, 2002. - . . - . . . . , , 2002 , , . III. . , , . , , . . , , , , , , , , , . I II . :. : 15 21, 36 42, 49 51, 61 64, 66, 67, 71 73;. : 11 13, 22 25, 52 55, 65, 74, 75;. : 26 35, 68 70, 76;. : 7 10, 14, 43 45;. : 1 6, 46 48, 56 60. 1. , . . , . . . 251,450,005, 1,3160,0005, . , n- , - 5. - 5, n- . 35,18 35,176. , , 5 : 152,.25 152,2, 0,435 0,44. , , . , : 55,35g., . , , , , . . 350 000. 3 5. 0,0015 , 102,350 . , . , - . , - .2. , . . , . :1. , - . 28,17+3,2+0,025+12,3854=43,7804 43,8.2. , - . = 34,215 0,102 0,48 = 1,6751664 1,68.3. , . : 2,752 = 7,56.4. , . :6, 25 2, 50 .5. .6. - .3. , - . - , . . , . , . () . , . , , . , . . . .4. . 4.1. Sisteminternational Si ( , 1965.) (rad). , , . (). . .1. .360, . (10) 60 (60 ) (1 ) 60 (60 ).10 = 60 ; 1= 60 .315018 30 . -. . 400, (g). (1g) 100 , (). (1) 100 , ().1g = 100c; 1c = 100cc., :125g 75c 85cc125,7585g.(gon) (mgon) (mmgon)1gon = 100mgon;1 mgon = 100 mmgon. (4.1)gg360400 . , :(4.2)g109 9 + ,(4.3)gg g910 10 . 1: = 62 4532 . , (4.2), - . (32 : 60 = 0,53 ), 45,53 . (45,53: 60 = 0,7588), 62,7588. (4.2) :g g62.758862.758862.7588 69.7320 .9 + 2: g = 85.1735g. , (4.3).85.173585.1735 77.142110 . 0,1421 60 = 8,5260,526 60 = 31,56 . = 77.1421 77 0832 .. 4.12. . - . (rad). , (. 4.1). (4.4)gg360 2400 )R. R= 1 (4.4) :(4.5)"" )(4.6)g c ccg c cc ), :(4.7);;" " )))(4.8)g gc ccc cc;; ))) , :18057, 2958 = 3437,75 = 206265 gg g20063, 6620 c = 6366,20ccc = 636620cc. , , , , . 3: (. 4.2) CD , = 4. f, , S = 20 m.: CDD D D ftg CDf S. -, tg : )fS, )f S . f , , . 4.2c cc4.20 m 1, 2 cm6366, 20 f S.4.2. 1. () (), .(4.9)11: aMA M. , . . 250, 500, 1000, 2000, 5000, 10000.. -, -, , -, -. (4.9) : 1: =150,45 m 1:2500.150, 450, 0602 60, 2 mm2500 AaM. 2: 1:5000 = 52,5 mm .A = a M = 52,5 . 5000 = 262 500 mm = 262,5 m.3: , , = 21,8 mm = 214,25 m .214, 259828 100000, 0218 AMa = 10 000. . .. . ().2. , . . , . , . , , . 1 5 cm. , , (, 2, 3 ..). - n 0,5 2 mm. n, , t. (4.10) Atn.- , , (. 4.3). 0,1 . , t. 4: 1:500 t = 0,5 m. , . 1 cm = 5,00 m. (4.10) 5100, 5 ant . 1 cm (. 4.4), 10 . ( 6,4 m).. 4.3. 4.4 , - .3. () . , n p q, n = p.q. . (3 5 mm)q . -q. - , . q, .., -1- . .t, . 5: 1:5000 t = 1 m. , = 2 cm, 100 m. : 1001001 Ant. q: n = 100 = 10.10 = 5.20.- p =10 q =10. =10 q=10 (. 