAKTOR YG MEMPENGARUHI
Perubahan Tek. Darah
1. Tek. Darah umum
2. Status vasa afferent / efferent
Contoh :
latihan jasmani : vasokontriksi vasa afferent
Caffein : Vasodilatasi vasa afferent
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Perubahan Tekanan Capsular : Obstruksi, Edema jaringan
Perubahan Tek. Osmotik Koloid : Dehidrasi, Hipoprotein
Perubahan Permeabilitas : Peny. Ginjal, Keracunan Obat
Perubahan Luas Area Filtrasi : Peny. Ginjal, Nephrotomy
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FILTRASI GLOMELURUS
Effective Filtration Pressure (EFP)
Tek. Darah – Tek Capsular – Tek Koloid Osmotik = 70 – 20 – 32 = 18 mmHg
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DIURETIKA
Zat yg dpt meningkatkan kec.pembentukan urineCara :
1. Meningkatkan GFR2. Mengurangi reabsorpsi cairan dlm tubuh
Terapi : Edema , HipertensiMekanisme kerja :
1. Meningkatkan GFR2. Meningkatkan muatan osmotik koloid tubuh3. Menghambat ADH
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MENINGKATKAN GFR
Cara :
1. Tek darah >
2. Vasodilatasi vasa afferent
3. Vasokonstriksi vasa efferent
4. Tek. Osmotik Koloid <
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BEBERAPA JENIS OBATEPINEPHRINE : Tek darah Tek Caps Bowman GFR Diuresis DIGITALIS : Decompensatio Cordis sirkulasi diperbaiki P Bowman GFR Diuresis THEOPHYLIN & CAFFEIN : Vasodilatasi Vasa Aff. P Bowman GFR Diuresis
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MENINGKATKAN MUATAN OSMOTIK TUBULUS
1. Mempunyai efek terutama di tub. Proks: Ureum, Sukrosa, Manitol, Glukosa
2. Menghambat Reabsopsi Na+Di Ansa Henle : Furosemide, Ethacrynil AcidDi Tub. Distal bgn Proksimal : thiazide, metalazoneDi tub. Distalis bgn Distal : spironolactone, amiloride
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Menghambat ADH
ADH reabsorpsi H2O di Ductus colligentes diuresisAlkohol, narkotika, anastesi
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Figure 26.11a
Figure 26.11 The Response to a Reduction in the GFR
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Figure 26.11b
Figure 26.11 The Response to a Reduction in the GFR
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Figure 26.16 A Summary of Renal Function
Figure 26.16a
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Figure 26.15
Figure 26.15 The Effects of ADH on the DCT and Collecting Ducts
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Figure 26.15a, b
Figure 26.15 The Effects of ADH on the DCT and Collecting Ducts