geothermal_technology prd 2013

8/12/2019 Geothermal_Technology PRD 2013

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Rekayasa dan Disain dalam

Pemanfaatan EnergiGeotermal

Sutopo, Dr. Ir.FTTM ITB


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Agenda

What is Geothermal Energy?

What can we do with Geothermal?

How Geothermal Resources Develop? Energy and Environment

Activities of geothermal development

HUBUNGANNYA DENGAN REKAYASADAN DISAIN


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What is Geothermal

Energy?

Geothermal energy is the natural heat of the Earth

Geo = Earth

Thermal = Heat


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Heat flows outward from Earth's interior.

The crust insulates us from Earth's interior heat.

The mantle is semi-molten, the outer core is liquid and the inner core is solid


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The deeper you go, the hotter it gets (in Celsius and kilometers)


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New crust forms along mid-ocean spreading centers and continental rift zones. When plates meet, one can slide beneath

another. Plumes of magma rise from the edges of sinking plates.


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Earth's crust is broken into huge plates that move apart or

push together at about the rate our fingernails grow.

Convection of semi-molten rock in the upper mantle helps drive plate tectonics


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Many areas have accessible geothermal resources,

especially countries along the circum-Pacific "Ring of Fire,

spreading centers, continental rift zones and other hot spots


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When the rising hot water and steam is trapped in

permeable and porous rocks under a layer of impermeable rock,

it can form a geothermal reservoir


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When hot water and steam reach the surface,

they can form fumaroles, hot springs,

mud pots and other interesting phenomena


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Geothermal is a Powerful Energy Source !

Geothermal reservoirs can reach temperatures of 700 degF/370

degC (more than 3 times boiling)

A Geothermal reservoir is a powerful source of energy


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What can we do with

Geothermal?1. Electricity (Geothermal Power Plant)

2. Direct Use (Non electricity)


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What can we do with

Geothermal?Electricity (Geothermal Power Plant)


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Thermal Power Plant

PLTU (Pembangkit Listrik Tenaga Uap)Steam Power Plant.

Prime Energy Resources: Oil

Gas

Coal

PLTP (Pembangkit Listrik Tenaga Panasbumi)Geothermal PowerPlant

PLTN (Pembangkit Listrik Tenaga Nuklir)Nuclear Power Plant

LOSSES

Prime Energy: Oil

Gas

Coal

1stConversion

Process

Turbine

Mechanical100%2ndConversion

Process

Generator

Electricity


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PLTU


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PLTP


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Natural steam from the production wells power the turbine generator.

The steam is condensed by evaporation in the cooling tower

and pumped down an injection well to sustain production


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Good example for using heated water generated in power generation

Small binary power plant is in Fang, Chiang Mai, Thailand


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The first geothermal power plants in the U.S. were built in 1962 at

The Geysers dry steam field, in northern California.

It is still the largest producing geothermal field in the world


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Benefits of Geothermal Power

Provides clean and safe energy using little land

Is renewable and sustainable

Generate continuous, reliable base load power

Conserves fossil fuels and contributes to

diversity in energy sources

Avoid importing and benefits local economies

Offer modular, incremental development andvillage power to remote sites


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People who live in these areas are receiving electricity from geothermal power plants

Geothermal Power Plants are producing over 8,200 mega watts of electricity in 21 countries,

supplying about 60 million people


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What can we do with

Geothermal?Direct Use (Non electricity)


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GEOTHERMAL DIRECT USE APPLICATIONTO INDUSTRY AND AGRICULTURE

10 38 66 93 121 149 0C

10 38 66 93 121 149 0C

food processing cement drying

coal drying

textile industry

pulp & paper

leather handicraft rayon industry

metal leaching process sugar evaporation

aquaculture milk evaporation

mushroom cultivation rubber vulcanization

soft drink processing traditional & modern medicine industry

synthetic rubber processing gypsum drying

greenhousing kaolin drying

(Dickson & Fanelli, 1990)


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Worldwide Geothermal Direct Use

Direct Uses of Geothermal water supply over

11,000 thermal megawatts in over 40 countries

Another 35 countries use natural hot springs for

bathing but have not yet developed theirGeothermal reservoirs for commercial use


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Since Roman times, we have piped the hot water into pools to

better control the temperature. These are photos of outdoor

This small greenhouse is heated

ith th l t


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with geothermal water.

