geometrical optics - norm · geometrical optics 4077 4032 4081 4007 4078 4001 4000 ... the item...
TRANSCRIPT
71SECTION 3 - PHYSICS
geometrical optics
4077 4032
4081
4007
4078
4001
4000
4148
4001 Dioptricprojector:6V-5A Withdoublechamberandcoolingwings.Stand Ø 10 mm.Theitem
issuppliedwithdiaphragms:1slit,4slitsandarrow-shapedslit. Itmustbepoweredbytransformercode5052. Tripodbasenotincluded(code0018)
4007 Dioptricprojector:6V-5A With simple chamber.Stand Ø 10 mm. Theitemissuppliedwithdiaphragmsanditmustbepoweredby
transformercode5052.Tripodbasenotincluded(code0018)
4006 Sparelightbulbforprojectors 6V-5A.Concentratedfilament. Suitableforprojectorscode4001and4007.
5052 Transformerforprojectors Input:230V-output:6V-5A. Theitemcanpowerprojectorscode4001and4007.
4148 LEDProjector This projector’s light source is a white LED.It is supplied with base
andpowerunit
4078 Concavemirror Touseforexperimentsonimagesinconcavemirrorandonlight
reflection.Standincluded. Diameter: 110 mm.
4081 Convexmirror Touseforexperimentsonimagesinconvexmirror. Standincluded. Diameter: 110 mm.
4077 Flatmirror Itshowsthesimmetryofimages Dimensions: 70x120 mm.
4032 Opticprism Theprismismadeofaglasswithahighrefractionindex,inorder
to show the phenomenon of white light’s decomposition. Stand included. Dimensions: 10x10x20 cm.
4000 Rectilinearpropagationoflight Thissimpleapparatusenablesyoutoverify:
-therectilinearpropagationoflight;-theinversionoftheimageinthedarkroom.
72 SECTION 3 - PHYSICS
geometrical optics
7035
4125
4201
4122
4133
4061
4059 - 4017
4060
4147
4127 4030 4030 Mirror-likedihedral Theitemprovesthatthenumbernofimagesisdeterminedbythe
formula:
whereaistheanglecreatedbythemirrors.4127 Extendibleperiscope Theitemstretchesout15cminordertoallowthevisionbeyondan
obstacle.Itismadeofhalf-transparentplasticthatallowsstudentstounderstandthefunctioningprincipleofthisopticalinstrument.
4201 Setof6glasslenses Theitemshowsthepropertiesofdifferenttypesoflenses:bi-con-
vex,plane-convex,meniscus-converging,bi-concave,plane-diver-ging and meniscus-diverging. Lenses diameter:50 mm.
4133 Setof11opticalbodies Thesetcomprehends:2bi-convexlenses,1bi-concavelens,1flat
mirror,1sphericmirror,1parabolicmirror,1equilateralprism60°,1rectangularprism90°-60°-30°,1isoscelesprism45°-45°-90°,1rectangularbody,1half-circularbody.
4122 Verticalprotractor Thisprotractorallowstheuseofthemodulescode4133because
itsheightcanbeadjustedandithastwofixingclips;thusyoucanperformexperimentsongeometricalopticswithadioptricprojectoror laser. Diameter: 200 mm. The conical base shown in the picture isnotincluded.
4147 Magicmirror Thisitemshowsthetridimensionalvirtualimageofanobjectplaced
insideit.
4059 Lens-holder Theitemsupportslensesandcircularmirrors.
4017 Filter-holder Theitemsupportsdiaphragms,filters,slides,etc.4061 Concaveandconvexmirror Focus+/-10 cm. Diameter 5 cm; to be mounted on the lens-holder code 4059
4060 Setof3plexiglasslenses Focus +6, +10, -10 cm. Diameter:5 cm; to be mounted on lens-hol-
dercode4059.
7035 Operatingeyemodelwithprojector Withthismodelitispossibletodoexperimentsonthephysical
functioningoftheeye.Itismadeofsynteticmaterialsandliesonawoodbase.Theeyelensismadeofflexiblematerialderi-vatingfromsiliconeoil:itispossibletocurveitandtochangeitsfocallengthwiththepressureofthewaterinsideasyringe.Sincethedistancecornea-retinaisadjustable,itispossibletoshowthemaindefectsofsightandthewaystocorrectthemthroughtheuseofspecifclenses.Theitemissuppliedwithcor-rectivelenses,objectofvisionandprojectorwithitstransformer.Basedimensions:32x10cm.
7035.1 Operatingeyemodelwithoutprojector Thepreviousitem,withoutprojector
4125 Digitalluxmeter Theitemcanmeasurethelightingwithanaccurancyof±5%.
Display screen: LCD 3 ½.Powersupply:battery12V. Measurefield:from0to50000luxinfourrange. Wavelengthfield:from400to700nm.
n = - 1360a
73SECTION 3 - PHYSICS
geometrical optics
4095
4129
4129
4328
40954095
4214
4150
4214 Hartl’sdiskwithlaserraybox Contents:
-The Laser ray box - Reflection’s Law - Reflection in spherical mirrors - Refraction’s Law
-Absoluterefractiveindex -Refraction through a plate- Refraction through an optic prism -Totalreflection-Prismsandthetotalrefraction -Converginglenses- Diverging lenses
4129 Opticalrayprojectorandcolormixer Thisfundamentalitemforthestudyoflightphenomena,iscompo-
sedofarectangularcase(175x90x55mm)containingalampwithverticalfilament(12V-36W)placedintheupperpart.Asystemofcylindricalconverginglensesenablesyoutoobtainconverging,divergingorparallellightbeams
Onthefrontofthecasetherearethreewindowswithhinges,whoseinternalpartaremirror-likeandendowedwithguidesforinsertingdiaphragmsandothercolourfilters.Thewholeequipmentiscontainedinawoodcase.Power-unitincluded.
Contents:- Reflection lawS - Refraction in diverging lenses- Reflection in the mirrors - Refraction in prisms- Refraction lawS - Dispersion of white light-Totalreflection -Filters- Refraction in a plate - Primary and secondary colours- Refraction in converging lenses - Colours’ composition
4095 Geometricalopticskitwithredlaserraybox Thiskitallowsveryeffectivedemonstrationsofgeometricaloptics.
Itcomprehendsametalblackboardwithbacksupport,aseriesof6magneticfilm-packedtableswithassemblyscheme,aseriesof3mirrors,aseriesof10plexiglassopticbodiesandtheredlaserrayboxwithitspower-unit.Sinceallcomponentshaveamagneticbase,itispossibletoperformexperimentsinbothhorizontal(students)andvertical(teacher)way,exploitingthemagneticblackboard.
4215 Geometricalopticskitwithgreenlaserraybox4328 RedLaserRayBox Theopticsourceiscomposedof5parallellasers.Throughasmart
solution,thelightbeamsfromthelaser,whichhavecircularsection,areturnedintolinearsectionrays,i.e.intomono-frequencylightblades;theselightbladesallowtheperformanceofallmaingeo-metricalopticsexperiments.Aswitchenableyoutoselectdifferentcombinations,from1to5rays,inordertochoosethemostsuitableconfigurationfortheexperiment.
4150Greenlaserraybox Thisitemhasthesamemechanicalfeaturesoftheredlaserray
box,butherethelaserlightsaregreen.Itissuppliedwithpower-unit
SUPPLIEDEQUIPMENT 1 Laser ray box with power-unit 1 Setofmagneticopticbodies 1 Opticaldiskwithstand
1 Basement 1 Case 1 Didactic Guide
74 SECTION 3 - PHYSICS
geometrical optics
41444111 4112
4329
4329
4321
4321 4321
5607 5607 GEOMETRICAL OPTICS KIT WITH LASER RAY BOX
Withthiskitallmaingeometricalopticsexperimentscanbeeasilyandquicklyperformed.Thelaserrayboxisendowedwithaswitchwiththreedifferentlight-beamconfiguration(1-3-5).Thehigh-qualityopticbodiesenableyoutoseeaneattrajectoryofbothreflectedandrefractedlightbeams.Becauseofaverygoodquality/priceratioandofthegreatnumberandqualityofpossibleexperiments,thiskitrepresentstheidealsolutionforgeometricalopticsresearchofsecondaryandhighschoolclasses.
4321 Geometricalopticskit Thisitemenablesyoutoperform,allphenomenaregardingthegeometricalaspectoflightpropagation,onanhorizontalstand.Thecomponentshavebeendesignedtosimplifyandtospeeduptheperformance.
4329 Opticalfibreskit This educational model allows the observation of a wave guide’s beha-viour and the measurement of an optical fibre’s numerical opening as therefractiveindexofthemantlevaries(air,water,alcohol).
Opticalprisms4016 Plexiglassequilateralprism.30x30mm. 4111 Crownglassprism.Facesdimensions:32x32mm. Angle 90º, nD=1,55.4112 Flint glass prism. Faces Dimensions: 32x32 mm. Angle 60º, nD=1,67.
4144 Hollowequilateralprism Theitemallowstheperformanceofexperimentsonrefractometry
withliquids.Sidesdimensionsandheight:40mm
CONTENTS -Light diffusion and the concept of radius- Reflection in a flat mirror-Theopticlever- Reflection in a spheric mirror- Concave mirrors’ aberration- Laws of refraction-Theopticplate
- Refraction in a prism- Measurement of the glass’refractive index throu-
ghthemethodoftheminimaldeviation-Measurementoftherefractiveindexofliquids-Totalreflection-Prismandtotalreflection- Refraction of lenses-Systemoflenses
CONTENTS 1. Reflection in a flat mirror 2. Reflection in a concave mirror 3. Reflection in a convex mirror 4. Refraction law 5.Themeasurementoftherefractiveindexofa
transparentsolid. 6. Themeasurementofthetransparentliquid
refractive.
7. Theprismandthetotalreflection 8. Amici’s prism 9. Converginglenses 10. Diverging lenses11. Twolensessystem 12. Galilei’s telescope 13. Kepler’s telescope
SUPPLIEDEQUIPMENT 1 Laser ray box with power-unit 1 Basement 1 Protractor 1 Whitescreenwithcircularbase 1 Plexiglasshollowprism 1 Little square 1 Standforopticbodies 1 Glass (250ml) 1 Flatmirror 1 Double spheric mirror
1 Semi-cylinder 1 Platewithflatandparallelfaces. 1 Equilateral prism’s section 1 Isosceles prism’s section 1 +6 cm converging lens’ section 1 +10 cm converging lens’ section 1 -10 cm diverging lens’ section 1 Equilateral optic prism 1 Experiment Guide 1 Case
SUPPLIEDEQUIPMENT 1 Basewithprotractorandscreen 1 Laser diode with turnable stand 1 Plexiglassbasin
1 Plexiglasspanelist 1 Plexiglasscurvedsilhouette 1 Experiment Guide
SUPPLIEDEQUIPMENT 1 Laser ray box with power-unit 1 Variablegeometrymirror 1 Opticplate 1 Diverging lens 1Converginglens 1 Semi-circularopticbody
1 Semi-circularbasin 1 Amici’s prism 1 Right isosceles prism 1 Geometrical optics’ chart 1 Didactic guide 1 Case
75SECTION 3 - PHYSICS
wave optics
4015
4048
4200
4135 4135
4510
4352
43524352
SUPPLIEDEQUIPMENT 3 ledprojector:red,green,blue
1 Stand1 Power-unit1 Tripodbase1 Whitescreen1 Colourtrianglechart1 Case
4200 ElectricNewton’sdisk Theitemislinkedtoanelectricenginewhichispoweredbyvolta-
ge of 4-6 V DC. It is supplied with 5 disks to show the additive color synthesis.