4.5). L = 163,4 m.. 4.55. . ( ) . , - . 2 5mm.- , . , (. 5.1). , . , (. 5.1), , . (. 5.1) . 5.1 , , .. 5.1a . 5.1a, . .. 5.1 . . (. 5.2) , R. , , .. 5.2 . 5.2a (- 2 mm) (. 5.2). . . , , (. 5.2).. 5.3, (. 5.3). , , . , , N (. 5.4). N, (m) . 200g (. 5.4). , . , m , .. 5.4 . 5.4, , m., , N, . . . - , , . R. - -. , , . , 2mm. (5.1) " MmnR, n , ;Mm . , =1 2 . -. : 30 40 m (. 5.5).. 5.5, . l1[mm]. , n l2. . 5.5 2 1 2 1tg( ) " l l l lnS S, " lnS. - , , . ... (. 5.6).. 5.6 . 5.7 , . , ., (. 5.7). , . . , . , .6. , . , . , , . , .. 6.1 , , , (. 6.1). - , , , . , . 6.2. 6.6, - . , . , (. 6.2). , , . - (, , , .. .) (. 6.3). (. 6.4).. 6.3 . 6.4 , - , (. 6.5). , , . , , ( 0,07m). () .. 12 , .. 26 . - 20 m. () , . ., . , , 1,0 1,5 m, 0,2 0,3 m. , . , , , . , , . . , ( , , .) . , , . . .. 6.5 . 3 4 cm 1,5 3 m. 0,5 m . , . , - , (. 6.6). , , . , . -, (. 6.7). . , , . - , , (. 6.8). , (. 6.9). .. 6.8 . 6.9, -. , .. 6.10. 6.7. 6.11 , (. 6.10). C D 2 3 m ., .. , , . .. , - . . . . . , , , , (. 6.11). . , . , -. , 30 . 100 m 15 mm. . , , ., .(. 6.12). , .1, , .D11. D1 1 , D1B1, .. .2. . D . D, : , . (. 6.13).. 6.12. 6.13 , . (. 6. 14).. 6.14 II 7. . . . . . - . , , , . , . . , , . , - . , . , . . , .. , . , . B L H, X Y H,. - X Y, H.8. . 6. , . . , .. 8.1. . 6 4 . , 180 . 60 . 4 , . 1:1 000 000. . : -34; -35; L-34; L-35. 1:1 000 000 1:500 000, 1:200 000, 1:100 000. : 1:1 000 000 1:500 000, , , , . 1:200 000 1:1 000 000 36 , I XXXVI. 144 1:100 000 1 144 (. 8.3). 1:100 000 1:50 000, 1:25 000, 1:10 000 : 1:100 000 1:50 000 , , , .. 8.2 . 8.3 1:50 000 4 , : , , , 1:25 000. 1:10 000, 1 4 (. 8.4). 1:100 000 1:5 000, 1: 100 000 256 1:5 000, (1) (256) (. 8.5). [17] 1:2 000 1:10 000. 1:10 000 25 1:2 000 (. 8.6).-1:2000 . 1:100000, 1:50 000, 1:25 000 1:10 000 1:100000 1:5 000 1:100000. 8.4 . 8.5 8.1 1:2 000 1:10 000 1: 500 000 K-34-1: 200 000 K-34-XXXVI1: 100 000 K-34-1441: 50 000 K-34-144-1: 25 000 K-34--1: 10 000 K-34---41: 5 000 K-34-144-(256). 8.61: 2 000 K-34--4-XXV9. : , , , . , . , . , h (. 9.1).. 9.1 , - , (.. -), . . . 9.210. 1. , . . : . . . , - ., , - . (. 10.1).. 10.1 . 10.2 , , .:, . , (. 10.2). (. 10.3): 0.2 m, , . 136.4 4. , . . 10.3 4 6 137.5. , , . . . : , , (. 10.4). = SAB. , . 