Plants grow faster and larger

when they have additional heat available

In several western US states,

many long greenhouses are built

and heated with geothermal water.This one is in New Mexico


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Peppers, tomatoes, and flowers are commonly

grown in geothermally heated greenhouses


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Geothermal water is also used for industrial uses,

like drying lumber or food products.

This plant in Brady, Nevada, provides dried onions to Burger King


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How Geothermal

Resources Develop?


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How Geothermal Resources

Develop? Surface Geo-science: ~ 12 months

Aerial Photography

Geological and structural mapping

Geochemical survey

Geophysical survey

Exploration Survey: ~ 12 months Temperature gradient well

Slim Hole Drilling

Road/Land Acquisition

Confirm Resources: ~ 12 months Deep Exploration/Delineation

Data from electrical magnetic chemicalGeologists explore volcanic regions to


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Data from electrical, magnetic, chemical

and seismic surveys is gathered in the field

Geologists explore volcanic regions to

find the most likely areas for further study

Geologic maps like this one are created,

showing rock type and ages in different colors

The data obtained in the field are displayed

in various ways and analyzed

First, a small- diameter "temperature gradient hole" is

drilled (some only 200' deep some over 4000 feet deep)

Either rock fragments or long cores of rock are

brought up from deep down the hole and


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drilled (some only 200 deep, some over 4000 feet deep)

with a truck-mounted rig to determine the temperatures

and underground rock types

brought up from deep down the hole and

temperatures are measured at depth

Geologists examine the cored rock

(shown here marked with depth markers)

Temperature results like this would definitely

encourage the drilling of a larger, deeper wellto try to find a hydrothermal reservoir

Production-sized wells require large drill rigs like these

and can cost as much as a million dollars or more to drill On these large rigs, drilling continues 24 hours per day


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and can cost as much as a million dollars or more to drill.

Geothermal wells can be drilled over 2~3 km deep

On these large rigs, drilling continues 24 hours per day

If a reservoir is discovered, characteristics of the well

and the reservoir are tested by flowing the well

If the well is good enough, a wellhead, with valves and

control equipment, is built onto the top of the well casing


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Typical Cost Distribution for Geothermal Drilling 8-1/2

Directional Well 2,500 m

Casing19%

Fuel and oil

7%Mud chemicals

7%

Cement and additives

8%

Bits, etc.

9%

Rig Rental

41%

Misc.. labor

0.5%

Third party services

8.5%

Source : Kingston Morrison, Jakarta 25 August 1997,Geothermal cost effective seminar


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Energy and Environment


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Today, coal provides 55% of the U.S. electricity supply and

the U.S. imports more than half of the oil it consumes.

The burning of fossil fuels cannot be sustained


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This photo of Reykjavik, Iceland, was taken in 1932,

when buildings were all heated by burning of (imported) fossil fuels


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Today, about 95% of the buildings in Reykjavik are

heated with geothermal water.

Reykjavik is now one of the cleanest cities in the world


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Greenhouse Gas (GHG)


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Why Geothermal

Abundant Geothermal resources in Indonesia ~ 20,000MWe

Energy equivalent of 9 billion barrel of Oil for 30 years

Conserves fossil fuels and contributes to diversity inenergy sources

Environmentally friendly, provides clean and safe energy Low land use

No impact of on local water supply

Is renewable and sustainable

Generate continuous, reliable base load power

Avoid importing and benefits local economies

Adjacent quality of life (social): local economic impact(employment in remote areas)

Offer modular, incremental development and village

power to remote sites


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40 %


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Map of the world showing installed and forecasted geothermal capacity in 1997, in 2002 and