4048 HandNewton’sdisk Ifthecranckhandleisspined,thedisklookslikewhitebecauseof
the light recombination. Disk diameter: 17 cm.
4510 Benham’sdisk Thissimpleandoriginalmachineshowstheeffectsofdifferent
reply times and image persistence times of retina’s photoreceptors. Ifyoulightupthediskandmakeitturn,itispossibletoseeringswhosecolourchangesaccordingtotherotatoryspeedandfrompersontoperson.Theitemissuppliedwithstand,batteryholderandcables,butwithoutbattery.
4135 Transparentcolouredspades Sixdifferentcolours.Superimposingthespadesandexposingthem
toalightsource,itispossibletolearntheconceptofprimaryandsecondary colours. Didactic guide included.
4015 ColoursandvisionKit Itemcomposedof: -1setof3primarycolourfilters; -1setof3secondarycolourfilters; -1chartwithcolourtriangle; -1chartwith4stereoscopicfigures -1pairofstereoscopicspectacles.
4352 Additivecoloursynthesisapparatus Withthisapparatusitispossibletoperformtheadditivecolour
synthesisoftheprimarycolours:red,greenandblue.Theapparatusiscomposedof3ledprojector,whoseintensitycanbechangedwithcontinuity.Inthiswayitispossibletoobtainthewhitecolourandalltheothercoloursofthecolourtriangle
CONTENTS
-Binarycoloursynthesis;example:red+green=yellow-Complementarycolours-Thetrichromaticcoordinates-Colourtriangle-Colourreproduction
76 SECTION 3 - PHYSICS
wave optics
4110
4126 EMX155
4117
4116 4115
4353
4353
4353
4353 Subtractivecoloursynthesisapparatus Thesubtractivecoloursynthesisisthebaseforcolourprintingand
itexploitsthemethodofthechromaticfiltersinseries.Thiskitenablesyoutoexperimentsothat,subtractingdifferentchromaticcomponentsfromthewhitelight,youcanobtainprimarycoloursortheiradditivesynthesisonawhitescreen.Intheprintingmethod,varnishesandinksplaytheroleofthefilters.
Accordingtotheadditivecoloursynthesis: Red + Green = Yellow R + G = Y Red + Blue= Magenta R + B = M Green + Blue= Cyan G + B = C Red + Green + Blue = White R + G+ B =W Consequently,ifyouplaceawhitelightsourcebefore: - a yellow filter, you subtract the blue color: W - B = G
- a magenta filter, you subtract the green color W - G = M - a cyan filter, you subtract the red colour W - R = C
-Ayellowfilter+amagentafilter+acyanfilter, you subtract blue, green and red colours. W - B - G- R = N.
4126 DidacticSpectroscope Theitemcantesttheemissionandtheabsorptionofspectralradia-
tions.Modelfordirectvision
EMX155 Pocketspectroscope Half-professional model with Amici’s prism and adjustable slit.
Itissuppliedwithcuvette-holderinordertoexamineabsorptionspectrums.Anadjustablemirrorallowstheprojectionofareferen-cial spectrum in the eyepiece’s field.
4116 Disksfornewton’srings Coupleofglassdisks;onehasplane,parallelfaces;theotherhasa
slightly spherical curve.They are superimposed so to produce Newton interferencerings,whicharemonochromaticifyouuselaserlightand become coloured if you use white light.Disk diameter : 55 mm.
4115 Fresnel’sdoubleprism Double prism with very small refractive angle, obtained from a
wholeblockofglass.Insertitinathinlightbeamanditrefractsthebeam’s two halves, superimposing them to generate interference fringes.
4117 Polarymetrictube Theitemismadeofplexiglass,itisclosedatitsendsandithasanupper
openingwhereyoucanpourtheliquidunderexamination.Itispossibletoshow the rotatory power of the solutions’ polarizing plane in function of theirconcentrationbyusingtwopolarizingfilters.
4110 Coupleofpolarizingfilters Screendimensions:100x100mm;stemdiameter:6mm.
Theyaresuppliedwithgraduatedscale.
SUPPLIEDEQUIPMENT 1 Whitelightprojector 1 Projector’s power-unit 3 Filterholders 1 Whitescreen
1 Serieof3secondarycolourfilters 5 Bases 1 Case
77SECTION 3 - PHYSICS
wave optics
4209
4028
4335
4212
4354
4207
41054104
4143
4151
42074207 Reddiodelaserdevicewithstand Continuousemissiondevicewithpower-unit.Visibleupto35m;
power:<1mW;wavelength:635nm.Itissuppliedwitharemo-vablelenswhichisabletoturnthecircularsectionoftherayintoalinearone.Jointedstanddiameter:10mm.
Basenotincluded.
4354Reddiodelaserdevicewithmagneticbaseandlens Thiscontinuousemissionlaserdeviceissuppliedwithlenstoobtain
alinearrayoflight.Moreoverbaseandbattery-holderaresup-pliedwithmagnetsinordertobeappliedtoamagneticblackboard.Wavelength:approx.635mm.Power:1mW.
4151 Greendiodelaserdevicewithstand Ithasacontinuousemission;power-unitincluded.Power:3mW;
wavelength:532mm.Itissuppliedwithalenstoobtainalineartrace.Adjustablestanddiameter:10mm.Basenotincluded.
4335 Setof4interferencialfilters Withabandwidthofonly10nmband,theygreatlyincreasethe
precision planck costant’s measurement with code 5227
4104 Diaphragmwith1slit Onframe(50x50mm),tobemountedonfilter-holdercode4017.
Slit’s width:0,1mm.
4105 Diaphragmwith2slits Onframe(50x50mm),tobemountedonfilter-holdercode4017.
Slit’s width:0,1mm.Pass0,1mm. Diffractiongrating Onframe(50x50mm),tobemountedonfilter-holder40174106 80lines/mm 4212 500lines/mm 4213 1000lines/mm
4143 Setof3diffractiongratings
4028 Kirchoff-Bunsen’sspectroscope Theitemismountedonacircular,metalplatform,anditiscom-
posedof:1collectorwithadjustableslit,1collectorwitheyepieceandcrossgrating,1scale-holdercollimatorwithgraduatedscale.
The collimator’s slit is supplied with a small prism which allows you to comparethespectrumoftwodifferentsources.Whilethecollimator,endowedwith28mmachromaticobjective,isfixedtotheplatform,thecollector,whichisendowedwiththesameobjective,canspinonaalidademantainingthecentraldirectionalaxis.Theadjustablescale-holder,collimatorprojectstheimageofthegraduatedscaleinthecollectoreyepiecethroughthereflectionononeoftheprismfaces.Thelatterisanequilateralprismmadeofhighlydispersivematerialanditismountedonacentralrotatingdisk.Itissuppliedwithworkcharts
4209 Spectrum-protractor Thisinstrumenthasverygoodopticandmechanicalfeatureswhich
allow the exact measurement of the optical rays’ deviation angles; thereforeitcandeterminetherefractiveindexofsolidsandliquidsandthewavelengthofmonochromaticsources.
Base: made of fire-varnished cast-iron Ø 17,5 cm and divided in 360°withaprecisionof1°.Ithastwodiametricallyoppositevernierscalewhi-chenableavaluationof1/10°. Telescope:ithasachromaticobjectiveswithan178mmfocallengthanda15xeyepiece.Focusingallowsafineregulation.Collimator:endowedwithachromaticobjectivewith178mmfocallengthandwithasteadyadjustableslitupto6mm.Planeoftheprism:itcanbeadjustedbothverticallyandhorizontallyanditissupliedwith clamps for the fixing of the diffraction grating. Diameter: 80 mm. Equipment: 1 Crown glass equilateral prism 32x32 mm; 1 diffraction gra-ting 500 lines/mm; 1magnifying. Dimensions: 48x33x33h cm. Weight: 12 Kg.
78 SECTION 3 - PHYSICS
wave optics4326
4035
4325
OBSERVATION OF AN ABSORPTION SPECTRUM
4337 5345
4338 ..... 4350
SPECTRUM lAMPS FOR 4035
4326 Projectorforspectroscope Whentheitemisplacedinfrontofatubewithagraduatedscale,
itilluminatesthescale,thusallowingtheoperatortoreadthewavelengthofthespectrumrows.Thebaseissoldseparately(code0010)
4325 Emisssionandabsorptionspectrumrowskit Theitemiscomposedofaburnerwhereyouneedtoplacecotton
wadsdrenchedinasaturatedsolutionmadeofalcoholandsodiumchloride(included).Ifyouobservetheflamewithaspectroscope,you will recognize the sodium’s emission row at 589nm; but if you switchonaprojectorbehindtheflame(code4007,notincluded),youwillseeacontinousspectrumwithsodiumabsorptionrow.
4035 Containerforspectrumlamps Theitemiscomposedofalamp-holderwithlamp-shade,whose
heightisadjustableinordertoallowaperfectallignementwiththecollimatorofthespectroscope.
Spectrumlamps Tousewithcontainercode4035;theyarethemostconvenient
spectroscopylightsource:
4051 Cadmiumspectrumlamp 4052 Cesiumspectrumlamp 4053 Helium spectrum lamp 4054 Mercuryspectrumlamp 4055 Potassiumspectrumlamp 4056 Sodiumspectrallamp 4057 Neon spectrum lamp. 4058 Zincspectrumlamp.
4337 Power-unitforspectrumtubes Power-unitabletogiveelectrichighvoltage,inordertodownload
allspectrumtubes.Powersupply:220V.
Spectrumtubesforpower-unit43374338 Oxygen 4339 Carbondioxide 4340 Air 4341 Helium 4342 Watersteam 4343 Nitrogen 4344 Neon 4345 Argon 4346 Hydrogen 4347 Bromine 4348 Mercury 4349 Iodine 4350 Krypton
4123 Spectrumtubeskit,withpower-unit Thiskitiscomposedofthepower-unitcode4337andof13
spectrumtubesfromcode4338tocode4350
5345 StandforPlücher’stubes Theitemiscomposedof:abase;avertical,metalstand;acouple
ofinsulatedclampswithstandrodwithring.Clampsaresuitablefor4mmplugs. Plücher’s tubes not included .
79SECTION 3 - PHYSICS
wave optics4322
4322 - MEASUREMENT OF ThE EXTENSION OF ThE VISIBlE SPECTRUM
4336
4336: SUN SETTINg
4327
4327 PROjECTION OF AN hOlOgRAM 4327 DIFFRACTIONFROM A gRATINg
4322 Apparatusforthemeasurementofwhitelight’swavelength Thisapparatusdeterminesthewhitelightwavelengththroughthe
diffractiongratingformula.Itispossibletomeasurethewavelen-gthofbothlaserradiationandvisibleradiation.