134.4 . (10.1)1 ABA ABSah H,(10.2)1134.4 134.2. .0, 25135.0 134.2 AAB AB ABABha S S SH. ., .. . , . : , , . . - , . 1/2 , 1/4 . . (. 10.5).2. . - . - , . - , - 10 . - . X Y . . XA YA, . (10.3). + + K AK AX X XY Y Y XY . (. 10.6).. 10.4. 10.5. 10.6. .. 3 S X 2 S Y . :(10.4). K BK BX X XY Y Y . , 1 2+ S S 3 4+ S S d X Y A B. . :(10.5)43 411 2,. ++ ++K AK AdX X SS SdY Y SS S X Y - . .3. . . , . . 10.7 . 307 m. (. 10.8) . .. 10.7 . 10.8 , . . S, , h. h = 1 m.hCB=x.-H1, SCB. :(10.6)CB ABx hS S . CBABSx hS. . (10.7)1. +CBCABSH H hS. : . . . 10.9 .. 10.9 . . . i , (. 10.10) h (10.8) arctg hatg hia. , i (10.9)% 100tg 100 i i.: h = 2 m, = 6.7m. :g2tg 0.2985076.718.4675 . hia % 100tg 29.85% i. : : h (. 10.10), . : (. 10.11). , . 10.10. 10.11 . . 10.11 , = 330.4. , i% h(10.10) .100%hai. , (10.11)tgha. , , , . .. 10.12 :1. , - ;2. , ;3. , - . , . ., .. . .., . D. ADB.5. . , . : , . . (. 10.13).. 10.13 , , , , . . . - , , . . . . , . (. 10.14 ).. 10.14 . 10.14 . , . , (. 10.15). , - , ', , . ' . . . ' ' , . ' ', , .. 10.156. , . , . , , , .. 10.16 , . .. 10.167. , h. , (. 10.17). . 10.17 (10.12)( )112 +i i iV h S S . n (10.13)1 2 31( 2 2 ... )2 + + + +nV h S S S S . , h'. (10.14)13 nV h S . :(10.15)1 2 31 1( 2 2 ... ) '2 3 + + + + +n nV h S S S S h S .: D (. 10.21) . . : HA = 104.3 m, HC = 99.7 m h = 1 m. 0 1 5, ,..., S S S 0600 S m2; 1 S 580 m2; 2 S 420 m2; 3 S 380 m2; 4 S 320 m2; 5 S 210 m2.. 10.18 :1 2 3 4 5 0 1 51 1 1( 2 2 2 ) '( ) ''2 2 3 + + + + + + + V h S S S S S h S S h S .1 1 1(600 2.580 2.420 2.380 2.320 210) .0, 3(600 580) .0, 3.210 23032 2 3 + + + + + + + + Vm3. III 11. , , , . . : , , . .. , , . . Y n 1 2 3, , , , Knx x x x, :(11.1) ( )1 2 3, , , , KnY f x x x x.Y, ( 1, 2, , ) Kix i n (11.2)2 2 22 2 21 21 2| ` | ` | ` + + + . , . , . ,KY nnf f fM m m mx x x, YM ;im ix;ifxix il. (11.2) , YM, im. (. 15.6 cm, 9.3 cm, 6.7). , . :1. .2. . : ; .3. , . , :1. .2. , , .3. .4. YM.: a = 137.28 m, b = 185.72m =57.8500g, : ma = 5 cm,mb = 7 cm, m = 2c. .1. , (11.3)sin2abS .2. (11.2) (11.4)22 2 22 2| `| ` | ` | ` + + . , . , . ,. ,s a bmS S Sm m ma b.3. :(11.5)sin2 s ba;sin;2 s ab