2007. In 2007, because of its large resource base, Indonesia could have approximately 20%

of the worlds installed capacity

ASIA

200720021997

EUROPE

19972849

20023977

20075327

200720021997

AUSTRALIA / NZ

200720021997

AFRICA

358 519 699

4646 46

871 1058 1208

YR

MW

YR

MW

YR

MW

YR

MW

200720021997

NORTH AMERICA

2940 2629 2535

YR

MW

WORLD

YR

MW

1997

8,055

2002

9,802

2007

12,093

Prospects

Developed Fields

200720021997

LATIN AMERICA

991 1573 2278

YR

MW

INDONESIA

WORLD WIDE GEOTHERMAL CAPACITY

40 %

World

Resources


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Energy equivalent of 9 billion barrel of Oil for 30 years


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Why Geothermal

Environmentally friendly:

Low land use

No impact of on local water supply

etc

Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources

Vision

To make Mines and Energy sector as one of added value contributorto people prosperity through sustainable national development thatis environmental friendly, transparent, responsible and adheres to

the highest ethical standard


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KEGIATAN PENGUSAHAAN PANAS BUMI


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Kegiatan untuk mendapatkan informasi kondisi

geologi, geofisika, dan geokimia untuk

memperkirakan letak dan adanya sumber daya

Panas Bumi serta Wilayah Kerja


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Lelang WKP

Beberapa ketentuan tentang Wilayah Kerja: Batas dan luas Wilayah Kerja ditetapkan oleh Pemerintah.

Wilayah Kerja yang akan ditawarkan kepada Badan Usahadiumumkan secara terbuka.

Menteri, Gubernur, dan Bupati/Walikota sesuai dengan kewenanganmasing-masing melakukan penawaran Wilayah Kerja dengan cara

lelang. Badan Usaha yang dapat mengikuti Pelelangan Wilayah Kerja harus

memenuhi persyaratan administratif, teknis, dan keuangan..


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Rangkaian kegiatan yang meliputi penyelidikan geologi,geofisika, geokimia, pengeboran uji, dan pengeboran sumur

eksplorasi yang bertujuan untuk memperoleh dan menambah

informasi kondisi geologi bawah permukaan guna menemukan

dan mendapatkan perkiraan potensi Panas Bumi.



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Well Test:- Water loss test

- Gross permability test- Heating-up test

- Output/production test

- PTS-test

- Pressure transient test

Well Completion


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Studi Kelayakan

Tahapan kegiatan usaha pertambangan Panas Bumi untuk memperoleh informasi

secara rinci seluruh aspek yang berkaitan untuk menentukan kelayakan usaha

pertambangan Panas Bumi, termasuk penyelidikan atau studi jumlah cadangan

yang dapat dieksploitasi.

UU No. 27 Tahun 2003 tentang Panas Bumi:

Badan Usaha wajib melakukan Studi Kelayakan sesuai dengankaidah teknik pertambangan yang baik dan benar serta standar

Studi Kelayakan Panas Bumi (PP No. 57/2007 Pasal 15)

K i t Ek l it i


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Kegiatan Eksploitasi

Pemegang IUP dapat melakukan Eksploitasi setelah

menyelesaikan Studi Kelayakan serta telah mendapat keputusankelayakan lingkungan berdasarkan hasil kajian analisis

mengenai dampak lingkungan atau persetujuan upaya

pengelolaan lingkungan dan upaya pemantauan lingkungan

sesuai dengan ketentuan peraturan perundang-undangan di

bidang lingkungan hidup.

K i t Ek l it i


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Produksi

Kegiatan Eksploitasi

Kegiatan Prakonstruksi:


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Sumur injeksi air dari separator

Sumur injeksi kondensat

Separator

Scrubber

Kolam Penampungan Air

Kegiatan Prakonstruksi:

Pengadaan lahan

Perubahan fungsi lahan

Pematangan lahan Mobilisasi

Kegiatan Pengusahaan Panas Bumi


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Kegiatan Pengusahaan Panas Bumi

UU No. 27/2003 Lama Waktu (tahun)

Eksploitasi (Pemanfaatan Panas

Bumi)

30 tahun

(dapat diperpanjang)

Studi Kelayakan 2 (dua) tahun

Eksplorasi

2 (dua) tahun,

Dapat diperpanjang dua kali,masing-masing untuk satu tahun

Survey Pendahuluan


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geothermal_technology prd 2013

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