Contents: -Measurementofthelaserwavelength -Spectrumofvisiblelight -Measurementofradiationsofthevisiblelight
4327 Kitforthestudyofwaveoptics Acoherentlightsource(diodelaserdevice)isexploitedtoshowthe
principlesofthewaveoptics:polarization;interference;diffractionandholografy.Componentsareendowedwithamagneticbase,inordertobeplacedsafelyonamagneticblackboard(included)
CONTENTS - Light’s interference -Interferenceonathinplate - Michelson’s interferometer - Light diffraction -Circularholediffraction -Squaredholediffraction - Diffraction grating - Holography - Light polarization - Light absorption
4336 Lightdiffusionkit Ifyouturnasolutioncontainingasulphursaltintoacid,in10minutes
sulphurcrystalsincreaseprogressively.Whentheirdimensionbecomescomparable to light’s wavelength, light diffusion takes place. According to Rayleigh’s explanation,the blue component is deflected much more effectivelythantheredone,whichgoesonundisturbed.Thusitispos-sibletosimulatethephenomenonwhichcausesthebluecoloroftheskyandthered-wishcoloroftheSunandoftheMoonwhentheyareonthehorizon.Withthepolarizingfilteritisalsopossibletostudythepolarizationofthediffusedlight.Theopticprojector(code4007)hastobeboughtseparately.
SUPPLIEDEQUIPMENT1Basin 1 Dropper1Polarizingfilter1Sulphitesodiumbottle
1 Diluted sulphuric acid bottle 1 Glass stirrer 1Semi-transparentscreen
SUPPLIEDEQUIPMENT 1 Opticalbench 4 Riders 1 Opticprojector 1 Projectorpower-unit 1 Diode laser device with power-unit 1 Slitforprojector 2 Filterholders
1 Graduated white screen 1 Diffraction grating 3 Colouredfilters 1 Experiment Guide 1 Case
80 SECTION 3 - PHYSICS
optical benches
SUPPLIEDEQUIPMENT 1Opticalbenchwithstand 1 Dioptric projector1Transformer 1 Diaphragm with 1 slit 1 Diaphragm with 4 slits 1 Diaphragm with arrow-shaped slit 2 Lens holders1Setof3lenses 1 Half-transparent slide1Transparentslide 1 Red Filter 1 Green filter1BlueFilter 1 Diaphragm with square hole1Slide1Whitescreenwithgraduatedscale1Semi-cylindricallens1 Isoscelesprism 1 Equilateral prism1Prismholder1Opticalprism2Protractors(verticalandhorizontal)
1 Glass100 ml 1 Double spherical mirror1Flatmirror1Sphericalmirror 1 Half-cylinder1Standwithmetalbase 1 Earth-Moon system 1 Diode laser device 1Adjustableslit 1 Diaphragm with 1 micrometric slit 1 Diaphragm with 2 micrometric slits 1 Diffraction grating 1 Diaphragm with hole Ø 2 mm 1 Diaphragm with hole Ø 0,4 mm 1 Diaphragm with hole Ø 0,2 mm2Slideholders2Polarizingfilters1Polarimetrictube 1 Linear ruler 1 Experiment Guide1Case
4202
4202 - IMAgES ThROUgh lENSES
4080
4202 Smallopticalbench 30possibleexperiments
4080 Waveandgeometricalopticsbench Withthisopticalbench,theteachercanperformagreatnumber ofquantitativeandqualitativeexperimentsonbothgeometrical
andondulatingaspectofopticwaves.Thisbenchisanecessaryeducationalinstrumentinordertomakealessonbecomingarealmomentofunionbetweentheoryandexperimentalreality,andthisbecauseofthequicknessofitsassemblyandtheeaseinperformingtheexperiments.
CONTENTS1. Dioptric projector2. Rectilinear propagation of light3. Eclipses4.Moonphases5. Lighting law6. Diffusion of light7. Reflection of light8. Reflection of light into spherical mirrors9 Refraction of light10. Refractive index and the colours of light11.Totalreflection12. Refraction of light through a prism
13. Dispersion of the white light14. Lenses15.Imagesinflatmirrors16.Imagesinsphericalmirrors17.Conjugatepointsofsphericalmirrors18.Imagesinconverginglenses19.Conjugatepointsofconverginglenses20.Theeyeanditsdefects21.Correctionoftheeyedefects22.Thecompoundmicroscope23.Theslideprojector
SUPPLIEDEQUIPMENT1 Linear ruler 1 Equilateral prism 1 Red filter 1 Green filter 1Purplefilter1Semi-transparentglass1Slide1Plexiglasshalf-cylinder1 Diaphragm with square hole 1Flatmirror1Smallflatmirror1Isoscelesprism1Opticalbench4 Riders1 Dioptric projector1 Diaphragm with slits
1Transformer;12V,2A1Converginglens+101Converginglens+201 Diverging lens –10 1Concavemirror+101Convexmirror-101Whitescreen1Standforscreen1 Earth-Moon system 1Filterholder1Protractor1Transparentslide1 Glass 100 ml 1 Experiment Guide1 Case
CONTENTS 1. Rectilinear propagation of light and its
boundaries 2. Shadowandsemidarkness 3. SunandMooneclipses 4. Moonphases 5. Irradiation’s law 6. Reflection and refraction - the law 7. Totalreflection-limitangle 8. Reflection in the mirrors 9. Refraction of the prism-dispersion10. Limit angle - minimum deviation11. Refraction into lenses
12. Imagesinthemirrors13. Imagesintolenses14. Focaldistancesandconjugatepoints15. Theeyeanditsdefects16. Opticinstruments17. Diffraction18. The interference according to Young19. Measurementofl20. Diffraction grating21. Transversalityoftheopticwaves22. Polarization23. Solutions’rotatory power
wE SUggEST ThE USE OF ThE gREEN lASER CODE 4151 TOO, TO BE PURChASED SEPARATEly
81SECTION 3 - PHYSICS
static electricity52805348
5321
5090 5068
5408
5085
5115
5408
Electrifiablerods5139 Hard rubber rod 5002 Plexiglassrod 5003 PVCrod 5058 Glass rod
5348 Setof5rods Thesetiscomposedof5electrifiablerods:plexiglass,nylon,hard
rubber,glass,hardrubber-brass.Withwoolcloth,silkclothandrodstand.
5280 Electroscope Ifyoubringanelectrifiedbodyneartheplateoftheinstrument,
theleafdivergesbecauseoftheelectrostaticrepulsionwiththerigid stand. With graduated scale. Height: 20 cm.
5321 Setofinstrumentsforelectrostaticexperiments Contents 1.Theelectrification 2.Twoelectriccharges 3.Theelectroscope 4.Theelectricforces 5.Theelectrostaticinduction
5090 Doubleelectricpendulum Ifyoubringanelectrifiedbodyneartheinstrument,itstwoballs
divergebecausetheyadquireanelectricchargeofthesamesign,duetotheelectricinduction.
5068 Volta’sElectrophore Theitemiscomposedofaplexiglassbaseyoucanelectrifyby
rubbingit;onthisbasethereisanaluminumdiskwithinsulatinghandle.Ifyoubringthediskneartheelectrifiedbaseseveraltimes,andeachtimeyouconnectitsupperfacetotheground,itispossi-bletostorebigquantitiesofelectricityonit,tothepointthatyoucanobtainelectricdischargesupto1cmlong.
5085 Wimshurst’selectrostaticmachine The item has two special disks which don’t deform as time passes.
Two Leyda decomposable bottles. Adjustable distributor. Spark: 50-60 mm. Disks diameter: 400 mm.
5115 Wimshurst’selectrostaticmachine, economicalmodel Spark: 30-40 mm. Disks diameter: 250 mm.5408 Hand,electricVandeGraaff’sgenerator Theitemispoweredbyalow-voltageengineorbyhand.Itisable
toproduceapotentialdifferenceupto300.000Vwith10cmlongsparks.Spherediameter:27cm.
SUPPLIEDEQUIPMENT 2 Plexiglassrods 2 PVCrods 1 Double electric pendulum with rods stand
2 Rags 1 Electroscope 1 Didactic Guide 1 Case
SUPPLIEDEQUIPMENT 1 Power-unit3-12V 1 Electric whirl
1 Spherewithstand 1 Electric feather
2 Cables100cm 1 Protectivespectacles
82 SECTION 3 - PHYSICS
static electricity5084
5046
5073 5091
5404
5087
5092
50995203
5051
5204
5084 ElectricVandeGraaff’sgenerator Theitemispoweredbyanet-voltageelectricengine. Itcanproduceapotentialdifferenceofabout200.000Vwitha
maximumcurrent30mA(meaningitisnotdangerousfortheuser).Sparklength:6cm.
We recommend to link the sphere-distributor’s base to the ground throughthebindingpost.
Itissuplliedwiththesphere-distributor,withanelectricspoonandwith one cable. Diameter of the discharge sphere: 200 mm. Dimensions: 300x220x600 mm.
5404 VandeGraaffgenerator’sequipmentkit Itiscomposedof:universalstand;metalspherewithinsulating
handle; electric whirl; dance of the balls; Faraday’s cage; Faraday’s well;electrostaticengine;articulateddischarger;sparklingpanel;electricpendulum;blowingpoint;electricfeather;twoalligatorclips;twocables.
5051 Setofaccessoriesforelectrostaticmachines Thesetconsistof:danceoftheballs,doubleelectricpendulum,2
cables,paperplume,blowingpoint,electricwhirl,candlewithcandle-holder,2alligatorclipsandstand.
5099 Electricwhirl Theitemcanshowthedispersivepowerofthepointsthankstothe
mechanicaleffect.
5046 BlowingPoint Theitemcanshowthedispersivepowerofthepoints
5203 Irregularconductor Madeofchromebrass,theconductorenablesyoutoexperimenton
thepotentialandthedensityofchargeininsulatedconductorLength: 220 mm. Height: 300 mm.
5204 Pointedconductor Madeofnickel-platedbrass,itenablesyoutoexperimenton
chargedistributionininsulatedconductors. Length: 220 mm. Height: 300 mm.
5092 Articulateddischarger Withinsulatedhandle
5073 Electrostaticbellring Ifyouconnecttheapparatustoanelectrostaticmachine,the
pendulumhitsthetwobellsaternativelybecauseoftheelectricactions Height: 380 mm.
5091 Sphericalconductor Forexperimentsonelectrization(throughcontactandthrough
induction),onthepotentialandchargedensityinconductors Sphere diameter: 100 mm. Height: 370 mm.
5087 Coulomb’ssphere For experiments on electrostatic induction (Faraday’s well, for
example) Itissupliedwithelectricspoon. Sphere diameter: 100 mm. Height: 370 mm.