cos2 s ab4. (11.5) (11.4). (11.6)22 2 22 2sin sin cos2 2 2| ` | ` | ` | ` + + . , . , . ,. ,s a bmb a abm m m. , , cmc . 2 2 2 22 2185.0, 789 173.0, 789 185.137.0, 615 20, 05. 0, 072 2 2 6366| ` | ` | ` | ` + + . , . , . , . ,sm33.62 sm= 5,8 m2.12. , , , - , - . , - , - . ( ), , . , .. 11.1 :1. - (-) .2. . , - , , - , . 1 2 3, , , , Knl l l l n l, . -, x , lm - xM. - . .1. il(12.1)0 i il l x, 0x - il(i = 1, 2, 3, n).2. - x (12.2)[ ]0 +lx xn.x .3. .(12.3) i ix l. :(12.4) [ ] 0 ,(12.5) [ ] [ ] l. (12.4) (12.5) [ ] l n. , :(12.6) [ ] n,(12.7) [ ] [ ] [ ] { l l. (12.8) [ ] [ ] | ` | ` . , . ,l ln n, , - , , .4. (12.9)[ ]( 1)mn.5. - (12.10)[ ]( 1) mMn nn. . :(12.11)2( 1)mmmn,(12.12)2 ( 1) mMmmmn n n.- ,. , - , , ..(12.13)1 mMx N; xNm.: 6 . . 12.1. - x m, M M. (12.1) (12.13) . 12.1. 12.1 l, m l, cm l . 122456135,27135,24135,28135,22135,25135,26526034-1,7+1,3-2,7+3,3+0,3-0,72,891,697,2910,890,090,49-8,5+2,6-16,20+0,9-2,823, 34 / 5 2,1 m cm2,1/ 6 0, 9 M cm. 0, 9 :135, 2 M= 1:150000 x135,22 20 -0,2 23,34 -24,00[ ] ln3,3 [ ] l [ ] [ ] [ ] l x 135,2530, 033 0, 2 n [ ] 0, 66 l [ ] ' ' ln3,3[ ] ' ' ln3,333 . 12.1 , (12.6) (12.7) . :1. - x = 135.253 m.2. m = 2.1 cm.3. - Mx, = 0.9 cm.4. M,1:15 000. (, , ). . il , il i- ( 1, 2, , ) K i n, a id , (12.14) i i id l l . il, . , (12.15)22[ ]2dmn. - (12.16)21 [ ]2 2 m dMn. (12.15) (12.16) . , (12.17)[ ] idn. , , (12.18) i id d ,(12.15) (12.16). , (12.19) [ ] 0, 25 ] ]d d.: . . 12.2.-, . 12.2 l , m l , m d , cm x ,m 2d .12345678910135,27165,84103,18115,02141,7595,21128,98101,3165,7699,15135,25165,80103.23115,06141,8395,19128,94101,2965,7499,12+2+4-5-4-8+2+4+2+2+3135,260165,820103,205115,040141,79095,200128,960101,30065,75099,135416251664416449162 / 20 2, 8 mcm2, 8/ 2 2, 0 Mcm2/165,82 1: 8 291 M2/ 65, 75 1: 3 287 M2[ ] d36 ] ]d1622 ] ]d2 < 0,25 36[ ] 0, 25 < ] ]d d . 12.2, . -. - (165,84 m) - (65,75 m) , .13. . 12. . - - - . , . p (13.1)2iikpm, k , im i- ,i=1,2,3,, n. - . k, . k . - . .: cc125 m , cc230 m , cc320 m , cc450 m . , . k 22m , . 230 900 k. (13.1)1900625 p , 2900900 p , 3900400 p , 49002500 p =9002500, 11, 44 p, 21, 00 p, 32, 25 p, 40, 36 p. .1. . . (13.1).2. . , .3. . , -. - . (13.2). : - x, , i- im, - xM. , :1. 0x 12 (13.2)0 i il l x.2. (13.1).3. ( )(13.3)0[ ][ ] +p lx xp.4. (13.4) i ix l.5. , :(13.5) [ ] 0 p,(13.6) [ ] [ ] p p l. (13.5) (13.6), [p l] [p]. , :(13.7) [ ] [ ] p p,(13.8) [ ] [ ] [ ] { p p l p l. (13.9) [ ] [ ][ ] [ ]| ` | ` . , . ,p l p lp p, , 12.6. (13.10)[ ]1 pn.7. (13.11)[ ]( 1) ii ipmp n p.8. - (13.12)[ ][ ]( 1) [ ] pMp n p... - x , , 5m,M . . 