83SECTION 3 - PHYSICS
static electricity
5072
5070 5071
5140
8502
50885351
5089
5324
5070 Cylindricalconductor Forexperimentsonelectrization(throughcontactandinduction),
onthepotentialandchargedensityofconductors. Cylinder length: 220 mm.Height: 320 mm.
5071 Coupleofcylindricalconductors Beingakindofdivisibleconductor,thisapparatusallowsthe
verificationoftheelectricpolesduringthephenomenonoftheelectrostaticinduction
5072 Cavendish’shemispheresandsphericalconductor Theitemcanverifythattheelectricchargeinmetalconductorsis
distributedontheirsurface.Ifyouputthesphereincontactwiththehemispheres,thespheredischargescompletely.Spherediame-ter 100 mm. Height: 370 mmM
5140 Faraday’scage Theitemissuppliedwithdoubleelectricpendulum,thusallowing
theperformanceofexperimentsontheelectrostaticscreen.Diameter: 120 mm.Height : 260 cm.
5089 Coupleofconductorswithelectroscope Theyhavethesamefunctionofthepreviouscoupleofconductors
code5071,withtheadvantageofbeingconnectedtotwoleafelectroscopes.
5351 Deviceforshowingthefluxlinesoftheelectricfield
Theitemiscomposedofatraymadeoftransparentmaterial,tobeplacedonanoverheadprojector,andofelectrodestobefixedalongtherimofthetray.Thelatterisfilledwithcastoroil;semo-linaseedsfloatontheoilsurface.Ifyouconnecttwoelectrodestothepolesofthehigh-voltagegenerator(code5324)ortoanelectrostaticmachine,thebehaviourofthefluxlinesoftheelectricfieldbecomesvisible.Theitemissuppliedwith250mlofcastoroilandabottleofsemolina
5088 Leyda’sbottle Cylindricalcondenserforexperimentsontheelectricalcapacity.Itis
suppliedwithinsulatedhandletoextracttheinnerframeworkwhenthe condenser is charged. Glass height: 130 mm. Diameter: 60 mm.
5324 Generator5kVDC Thisgeneratorisanecessaryinstrumenttoperformquantitative
experimentsonelectrostaticsandtofeedvacuumtubes.Itsuseisn’t dangerous for the operator because, even in case of a short circuit,themaximumcurrentreachsonly2mAbecauseofagreatoutputresistance.itissuppliedwithtwohighlyinsulatedsecuritycables.
Theoutputvoltageisadjustablewithcontinuityupto5kVcc. Built-indigitalvoltmeterwith3digits Fixoutput6,3Vca/3A. Dimensions: 285x220x140 mm.
8502 Setof10capacitors Composedof: 1ceramiccapacitor2,2 mF; 1ceramiccapacitor4,7 mF; 1ceramiccaacitor10 mF; 1electrolyticcapacitor470 mF; 2electrolyticcapacitors1.000 mF; 2electrolyticcapacitors2.200 mF;
1electrolyticcapacitor4.700 mF; 1electrolyticcapacitor10.000 mF.
Tobeusedwithbasescode5056,soldseparately(seepage83),inordertoconstitutebatteriesinseriesandinparallel.Maximumvoltage:25V.
84 SECTION 3 - PHYSICS84
5093
5381
5703
5703 SUCTION OF ThE SMOkE
5703 PRECIPITATION OF ThE SMOkE
5093 Epino’scapacitor Itisacapacitorwhichallowsyoutoprovethattheelectriccapacity
dependsonthedistancefromtheframeworkandonthedielectricmaterial
Itcanbeusedtoshowthefluxlinesofauniformelectricfieldtoo.
5703 Electrostaticsmokeprecipitator Thesmokesandpowderscomingoutofthechimneysofthosemills
wheretoxicsubstancesareused,contributegreatlytoairpollution. Withthisapparatusyoucanshowhowtoobtaintheirelimination.
Usingarubbertube,alighted-upsigaretteisputincommunicationwiththeinsideoftheflask
Ifyousuckouttheairusingthepump,theflaskfillsupwithsmoke.Theinternalelectrode,whichispointed,andtheexternalplatemustbeconnectedtoanelectrostaticmachine(wesuggestthecode5085).
Switchingonthemachine,youwillnoticethat,atfirst,thesmokespinsaroundandthenitdisappears.
Ifyourepeatthisoperationseveraltimes,thewallsbecomeblack.Cleaningtheflaskwithabitofwhitespirit,thetarcontainedinthecigarette’s smoke melts down, allowing the teacher to show the damagecausedtotheairways.Istructionguideincluded.
5381 Electrostaticengine Linking the terminals to an electrostatic machine, the sphere made
ofinsulatingmaterial,startstospinquickly.Instructionguideinclu-ded.
static electricity
SUPPLIEDEQUIPMENT 1 Flaskwithstopper 1Metaldisk 1 Pointedelectrodes 1 Rubber tube 1 Transparenttube 1 Suctionpump 2 Cables 1 Mohr’s pincers 1 whitespiritbottle
85SECTION 3 - PHYSICS 8585
5045
5209
5714
5380 5380
5380
NEW
static electricity5714 Electrostaticcell Anhermeticallysealedacryliccase,containingpolystyrenetiny
balls.Whentheupperpartisrubbedforalongtimewithacloth,theelectrostaticchargegeneratedmakestheballsmoving,demonstratingtheactionamongcharges.Dimensions: 180x180x40mm.
5045 Electrometer Theitemisabletomeasureelectrostaticpotentialsupto5kV.The
metalstandhasaholeforthegrounding.Itissuppliedwithdiskcondenser, Faraday’s well and electric spoon
5209 Electrometer-Coulombmeter Withthisverysensibleinstrumentitispossible: -tomeasuretheelectricpotentialofaconductororofacondenser -tomeasuretheelectricchargeofaconductororofacondenser -tomeasuretheintensityofveryweakelectriccurrents It is supplied with knob, condenser, Faraday’s well and electric
spoon
5380 Coulombmeter Thissimpleinstrumentscanmeasure,withagoodapproximation,
thevalueoftheelectricchargeofabody,andthesignofit
SUPPLIEDEQUIPMENT 1 Glass rod 1 PVCrod 1 Faraday’s well 4 Batteries
86 SECTION 3 - PHYSICS
electrical conduction
5147 5164
5063 - 5271 - 5075 - 5062 - 5192
5012 - 5191 - 5076
5010
5160 5325
5357
5406 5406 Elementarycircuitskit Thiskitenableswhohasjustbegunthestudyoftheelectrical
physics,todoexperimentsonthesimplestelectriccircuits
5147 Knifeswitch Max.voltage:12V.Max.current:5A.
5164 Lamp-holderwith6Vlamp
5271 LampE106V/5W Suitableforlamp-holdercode5164.
Connectivecables Diameter: 3 mm. Max. current: 8A. Max. voltage: 24V. Piston pins
withtransversalhole.5012 Length: 30 cm. 5013 Length: 60 cm. 5082 Length: 100 cm.
5191 10cableswithalligatorclips Length 50 cm. Max. current: 5 A.
5076 Nickel-chromewire Length 100 cm. It has terminal piston pins to experiment on the
Ohm’s laws
Safetycables Diameter: 4 mm. Max. current: 8A. Max. voltage: 1000V. Metal
partwithprotectiveretractablesheathinordertoavoidaccidentalcontacts. Piston pin with axial hole. Complying with CEI standard 1010-1.
5160 Length: 25 cm. 5161 Length: 50 cm. 5162 Length: 100 cm.
5325 Rackforcables 24positions,itcanbefixedtothewall.
5010 LampE126V-2W Tobeusedwithlamp-holdercode5009.
5063 Connectionjournalboxforcables
5075 Rodwithinsulator Height: 10 cm. Foot diameter: 6 mm.
5062 Alligatorclip Withdoublesocketforcables
5192 Alligatorclip Withinsulation,withbutton.
5357 Batteriesconnectionkit Thiskitallowstheelectricalconnectionto1torchbattery.
You can also connect two batteries in series and two batteries in parallel.
CONTENTS 1. Lamp with switch 2. Lamps in series
3. Lamps in parallel
SUPLIEDEQUIPMENT 2 Lamps with lamp holder 2 Switches
1 Batteryholder 6 Cables
87SECTION 3 - PHYSICS
electrical conduction5009 - 5008 - 5136
5132 - 5137 - 5056
5101
5176
5098
8503
5156
8504
5157
5009 LampholderE12onbase Tobeusedwithlampscode5010. Dimensions: 100x50x25 mm.
5008 Switchonbase Dimensions: 100x50x25 mm.
5136 Deflectoronbase Dimensions: 100x50x25 mm.
5132 Rehostat22ohmonbase Dimensions: 100x50x25 mm.
5137 Inverteronbase Dimensions: 100x50x25 mm.
5056 Resistor-holderandcondenser-holderbase Dimensions: 100x50x25 mm.
5156 Setof6nickel-chromeconductors Theconductorsaremountedonaplasticbase(125x75mm)and
protectedbyaplexiglassplate. 1 Resistor 18Ω with Ni-Cr wire; 2 Resistors 18Ω with Ni-Cr wire; 1 Resistor 5Ω with Ni-Cr wire; 2 Resistors 13Ω with Ni-Cr wire. Forexperimentsonthepropertiesofresistorsinseriesandinpa-
rallel.Max.current:1A.
5157 Setof8nickel-chromeconductors Theconductorsaremountedonplasticbase(200x150mm)and
protected by a plexiglass plate. Ni-Cr wire. 5resistors10Ω inseries; 1 Resistor 20Ω; 1 Resistor 30Ω;Ω 1 Resistor 100Ω; Ω Max.current:1A.
8503 Setof4metalwire,10m,Ø0,3mm Components: Nickel 0,88 Ohm/m Costantan 6,98Ohm/m Nickel-Chrome 15,14 Ohm/m Kantal 18,00 Ohm/m
5176 Seriesof10resistors Ohmvalues:10-12-15-18-22-56-68-100-120-150.
Power:5W.Tobeusedwithbasescode5056(soldseparately)inordertoproducebatteriesinseriesandinparallel
8504 Ohmlaws’plank Tobeusedwiththesetofwirescode8503(seeabove)inorderto
experimentonOhm laws. Dimensions: 500x60 mm. It is supllied withshort-circuitbridge.
5098 Seriesofconductors For the verification of Ohm’s laws. Composed of: 1 nickel-chrome wire, Ø 1,5 mm; 2 nickel-chrome wires, Ø 0,75 mm; 1 copper wire, Ø 1,5 mm; 1bridge. Dimensions: 1000 x 100 mm.
5101 Slide-wirebridge Withgraduatedscaleandcursor. Wirelength100cm.
88 SECTION 3 - PHYSICS
electrical conduction
5094
5270
5403
5400
5146
5218 5233
5130
5144 5389 5133
5130 Setforexperimentsontheelectriccircuits Tobeusedwithanelectric,low-voltagepowerunit,whichcanbe
adjustedfrom0to12V.Suppliedwithexperimentguide. Structuremadeofvarnishedmetal Paneldimensions:57x33mm. Contents 1.Theelectriccircuit 2.Theinsertionoftheswitch 3.Currentmeasurementwiththeammeter4.VoltagemeasurementwiththeVoltmeter 5. Verification of Ohm’s first law 6. Charges in series 7. Charges in parallel 8. Electrical nets
5400 Wheatstone’sbridge Withthehelpofthegalvanometercode5158,thissmallWheastone
bridgeenablesyoutomeasurearesistanceinasimpleandquickway.Itissuppliedwiththreecomparisonresistorswith1%tole-rance,whicharemountedonthreesmallbridgesandwiththreeunknown-valueresistorsforthetrials.Basedimensions:130x130mm.Max.voltage:2V.
5270 Resistances’box Withfivedecadeboxes.Percentualmistake0,1%.Plasticcase.
Measurementrange:from0to9999,9Ohmwith1Ohmstep.
5403 LinearWheatstone‘sbridge Costantanslide-wirebridgewithgraduatedrulerandslidingindex.It
has been designed to be used as a Wheatstone bridge. Length: 1 m.
Lineararmouredrehostats160W Theyaremadeofmechanicallysolid,non-inflammablematerials.
Thecanewhichsupportsthewindingismadeofspecialrefractorymaterialfeaturingahighmechanicalandheatresistance,thewin-dingismadeofoxidized,cookedconstantan.
Dimensions: 270x92x163h mm. Peso 4,8 Kg. RESISTANCE(Ω)MAX.CURRENT(A)5094 1 13 5095 10 4 5096 100 1,25 5097 1000 0,22
Lineardidacticrehostats Forvoltagesupto24V. RESISTANCE(Ω)MAX.CURRENT(A)5218 10 2 5219 50 1,5 5220 200 1
5233 Graetz’sbridge Theitemismountedonbase(100x100mm).Itcanstrightenup
twohalf-waves,visualizingtheconductionstateofthediodethrou-gh the use of LEDs.
5146 Silicadiodeonbase Theitemismountedonavarnishedaluminiumbase(100x50x25
mm).Itcanstrightenupahalf-wave
5144 NTCThermistoronbase Theitemismountedonavarnishedaluminumbase(100x50x25
mm).Itsresistancevarieswithanegativetemperature
5389 PTCThermistoronbase Theitemvariesitsresistancewithapositivetemperature 5133 Photoresistoronbase Theitemismountedonavarnishedaluminiumbase(100x50x25
mm).Itvariesitsresistanceinfunctionofthelightreceived.
SUPPLIEDEQUIPMENT 1 Panelwithtwoinstruments 10 Bridgeswithshort-circuit 2 Bridgeswithswitch 2 Bridgeswithlamp
5 Bridgeswithresistor 4 Cables30cm 2 Cables60cm 1 Experiment Guide
89SECTION 3 - PHYSICS
electrical conduction
SUPPLIEDEQUIPMENT 1 Batteryholder 1 Assemblytable 6 flexiblecables 10 Bridges 4 linearconductors 1 “T” shaped conductor 2 “L” shaped conductor 4 Insulators 2 lampholderwithlamps 2 Deflectors 2 Resistors
1 Fuse-holder 10 Fuses 4 Universalconnector 1 Rehostat 1 Powerrelay 1 Spoolofkantalwire 1 Spool of Nickel-chrome wire 1 Voltmeter 1 Ammeter 1 Didactic Guide 1 Case
5332
lIghTINg OF 2 lAMPS CONTROllED By A DEFlECTOR
5333
5712 57125712 Boardfortheproductionofsimpleelectriccitrcuits Thisapparatusenablesyoutocreateconnectionsinseriesandin
parallelbetweendifferentelectricaldipoles,suchaslightbulbs,resistors,condensers,leds,etc.simplythroughtheuseofspringconnectors.Itcomprehendsasmallspacetostorealldifferentcomponentsandabattery-holdertoinserttwoAAtypebatteries.
5332 Modularsetforthestudyoftheelectricalcircuits Thismodularsetenablestheperformanceofmanyexperimentson
electricalconduction,reducingtoaminimumtheuseofconnectingcables.Inthisway,besidessimplifyingtheoperativeproductionofcircuits,theirschemearehighlighted.
Assemblytabledimensions:45x33cm.15possibleexperiments
Contents 1. Lamp with a sole control 2.Theprotectivefuse 3. Lamps in series with a sole control 4. Lamps in parallel with a sole control 5. Lamps in parallel with deflector 6. Lamps with double control by means of deflector 7. Lamp with double control with power relay 8.Useofthevoltmeter 9.Useoftheammeter 10. Ohm’s first law 11. Ohm’s second law 12.Therehostat 13.Thepotentiometer 14.Circuitsinseries 15.Circuitsinparallel
5333 Lectern-likestandforassemblytable
Forabetterviewofthecircuitsassembledonthetable.Theabovedescribedmodularsetisnotsupplied;itmustbeboughtseparately.
90 SECTION 3 - PHYSICS
electrical conductionSUPPLIEDEQUIPMENT 1 Batteryholder 1 Assemblytable 6 Flexiblecables 16 Bridges 5 Linear conductors 2 “T”shaped conductors 1 “L”shaped conductor 6 Universalconnectors 2 Testers 1 Deflector 1 Lamp-holder
1 Crossconductor 1 Light bulb 1 Inductor 5 Condensers 5 Resistors 1 Potentiometer 4 Silicadiodes 1 Photoresistor 1 NTC 1 Transistor 1 Didactic Guide 1 Case
gRAETz’S BRIDgE
5334
5718
NOTICE : FOR ThE AlTERNATINg CURRENT EXPERIMENTS , ThE USE OF ThE FUNCTIONS gENERATOR CODE 5718 IS NECESSARy , TO BE PURChASED SEPARATEly
5334 Modularsetforthestudyofthebasicelectronics Thismodularsetallowstheperformanceofseveralexperimentson
electronicprinciples:fromreactivecomponentstosemiconductors.Themainadvantageliesintheminimumuseoftheconnectingcables.Inthisway,besidessimplifyingtheoperativeproductionofcircuits,theirschemearehighlighted.
Assemblytabledimensions:45x33cm. 18Possibleexperiments Contents 1. Direct-current condenser 2.Voltageandeffectivecurrent 3.Alternating-currentcondenser 4.Thecapacitivereactance 5.Theinductivereactance 6. The RCL circuit-the impendance 7.Thelow-passingfilter 8.Thehigh-passingfilter 9.Conductivityofmetalsandofsemiconductors 10. The p-n junction , the diode and the LED 11.Thehalf-waverectifier 12.Thedoublehalf-waverectifier 13.Thefilteredrectifier 14.Thetransistor 15.Thetransistorasswitch 16.Thetransistorasamplifier
5718Low-frequencysignalsgenerator Thisitemisaprecisionsignalsgenerator,whosepowerisamplified.
Itcangeneratesinewaves,squaredwaves,triangularwaves.Thegenerator’s frequency varies from 0,1 Hz to 99,99KHz. Themaximumoutputpoweris4,5W.
It has a LED display with indication of frequency and of the output width-level.Becauseofitsfeatures,theapparatusisparticularlysuitableforeducationandforscientificresearch.
Technicalfeatures- Output: 4 ohm and 600 ohm. - Amplifier stage’s auxiliary input- Frequency range: 0,1Hz - 99,99KHz with precision 0,01%.-Waveshapes:sine,rectangularandtriangular.-Outputpower:4,5Wonthewholerangeoffrequencies.-Outputwidth:17Vpeak-peak(outputat600ohm);8,8Vpeak-peak(output4ohm)- Output attenuator 1x / 0,1X / 0,01X (on the 600ohm output)
5333
5333 Lecter-likestandforassemblytable Forabetterviewofthecircuitsassembledonthetable.Itisnot
suppliedwiththeabovedescribedmodularset;itmustbeboughtseparately.
91SECTION 3 - PHYSICS
electrical conduction
52515102
5167
5113
5415
5287
5124
5124 Volta’scolumnbattery Itismadeofcopperandzincparts,separatedbyfeltdiskssoaked
inanacidsolution.Itissuppliedwithabottleofacidsolution.
5167 Volta’scupsbattery Itiscomposedof4voltmetersinseries.Itissuppliedwithcopper
and zinc electrodes, acid solution, cables and a LED assembled on a panel.
5287 Humanbattery Placingyourhandontwoofthefourmetalplates(zinc,lead,alu-
miniumandcopper),youwillcreateapotentialdifferencebetweentheplatesbecauseoftheelectricalconductionpropertiesofthehumanbody.Thispotentialdifferencecanbemeasuredthroughtheuseofamillimetricvoltmeter(notincluded)
Tryingallpossiblecombinationsbetweenmetals,itispossibletoguesstheexistenceoftheelectrochemicalseries
Platesdimensions:15x23cm. Boarddimensions:23x65cm.5113 Apparatusfortheelectricalconductivityofliquids Itconsistsof4lightbulbsinparallel.Theelectrolyticliquidsare
pouredinto4glassbeakers,wheretheelectrodesaredipped.Withthissimpleapparatusitispossibletorecognizetheelectrolyticsolutionsandtostudytheconductivityvariationinfunctionoftheconcentration
5415 Electrolyticcell Components: 1Beaker 1Sulphuricacid10%bottle 1 Iron Electrode 1 Electrode-holder stand 2 Zinc Electrodes 2 Copper Electrodes 2 Lead Electrodes 2 Cables
2 Carbon Electrodes 1Coppersulfatesolutionbottle CONTENTS - Electrical conductivity of liquids - The Volta’s battery - Electrical storage battery - The electroplating.
Replacementsforelectrolyticcell5415.1 Electrode replacements kit for code 5415. 5043.1 Coupleofbrasselectrodes. 5043.2 Coupleofleadelectrodes. 5043.3 Coupleofcopperandzincelectrodes
Hofmann’svoltmeter For verifying Faraday’s law. With graduated tubes and their metal stands. Height: 70 cm5102 Withcarbonelectrodes. 5103 Withplatinumelectrodes.
ReplacementsforHofmann’svoltmeter5102.1 Glass part only. 5165 Carbonelectrodes(couple). 5166 Platinumelectrodes(couple). 5251 Demonstrativevoltmeter Non-graduated tubes, closed with latex small tubes and Mohr’s
pincers.Suppliedwithstandandcarbonelectrodes.Glass part heigth: 35 cm.
92 SECTION 3 - PHYSICS
magnetism
51415225
5296 5358
5359
51745105
5238 - 5024 - 5169 - 5170
5183
5182
8517
8516
5173
5279 - 5281 - 5206 STEELMAGNETS5279 Linearrectangularmagnet Dimensions: 170x20x10 mm.5281 “U”shapedmagnet Dimensions: 55x10x14 mm.5286 “U”shapedmagnet Dimensions: 75x16x40 mm.5173 “U”shapedmagnet Dimensions: 200x75x45 mm.5206 Horseshoes-likemagnet NI-COALLOyMAGNETS Madeofcobaltandnickelalloy,thismagnetsareabletocreate
magneticfieldsmuchmoreintensethanthosecreatedbysteelmagnets.Moreover,theirmagnetizationlastsfordecades.