13.1. 13.1gccmpl p l p p p l1234565,892065,894565,897565,893065,895030174035251,364,240,761,001,96025551030010641,81058,823,2-1,8-31,813,2-6,831,55-7,63-24,1713,20-13,33731,9613,73768,61174,2490,640-190,75-1329,40132,00-399,900x= 65,8920g[ ] p [ ] p l [ ] p [ ] p [ ] p l[ ][ ] p lp= +23,2cc9,32 216,6 -0,38 1779,18 -1788,0x= 65,89432g0, 04 [ ] 0, 373 p [ ] 8, 8 p l 241225 k m , , . . 13 .1 , [ ] p l [p] (13.7) (13.8), cc[ ]23, 2[ ]| ` . ,p lp,cc[ ]23, 240[ ]| ` . ,p lp,cc0, 04 . :1. cc1779, 2214 .2. cc521151, 96 m.3. - cc2179, 23 M.- ,

g cc65, 89432 7 x t . , . . , , (13.12)0, 25 ]]< ]]d p d p, :(13.13)2[ ]2 pdn (13.14)2iiMp - . (13.12) id (12.17) (12.18). (13.15)2[ ]2( 1) pdn. , , - . IV 14. , , X, Y, H. X Y, .. AB(. 14.1) ABS, . ABS. ABS, BA . AB BA 200g, ..AB= BAt 200g. BA. BA 200g "".. 14.1 . 14.2 : X Y , ; SAB, SAB S.1. , , ABX ABY . . 14.2 , (14.1)cossin . AB AB AB B AAB AB AB B AX S X XY S Y Y ABX ABY X Y (14.2)cossin . + + + + B A AB A AB ABB A AB A AB ABX X X X SY Y Y Y S: 1409.08 AX m, 2104.43 AY m, 103.04 ABS m g129.3814 AB. B (XB, YB).:cos 45.88 msin 92.26 m AB AB ABAB AB ABX SY S1409.08 45.88 1363.20 m2104.43 92.26 2196.69 m. + + + B AB ABB AB ABX X XY Y Y2. SABSABBA SAB = S(14.5)arctg ABABABYX.. 14.3 . 14.3 , AB 0g 400g. X Y: XAB YAB , AB 0g 100g. XAB , YAB , 100g > >AB AB ABAB AB ABAB AB ABAB AB ABr X Yr X Yr X Yr X Y (14.8)g200 tBA AB. ABS (14.9)2 2cos sin + AB ABAB BA AB ABAB ABX YS S X Y:, B, C, DXY. , , ,AB BC CD DAS S S S , , , AB BC CD DA. . 14.1 X Y X12 Y12r = arctg| || |ABABYX12 S121 A 4023.48 2113.38-2003.34 2887.88 61.3897200-r3514.712 B 2020.14 5001.26 138.61031 B 2020.14 5001.26-488.69 -1886.08 83.8599200+r1948.362 C 1531.45 3115.18 283.85991 C 1531.45 3115.18998.85 -1902.06 69.2158400-r2148.382 D 2530.30 1213.12 330.78421 D 2530.30 1213.121493.18 900.26 34.5404r1743.582 A 4023.48 2113.38 34.5404 V 15. , .. . , , , - .1. . , . . 15.1. (1) (2) . . 15.1 , . .2. , (. 15.2), , (. 15.2). , , (200g).. 15.2 . 15.2 . . , , . . , .1 . , , , (. 15.3). , , . 1 , . , . , .2 (. 15.3). . (), , . , , . 15.3 (. 15.3). . . ., . , ( 1,5 2 m), , . . , , (. 