Linearmagnetswithcircularsection5238 Dimensions: 60x6 mm circular, single. 5024 Dimensions: 100x10 mm circular, single. 5169 Dimensions: 150x12 mm circular, single. 5170 Dimensions: 150x12 mm circular, couple. U-shapedmagnetswithstand Dimensions in mm5077 A=19; B=14; C=8; D=19; stand Ø 6 mm. 5141 A=29; B=22; C=11; D=29; stand Ø 6 mm.
U-shapedmagnetswithoutstand5382 80x52,7x21mm. 5383 130x80,5x30mm. 5182 Diskmagnet Made of SINTEROX/F. alloy Diameter: 18 mm. Thickness: 5 mm.5183 Ringmagnet Made of SINTEROX/D alloy External diameter: 51 mm. Internaldiameter:24mm. Thickness:9mm.
NEODyMIUMMAGNETS Made of Neodymium- Iron-Boron alloy, this magnets produce an
exeptionallyintensemagneticfield(about1Tesla).8516 Diskmagnet Diameter 25mm, height 10 mm.8517 Ringmagnet External diameter: 25mm. Internal diameter:10mm Height: 10 mm.MAGNETICNEEDLES5105 Magneticneedle Itismountedonarod120mmandbase. Needle length: 75 mm.5174 Magneticneedlewithprotractor Itismountedonarod(100mm)andbase. Needle length: 60 mm.5296 Setof10magneticneedles Needle length 30 mm; the neddles allows you to draw the flux lines
ofamagneticfield5358Setof10magneticin-boxneedles Diameter: 20 mm height: 8 mm.5359 Setof12compasses Diameter: 25 mm height: 6 mm.5225 Coupleofmagneticneedles Theitemcanshowtheinteractionbetweenmagneticpoles Needle length: 140 mm. Height: 120 mm.
93SECTION 3 - PHYSICS
magnetism
5322
5293
5541
5259
54205405+5024
5027
51255250+5169
52025414
5250 Rotantingstandformagnets Itconsistsofastandrotatingonapoint,sotohighlighttheactions
betweenmagneticpoles.
5125 Magneticforcesapparatus Thisitemallowsyoutovisualizetheremoteactionofmagnetic
forces.Withtworingmagnets5259 Magneticforcesapparatus Thisitemallowsyoutovisualizetheremoteactionofmagnetic
forces.Withtwobarmagnets
6154Ironfilingsbottle,25ml 5027 Apparatusforvisualizingthemagneticspectrum Components: 1 “U”shaped magnet 1 Circular base 1Plexiglassplate 1Ironfilingsbottle
5293 Magnetoscope Part1 Itiscomposedofatransparentcube(80x80x80mm)containinga
siliconoilsolutionwithironfilingsinsuspensionintoit.Insertingthesuppliedlinearmagnetinthecentralhole,thewire-likeironparticleslineuptothespaceflux-linesofthefieldgeneratedbythelinearmagnet.
Part2 Itisbasedonthesameprincipleofthepreviousapparatus;it
enablesabidimensionalrepresentationofthefluxlinesbothofalinear and”U” shaped magnets, both supplied as apparatus’equip-ment. Dimensions 120x60 mm.
5414 Magnetismkit Theitemcanshow,inanelementaryway,thepropertiesofma-
gnets.Itcanalsodiscoverwhichsubstancesarenotsubjecttothemagneticforce.
5202 Magneticprobe Itconsistsofasmallmagnetincardanicsuspension,whichenables
youtooutlinethebehaviourofthefluxlinesofamagneticfield
5405 Magnetoscope 98smallironbars,protectedbyacase,arefreetopositionatran-
dom.Undertheactionofanexternalmagneticfield(forexample,insertingthemagnetmodelintheextendiblesolenoidcode5178)thebarslineuplikethemagneticmomentsoftheferromagneticbodies’ molecule . With magnets code 5024 or code 5286, it can be used to visualize the force lines of a magnetic field. Dimensions 75x150mm.
5420 Magnetoscopewithneedles Thisitemislikecode5405,butwith117magneticneedleswhich
canorientthemselves.
5541 ”Playandlearn”kit You can learn the properties of magnetic bodies enjoying yourself.
Itiscomposedof: 1 magnetic spade 1 Horseshoes magnet 10magneticballs 50 magneticclips 24 coloured magnetic tokens 1 Didactic guide
1magnetsstand
5322 Setofaccessoriesforexperimentsonmagnetism Possibleexperiments 1.Themagnet 2.Twomagneticpoles 3.Thecompass 4.Magneticforces 5.Magneticinduction 6.Themagneticspectrum
SUPPLIEDEQUIPMENT 2 Magneticneedles 2 Linear alloy-made magnets1“U”-shaped steel magnet with stand 1 Plexiglassplate 1 Rotating stand
1 Ironfilingsbottle 1 Compass 1 Experiment guide 1 Case
94 SECTION 3 - PHYSICS
magnetism
51355231
5118 5307
18/E 5171
5369
5370
PAIRINg OF MORE ThAN ONE CANNON 5369
5411 5411 Uni-mag Withthissetofmagnetsandballsyoucanbuildobjectsandgeome-
tricalfiguresnhichareusefulltostimulatethecreativityofthestudents5231 Precisioncompass Diameter: 100 mm. With wind rose.
5135 Bigdidacticcompass Thankstoitsdimensionsitcanbeseenfromfaraway Diameter: 200 mm.18/E Simplecompass Diameter: 45 mm.
5171 Walkcompass Ithasaligningsightandmagnifyingglass.Casemadeofshock-
proof,synteticmaterial.Suspendeddialwithphosphoricindications.Dial diameter: 55 mm.
5118 Inclinationanddeclinationneedle Itisusefulltostudythepropertiesofthemagneticfieldinevery
partoftheworld.Withlatitudeindicator Dimensions: 170x170x220h mm.
5307 Magnetometer Itcanmeasure,withgreatprecision,theintensityofamagnetic
field in a determined point, knowing the value of the component Htof Earth’s magnetic field. Diameter: 100 mm.
5369 Onestagemagneticcannon Themagneticfieldofapermanentmagnetdecreasesquicklyas
thedistanceincreases.Thesphereinthecharger,islocatedinthefieldofapowerfullneodymiummagnet;thereforeitisattractedby a force which increases quickly as the sphere’s distance from themagnetdecreases.Oncedelivered,itspotentialenergyturnsinto kinetic energy. During the collision against the magnet, the collisionwavepassesthroughthemagnetandthefirstsphereonitsleft,reachingthesecondorthethirdsphere(thebullet).Thelatter,beingfaraway,isweaklyattractedbythemagnet,andtherefore,gainsagreaterspeedthantheoneofthecollidingsphere.
Fromtheenergeticpointofview,theworkdoneforresettingthesystemforthefollowingtest,producestheenergyreleasedduringeverycollision.Cannonlength:40cm.
5370 Threestagemagneticcannon With3magnetsand10spheres Tracklength:100cm.
95SECTION 3 - PHYSICS
elettromagnetism
8510
53565356
5185 - 6154
5110 - 5109 - 5122
5026 - 5078
5106 - 5107
5127
5108
5368
5127 Currentgenerator Theitemcanbeusedwheneveralow-voltage,high-intensitydirect
currentisrequired.Thereforeitissuitableforthepoweringofma-gnetic spectrum apparatus, Oersted’s apparatus, Ampère’s bench, etc.,convenientlysubstitutingbatteries.
Thecurrentgeneratedcanbeadjustedwithcontinuityfrom0to30A,anditsintensityisindicatedontheanalogicalammeterlocatedontheinstrumentpanel.Thusitispossibletoperformquantitativeexperimentstoo.Itissuppliedwithconnectingcables.Absolutelynodangerfortheuser.
Magneticspectrumapparatus Theyaremadeofanaluminiumwireresistanttocurrentsfrom
5-10A.Spreadingthestringyironfilingsontheplateoftheappa-ratus,itispossibletovisualizethefluxlinesofthemagneticfield.Dimensions: 30x15x12 cm.
5106 Rectilinear conductor 5107 Circularcoil 5108 Solenoid
5368 3magneticspectrumapparatuskit Itconsistsofarectilinearconductor,acircularconductorandasole-
noid. Dimensions: 180 x 120 mm.
5356 Apparatusforvisualizingthefieldofanelectromagnet
Itconsistsofaplasticmaterialplateandofanelectromagnet(composedofaninductorandametalnucleus)whichmustbeplacedundertheplate.Theitemissuppliedwithabottleofironfilingsandanallenscrewtoassembletheelectromagnet.Maximumvoltage:6V.
5026 400coilsreel,1A
5078 1600coilsreel,1A
5185 2Ohmresistance Whenevertheuseofcurrentofhighintensityisnecessary,we
suggest the use of the power-unit code 5127. If you don’t have it, it is possible to use an average low-voltage Dc source, for example acellorabattery,providedthatyouinsertaresistanceinserieswhichisabletolessenthecurrentintensity.Theresistancecode5185isrequiredforthispurpose
6154 Ironfilingsbottle25ml
8510 Inductor Features in 1 kHz alternating current: L=0,22 H, R= 56 Ohm between two extreme poles; L= 58 mH, R= 24 Ohm between an extremity and the intermediate
pole Featuresindirectcurrent: R= 0,6 Ohm between two extreme poles , R= 0,3 Ohm between an
extremityandtheintermediatepole.5110 LinearOerstedapparatus Theitemcanshowthemagneticeffectofelectriccurrentflowingin
alinearconductor.Withmagneticneedle.
5109 CircularOerstedapparatus Theitemcanshowthemagneticeffectoftheelectriccurrent
flowinginacircularconductor.Withmagneticneedle
5122 Oerstedapparatuswithtwoneedle Theitemcanshowthemagneticeffectoftheelectriccurrent
flowinginacircularconductorthroughtheuseof2magneticneed-les.
96 SECTION 3 - PHYSICS
electromagnetism
5177
5274
5184
5252
5184
5186
5178
5178
5416 5416
5274 Horseshoe-shapedelectromagnet Withanchorandstand. Voltage: 6 - 12 V DC or AC. Height: 30 cm.
5186 Electricalalarmmodel Itcanshowthefunctioningprincipleofanelectricalalarm. Paneldimensions:20x22cm.Voltage:4-6Vcc.
5178 Extendablesolenoid Thisitemallowsthestudyofthemagneticfieldgeneratedbya
solenoid,becauseitispossibletovarythecoilnumberperlengthunit.Oncethemagneticneedlehasbeenpositionedtowardtheear-thlyfieldandthesolenoidhasbeenpositionedinaperpendiculardirection, the tangent of the needle’s deviation angle is propor-tionaltotheintensityofthemagneticfieldand,therefore,totheintensityoftheelectriccurrentandtothenumberofcoilperlengthunit.
Tobeusedwithgeneratorcode5127ortobefeededthrougha battery in series with resistance code 5185. Dimensions: 63x15x20hcm.