15.4) . , , . , . . . , . . , . . , . 24.3. (. 15.5). ( X) . 1, 2, , K K i 1, 2 , , K K i , . X. , , iX iY .. 15.4. 15.5 (. 15.6) - . , .(). 1, 2, , K K i (. 15.5), iX iY , . , . iX 1, 2 , , K K i , . iY1, 2, , K K i . , . (23), , .16. - () . - : -, - , , (), -.16.1. , , 1. . 16.1, . 16.2.:( ) (1), () (2), (3)(6) 7. :Z ,V(4), H (5), . , , : , .. 15.6. 16.1- (. 16.2 16.3) :1, 1.1,1.2,-1.3(- ) , 1.4 1.5 , . 16.4. . () 2 6. . 3, , - 3.1 3.2. , , . . - . . :I , II , . 200g. V(4) () 4.1 4.2 . . (5) () 5.1 5.2 . . 7 6, . :6.1 ,6.2, 6.3, 6.4 ( ), 6.5 , 6.6 6.7 (1 . 16.16), (8 . 16.16) (2 . 16.14). () 8, , 8.1 8.2 ( ), , . 9 (. 16.1), - , 9.1, , , , . . . , . .-, , . , 1015 - . , .. 16.2 , , : ( ),( ) , (- ),, , , .2. . , . 16.3, () . : 1, 2 ( , ),3( ), 4 ( ) 5 ( ), 6 ( , ) 1, 2 3 (. 16.4).. 16.3. 16.4 . 16.5. , , 1 1B A. ( ) ,, , 1 1B A . , ., () , 2 2B A , , W .. 16.5. 16.6W-. , , .. W .. Z . . 16.6 - . , , : hh, vv () dd 1 1d -d. (), .. . , , , , , . :1. . (- ) , -W. . () :2. , .3., 1 1A B , . ( ), , , .4. , ()( ) .3. . . :) , - 30 (10II);) 5 30 (1,5II10II), 10 30 (3II10II) 5 10 (1,5II3II);) , - 5 (1,5II). . - : , (). , , , . , , ZEISS/Jena (), .. . h 080 (. 16.7.). , (1), , (2). (3), , (4) . (. 16.8) : (-) 100, (-) 50. (. 16.8) (5) (. 16.7), . . (Hz) (V) , . - c10 a, . , , 12. . 16.8 : 208,23g 220,08g .. 16.8a . 16.8 , , .-heo080heo120, . Theo 080 A : T05 (Wild/), Th51 (Opton/), KO-S (Kern/) .. . Theo030(. 16.9). , , (1) (2). , , . (3). (6.3 . 16.1) , (4), . -. 16.7g1 a. , (. 16.10). , : Hz V, , . n = 100 , 1 10 . , - c/ 1 t a n. . (0,1 0,2)cc10 20 t . , , , , . . 16.10:372,08g 291,86g .. 16.9 . 16.10 (5) , , (18).Theo020(. 16.11)-. (1), ( 2), t 10. (3) , ( , 4).. 16.11 . 16.12 . 16.13 Theo 020(. 16.12), , . (1) (2) , (3) (4), , . (5) (6). Theo 020 (. 16.13). (1) , . : T16 (Wild/), Th41 Th42 (Opton/), DKM1 (Kern/), T5 T10 (), T60E (Sokkia/) .. Theo 015(. 16.14). (1) (2) . (3) . , , - , . , . (1)(. 16.15). , HzV, ( ), . . , . . : , - , ( ). . . g1 a, 500 n , cc/ 20 t a n. , 20 . . 16.14 373,766g.. 16.14 . 16.15 (4) . : T1 1A(Wild/), K1A 1 (Kern/) .. . cc1 2 t. . . - ., , -, . , , . , . . Theo 010 (. 16.16). -. (1) , (1.1) . . (2) (3) . (4) . (5) (6) , (. 