5252 Teslameter It has two Hall effect probes: one is axial, the other one is tangent.
Itmeasurestheintensityofthestaticmagneticfieldin5intervals:1,5mT,5mT,15mT,50mTand150mT.Ithasananalogicinstru-mentwithcentralzerotomeasurethemagneticpolaritytoo.
5184 Electromagneticactionskit Withthisapparatusitispossibletoexperimentoncurrents-magnets
andcurrents-currentsinteractions. Components: 1Frame 2Cables60cm 1 Rectangular reel 1 “U”conductor 1 Linear magnet 1 Magnetic needle 1 “U”shaped magnet
5177 ApparatusfortheverificationofAmpère’slaw
Itconsistsoftwometaltrackswhereacylindricalaluminiumbarcanrollwhilepositionedinordertobeimmersedinthefieldofapermanentmagnet.Allowingthecurrenttoflowinthealuminiumbarthroughtheuseofgeneratorcode5127orofabatteryinseriestotheresistancecode5185,thebarissolicitedbyaforcewhose direction is determined through the rule of “the left hand” , Trackslength:aprox50cm.
5416 Apparatusforthemagneticactionsamongcurrents Withthisapparatusitispossibletohighlightthatanactractiveforce
operatesbetweenconcordantelectriccurrents,whilearepulsiveforceoperatesbetweendiscordantelectriccurrents
NEW
97SECTION 3 - PHYSICS
electromagnetism
5179
5179
5336
5288
53085121
5179 Electromagneticscale Oneofthetwoarmsofthescaleendswitharectangularalluminum
coilwhosebasemeasures4cm,immersedinthefieldofapowerfullpermanentmagnet.Theotherarmhastwoslidingmasses,whichallowtheitemtoobtaintheequilibriumatrest.
Allowingthecurrenttoflowthroughtheuseofapparatuscode5127,orthroughtheuseofabatteryinserieswithresistancecode5185aforceFappearsbetweenthemagneticfieldBandtheelectriccurrentI,whosevalueisgivenbyAmperelaw:
F = B • l • i • sen a wherelisthelengthoftheconductoranda istheanglecreated
betweentheconductorandthemagneticfield.Soitispossibletoverifythattheintensityofthatforcereachesitsmaximumwhena=900° and it is void when a=00°.
Usingtheapparatuscode5127,thevalueIoftheelectriccurrentcanbereaddirectlyonthebuilt-inammeterand,therefore,itispossibleto deduce the permanent magnet’s induction value B.
Theexperimentcanberepeatedreplacingthepermanentmagnetwiththesolenoid,whosedatasheetsareincludedinthisitem.Inthiswayitispossibletoverifytheratiowhichgivesthevalueofthema-gneticfieldinsideasolenoid.
Scalesensibility:10mg. Dimensions: 45x17x22 cm. Components: 1Scale 1Permanentmagnet 1Solenoid 1 Weight box :200 g with gram’s fractions
5288 Apparatusfortheelectrodynamicactions Thisapparatusconsistsofasolenoidcontainingalinearconductor
positionedperpendicularlytothefluxlines.Beingpossibletobalancetheelectrodynamicinteractionforceitispossibletoperformquanti-tativeexperimentstoo.
Dimensions: 200x90x90 mm. Internaldiameter:38mm.
5336 Cotton’sscale Theinstrumenthasbeendesignedtodemonstrateandtomeasure
theinteractionbetweenamagneticfieldandanelectriccurrent.Analuminiumconductorisimmersedinapowerfullmagneticfield.Whenthecurrentflowsintotheconductor,thelatterissubjecttoaforcewhichcanbemeasured.
Powersupply:12V,5Amax.
5121 Apparatusfortheinteractionbetweenmagnetsandcurrents
Ifyouallowthecurrenttoflowinthereel,itispossibletohighlighttheforceworkingbetweenthemagnetandthereel.Withdeflector.
5308 Tangents’compass Classicinstrumentforthemeasurementoftheintensityofthema-
gneticfieldgeneratedbyasolenoid.Ifyouknowthecoilsnumber,youcandeducetheintensityofthecirculatingcurrent.Threereelswith2,50and500coils,anddiameter185mm.
98 SECTION 3 - PHYSICS
electromagnetic induction5128
5119
5803
5207
52855120
5273
5393
5128 Faraday’sexperimentskit Withthiskititispossibletoperformthefundamentalexperiments
onelectromagneticinduction.Components:
5119 Doublereelforinducedcurrents Thisitemenablesyoutoperformthemostimportantexperiments
ofFaradayonelectromagneticinduction.Theclosureortheopeningoftheprimarysolenoid,itsmovementorthatofitsironnucleus,produceinducedcurrentsinthesecondarysolenoid;thesecurrentscanbehighlightedwiththegalvanometercode5047.
Primarynumberofcoils:200. Secondarynumberofcoils:500x2. Workvoltage:6-10V. Dimensions: Ø85x230h mm.
5273 Doublereelforinducedcurrents Thisitemislikethepreviousone,butsmaller. Primarynumberofcoils:200. Secondarynumberofcoils:500. Workvoltage:6-10V. Dimensions: 65x65 mm.
5120 Waltenhofen’spendulum Ifyouallowtwoaluminiumsectors,onewholeandtheothercutted,
tooscillatewiththeexcitedmagnet,youcanseethattheoscillationslowsdownmorequicklyinthefirstinstance,becauseofthepara-siticcurrents.
5285 ApparatusfortheverificationofLenz’slaw This simple apparatus allows the verification of Lenz law in a simple
way.Ifyouinsertalinearmagnetintothenon-interruptedring,theringisrejected,whileitisattractedduringtheextractionofthe magnet; this fact proves that the induced currents’ direction is alwaysoppositetotheoneofwhathasgeneratedthem.Thesamething doesn’t happen with the interrupted ring.
5207 Ruhmkorff’sreel For80mmlongsparks;powersupply:6-12Vcc.Itissuppliedwith
automaticswitch.
5803 Alternator-enginemodel Thisitemcanprovethepossibletransformationsofenergy:from
electricenergyintomechanicalone;frommechanicalintoelectricandfromelectricintoluminousenergy.Workvoltage:4-9Vcc.Dimensions: 230 x 150 mm.
5393Coupleofhand-functioningdynamos Theyarecontainedintoatransparentcase,inordertoletyousee
howelectromagneticinductioncanbeexploitedtoproduceelectricenergy. Moreover it is possible to verify dynamo’s principle of reversibility.
SUPPLIEDEQUIPMENT 1Battery
1Switch 1 Galvanometer
1 Linear magnet
1 Double reel 2Cables60cm 3Cables30cm
2Alligatorclips
99SECTION 3 - PHYSICS
electromagnetic induction
5114
5327
57135419
1342
CONTENTS1.Theelectromagneticinduction2. Verification of Neumann’s law3. Verification of Lenz’s law4.Transformationofthealternatingvoltages
5.Transformationofthealternatingcurrents6.Theauto-transformer7. Thomson’s ring8.Theinductionhoven
SUPPLIEDEQUIPMENT 1 Tripodbase 1 “U”shaped nucleus made of laminated
iron 1 Closurejoke 1 Supportrod
1 Reel with 1600 coils 1 Reel with 400 coils 1 Reel 50 coils 1 Aluminiumring 1 Meltingpotwithhandle 1 Experiment guide
SUPPLIEDEQUIPMENT 1 Metalrod 1 Tableclamp 2 Clamps 1 Rod with hook 1 Dynamometer 1 Aluminiumtube50cm
1 Tube’s guide 1 Coupleofneodymiummagnetswith
stand 1 Rope 4 Weights10g
5419 Alternator-enginemodel Turnthecrankandthemagnetspinsinsidethereel,producinginit
an electric current which lights up the LEDs. Dimensions: 205x125x25mm.
5713Apparatusfortheverificationoftheelectromagneticinduction’slaws
If you keep the magnet at a stand, the LEDs remain turned off. Whenthemagnetisbroughtnearormovedaway, the LEDs turn on, showingthatthereelishousinganinducedcurrent.Leaving the magnet in the reel, you can see the magnet oscillates because of the interaction between the magnet’s magnetic field and the induced current’s magnetic field, following Lenz law. Dimensions: 120x95x105mm.
5114 Assemblabletransformer Itconsistsofanucleusmadeoflaminatedferromagneticmaterial
which can be disassembled in two parts (one is “U” shaped, the other linear)inordertosubstitutethereels.Max.appliedvoltage:6Vca.
1342Apparatusfortheverificationoftheelectromagneticinduction’slawandoftheprincipleofaction-reaction
Insidethealuminiumtube,amagnetfallswithuniformmotionandthe motion’s speed depends on the magnet’s weight.Theexplanationisthefollowing:duringthefallofthemagnet,thealuminumtubeislinkedtogetherwithavariablemagneticfluxandthereforeithousesinduced currents whose directions, according to Lenz’s law, are opposite to what has generated them, i.e. the magnet’s motion, in this case. The consequenceisthatthelatter,inthebeginningphase,fallswithuniformlyaccelerated motion because it’s moved by a vertical force whose intensity isequaltothedifferencebetweenitsweightPandtheelectromagneticforceF.Thisforce,isproportionalandopposedtothespeedoffall,i.e.itisaviscousforce:F=-kv.Themomentthemagnetreachesthespedv0sothatP-kv0=0,itsmotionbecomesuniformwithspeedv0.Thankstotheprincipleofactionandreaction,themagnetreactsonthetubewithanequalandoppositeforceand,therefore,duringthefallwithuniformmotionofthemagnet,thedynamometermeasuresaforcewithanintensityequaltothesumoftheweightsofthetubeandofthemagnet.
5327 Uniformmotiontrolley Alongtheinclinedplanemadeofplasticlaminate,themotionofthe
trolleyisuniformlyaccelerated;alongthealuminiuminclinedplane,themotionisuniformbecauseoftheelectromagneticbrakepreviou-slydescribed.
SUPPLIEDEQUIPMENT1Aluminiumplank600x80mm1Plasticlaminateplank600x80mm1Woodenblock100x50x25mm
1 Low-friction trolley supplied with two powerfullneodymiummagnets
4Weights20g
100 SECTION 3 - PHYSICS
electromagnetic waves5263
5263
MEASUREMENT OF ThE REFRACTIVE INDEX
lAw OF REFlECTION
53675354
5263 Complexforthestudyofelectromagneticwaves
10possibleexperiments Many of the experiments dealing with electromagnetic waves’
diffractionandinterference,aredifficulttoperformatthevisiblelightwavelength.Iftheseexperimentsareperformedinthemi-crowaves’portion of spectrum,the range of the performable experi-mentsbecomeswideenoughforaneasycomprehensionfromthestudents.Thesemiconductorssourcesofmicrowavesareconvenientandeasytouse,andthiscomplexallowsthestudyoftheeffectsofdiffraction,interferenceandpolarizationatawavelengthof3cm.Withthisitemitispossibletoperformmanyofthetraditionalop-ticalphysicsexperiments,appreciatingtheanalogywiththetheoryoflightwaves.
Contents 1. Refraction 2. Reflection 3. Diffraction 4.Interference 5.Stationarywaves 6.Polarizzation 7.Absorptionandtherefractiveindex
5354 Electromagneticfieldmeter Withthisinstrument,thefieldgeneratedbyhighormediumvol-
tagelines,bytransformers,byindustrialdevicesorbyhouseholdappliances, can be measured in Gauss or Tesla measure units.
Range: 200 milligauss or 20 microtesla Sensibility:0,1milligaussor0,01microtesla Bandbroadness: from30to300hz Precision:± 4%atnetfrequency Powersupply:9Vbattery Dimensions: 131x70x25 mm
5367 Plasmasphere Glass sphere Ø 20 cm, containing a rarefacted gases mixture.
Thecentralelectrodehasanalternatingvoltageof10.000volt;forthisreasonitcreateselectricdischargeswhichspreadtowardtheoutside.Ifyoumoveyourfingerclosetothesurface,thedischargesconcentrateinproximityofyourfingerbecauseoftheconductivityofthehumanbody.Sothespherecanbeusedtodistiguishconduc-tingobjectsfrominsulatingobjects
Itcanbeusedtoprovetheexistenceandthenatureofelectromagneticwaves,too.Infact,aneontubemovedclosetothesphere,lightsupbecauseoftheenergycarriedbytheelectroma-gneticwaves.Ifyouinterposeapapersheet,thephenomenongoeson,becausethewavescanpassthroughit.Butifyouinterposeasheetofconductingmetal,suchasaluminium,thewavesarescree-nedandthephenomenonstops.
SUPPLIEDEQUIPMENT 1 Transmitter 1 Receiver 1 Supportingbenchwith4measuringrods 1 Standwithprotractor 1 Polarizingscreen 1 Grating
1 Diaphragn with one single slit 2 Reflector for Michelson’s interferometer 1 Prism 1 Didactic Guide
TRANSmiTTER’SFEATURES
Frequency: 10,5 GHzOutput:8mWWidthmodulation:1Vac,from 30 Hz to 30 kHzBananaplugformodulation
RECEiVER’SFEATURES Frequency: 10,5 GHzAnalogicinstrumentformeasuringtheoutput
signalBananaplugformodulation
101SECTION 3 - PHYSICS
atomic physics
5222
5304
5223
5224
NOTICEAll tubes described on this page can be powered by Ruhmkorff’s reel (code 5207)
orby5kVdcgenerator(code5324).
POSSIBLEEXPERIMENTS
1. Nature of the cathode rays2. Electric and magnetic deflection 3. Evaluation of the ratio e/m with a percentual mistake less than 5%
5717
NEW
5304 wITh POwER-UNITS
5304 Apparatusforthemeasurementofthee/mratio. The main part cosists of a hot cathode Thomson’s tube, whose
filamentmustbefeededwithavoltageof6,3Vacandwhoseanodemustbefeededwithavoltageof1500-5000Vdc.Thebeamofelectronsproducedisdeflectedbyanelectricfieldproducedbyageneratorofmediumvoltageandbyanmagneticfieldcreatedbytwo Helmholtz reels.The measure of the electron specific charge can bedeterminedwithapercentmistakeof5%.
Forthepowersupplyoftheapparatus,itisnecessarytopurchasethefollowing(orsimilar)generators:
5292 Mediumvoltagepower-unit0-250Vdcwithoutput0-30Vdc(seepage16).
5324 High voltage generator 0 - 5KV Vdc with output 6,3 Vac (seepage16).
5222 Cathoderaytubeforthemagneticdeflection Inthistubeawhitefluorescentscreen,opportunelyinclined,allows
youtovisualizethedeflectionofabeamofelectronsproducedbyamagnet. We suggest the use of the “U” shaped magnet code 5173
5223 Cathoderaytubewithwhirl Thistubeenablesyoutoshowthemechanicaleffectsofthecathode
rays.Infactasmallfluorescentwhirlwhichcanrotatewithlittlefrictionstartsspinningthemomentthecathoderaybeamhitsit
5224 Maltacrosstube Withthistubeitispossibletoprovethatthecathoderaysspreadin
astrightline.AMaltacross-likemetalscreencanbeplacedsotointerceptthecathoderaybeam,producingashadowzoneonthescreenwhichsatisfiesthelawsofrectilinearpropagation.
5717 Alpha-particlesscatteringmodel Simplemodelfordimonstratingthediffusionofthealphaparticles
according to the experiment performed by Rutherford.Itconsistofalaunchingrampandanaluminumshapedoutline.Suppliedwithdidacticguide.
102 SECTION 3 - PHYSICS
5409
5410
5410
atomic physics
5196
NEW
5715
5409 ApparatusforthemeasurementofPlanck’sconstant Theitemhas5narrow-bandfilters.
Digital instruments.Powerunit:230Vac.Dimensions: 500x150x240 mm.
Withthisapparatus,thedeterminationofthefundamentalconstantof quantum physics, h, is obtained using Einstein’s explanation of the photoelectriceffect.Whenanelectromagneticradiationincisesoncertainmetal surfaces, such as the photoelectric cell’s cathode of the apparatus, some electrons are emitted. They are endowed with a kinetic energy K and, therefore, they are able to reach the cell’s anode and to produce a fleeble current. According to Einstein equation, the value of this kinetic energyis:
K = h f - Le where h is Planck’s constant, f is the frequency of the incident light and
Leistheextractionworkthat,asthenameindicates,representstheminimalenergyappliedtotheelectroninordertoextractitfromthemetal. Now if we apply a voltage with opportune sign to the cell, the voltagecreatesanelectricfieldthatslowsdowntheelectrons.Whenthecurrentrunningintothecircuitisclosetozero,itmeansthattheelectronsthatreachtheanodeareonlythosewithmaximumkineticenergy,barelyenoughtopassthepotentialbarrier,
K = e Vai Inthiscondition,thevoltageappliedatthecellstopsalmostallelectrons,
andthisiswhyitiscalledinterdictingpotentialVai.Inotherwords,thekineticenergyobtainedfromtheelectronsthroughthephotoelectriceffect,isperfectlybalancedbytheenergyoftheappliedelectricfield.Inthislimitcase,theequivalencebetweenthetwopreviousexpressionsisvalid:
h f - Le=eVai Therefore
Thusitisenoughtohavesomevoltagevaluesincorrespondenceofdiffe-rentopticfilters(fivefiltersinthisapparatus)toobtainthestraightlinepicturedbeside,whoseinclinationrepresentsh/e.
Withdidacticguide.
5410 KitforthemeasurementofPlanck’sconstant The measurement of Planck’s constant can be obtained also
exploiting the quantum properties of the LED diodes. If a LED diodeisdirectlypolarized,itstartsemittinglightthemomentthepotentialenergyeVs,producedbytheelectrons,isenoughtomakethempassfromtheconductionbandtothevalenceband(Energy gap). As consequence of this energy gap , every electron emitsonephotonofenergy
hf=eVs
If you know the potential Vs in correspondence of which the LED startsemittingaweaklight,itispossibletogobacktothevalueof h .3 LED are supplied, red green and blue, in order to verify thatthehighertheenergygapis,themoreintensetheemittedlightfrequencybecomes.
5715 Apparatusforthestudyofthephotonenergy The item has 7 Leds with different wavelength, from 430 to 950
mm.Theoutputscanmeasurethethresholdvoltage,thusobtai-ningthefeatureV/Iforeachled.FromtheresultsitispossibletodeducethevalueofPlanckconstanth.Withdidacticguide.
NEW
h= eVai+Lef
103SECTION 3 - PHYSICS
atomic physics5392
5392 - PERFORMANCE OF ThE EXPERIMENT
5392 Kitforthemeasurementofthewavelengthofa LEDlight.
The light emitted by a LED, is not monochromatic; it covers a small frequencyband.If you want to measure Planck’s constant with a LED , it is neces-sary to know this band’s medium frequency, which is easy to mea-surewiththiskitthatexploitsthediffractiongrating.
WARNING In the order, please specify the colour of LED required.
5716 Atommodel Thismodelhelpsstudentstounderstandtheatom,sinceitallowsthem
tobuilddifferentatoms,usingcolouredmarblesrepresentingprotons,neutronsandelectrons.Thehollowsonthetableareplacedsotocorrespondtotheenergeticlayersoftheorbitss,p,d. So,itispossibletounderstandthechemicalbonds,theisotopes,theemissionspectrumsandotheratom-relatedconcepts.
Dimensions: 475x475 mm. Didactic guide included.
SUPPLIEDEQUIPMENT
1 Linear ruler 1 LED projector with power unit 1 Lens +10 with lens holder 1 Filterholder 1 Diffraction grating 500l/mm 1 Tripodbase 3 Bases 1 Whitescreen 1 Case 1 Didactic guide
5716
CARBON ATOM
NEW
104 SECTION 3 - PHYSICS104
atomic physics
104
5413
NEW
Since when, in 1948, the american physics H. Brattain, J.Bardeen and W. Shockleyhavediscoveredthetransistoreffect,theelectronictechnologyhasundergoneanamazingevolution.
Everyday the technological world is more dominated by the semicon-ductorsandtheenergeticfutureofmankindistightlylinkedtothem.Butthefunctioningofthosedeviceswhichexploitthesemiconductors,isbasedontheprinciplesofquantumphysics,whosefundamentalnotionsarenormallyincludedintheeducationalcurriculumofhighschools.
Thiscomplexhasbeendesignedtomakeeasierforstudentstocom-prehendconceptswhicharenotthatintuitive.
Itconsistsofaseriesofexplainingchartstobeappliedonamagneticblackboardandofmagnetictokensrepresentingions,electronsandgaps.
Theinteractivefeatureofthecomplex,allowstheteachertosimulatesomeprocessesofinteractionbetweenphotonsandthematter,showingthepassagesfromasituationtothefollowingone.
Contents 1. Atom’s energetic levels 2.Thecrystallatticeinmetals 3.Theenergybands 4.Insulators,conductorsandsemiconductors 5.ThethermistorPTC 6. The thermistor NTC 7. Doping of a semiconductor 8.Thep-njunction 9.Thephotoresitor 10.Thejuctiondiode 11. The LED 12. Measurement of Planck’s constant 13. LED reversibility 14.Thephotovoltaiccell
5413 - P-N jUNCTION
5413 - P - DOPED SIlICA
5413 - N-DOPED SIlICA
SUPPLIEDEQUIPMENT 1 PTCthermistoronbase 1 NTC thermistor on base 1 Photoresistoronbase 1 Silicadiodeonbase 1 Red LED on base 1 Green LED on base 2 Digital multimeters 1 Red Filter
1 Green Filter 1 BlueFilter 1 Photovoltaicpanel 1 Resistor holder base 2 Resistors 1 Casefortheequipment 1 Caseforthecharts Didactic charts
NOTICEItisnecessarytousealow-voltageregulatedpower
supplyinordertoperformtheexperiments.Wesuggesttheinstrumentcode5360.
5413 Complexforthestudyofsolidstate’sphysics