16.17) . , , - c20 a. , n = 1000 cc/ 2 t a n.. 16.17a. 16.17 , (7) , .. (. 16.17). (200g). : ( 291); (c c7 10 70 ); ( 6), 0, 2, : 291,7602g. , - (4) (2) (3).. 16.16 heo 010 A(. 16.18). -, . (1) (2) Theo020A(. 16.12). - , .(. 16.19). - . . : , , . , . (4) (. 16.19) 126,1990g. , (5).. 16.19a. 16.19 heo 010 (. 16.20) (1) , . . : T2 (Wild/), Th2 (Opton/), DKM2 DKM2-A (Kern/), Te-B1 (/), T2 (), TM1A (Sokkia/) .16.2. - , , . , . , . 16.18. 16.20 - . , , .. , . - :H ,V ,Z ,L ,L , .. () ,hh ,vv . , , , , : , , 100g . ( , ):1.L V, ( LV) . , .: , , . 200g. 1/2 , , . .. , () . . , 1/2 . , , .. L V. , . ( ) f L V (16.1) ( ) .sin .tg f , , , . , , = 0 (200)g = 0g. L V , .2.hhV( vv V) , . , .: , (. 16.21). . , (. 16.21). , .. 16.21 , .: 3 (. 16.4). , . . , , , , - .3.ZH . , HZ, . 100g . ( ) f c c (16.2) ( ) .seccoscf c c , , . = 0g, ( ) f c c.: ( ) , (. 16.22) O1 . , 200g ( ) (. 16.22) O2. ( ) f c c , ( ) f c c, 1(2t 200g) =2c, 12 . :1 = 115,3150g, 1 = 1 = 115,3300g,O2 = 315,3450g, 2 = 2+ = 315,3300g.2c=1 ( 2 t200g)= 3,00c c = 1,5c. , . , 2 ( ).. 16.22: 2 - , , : : 1 2, (. 16.22). (1) (. 16.4), , . : 1 2 , ( ) ( ). . , .4. V (.. ). , , . ( ) f i i :(16.3) ( ) .tg f i i . (= 0g) , - , -. ZH .: , 1 2 . (16.4) ( )1 22 O O 200 tgf i , , , .. Z H . , HV .: - , . , 1 2 , ..(16.5)( )g1 2cpO + O 200O =2, ( ) f i .16.3. 1. ., , v . : , , , ( ). L 5, , . (. 16.23): 5 1=1400, 2 = 2602 L = 2 1= 120,2 . v= L: 5 = 120.2 : 5 = 24 .-, -, . : , , , . - 16 40 . . , , , . , , . 1 3. (. 16.24): D , . 1 2 , 2 1O O L. (16.6)22arctg L LD D.. 16.24 . , . : , , 5, 20, 50, 100, 200, 500, 1000m,IIIIII. = I II (. . 3).. 16.23 , . .2. . (0 10) , , . , . : (. 20g), , . (. 100) 0,1 - . . ..(. 20g), . ( ) ( ). . (. 10010,00). 0,1, . 3 4. .3. (. 16.25) E C , e. O ( ) : (50 60 m), , 20 50g . I II , I OII = OI OII. . 2( ) i ic, c , Y , (.16.26). , . Y = 2c, X, i. .. 16.25. 16.264. , , .. . : , , .. , . , 1Z. 1g 2Z. , , , . g2 11 Z Z Z . , 1A . , 2A . 1A . 2A . 2A 1A. 3 4,200g 1A2A, . (16.7) i,(16.7)arcsin(sin sin ) sin sin i Z A Z A , ( ) 2 1 A A A.17. , - . - .17.1. , , , 1. -(.17.1). , , , . (1) ,() (2), , (3), . 17.1 ( ) . (ON/OFF) .- (-), , . () , . .2. . . , () () , - , (. 17.2). () , , . , , . , . , .. , . , . ( ) , . . .. 17.2 , - . - : , (. 17.3). , , , . , . ( ) , . - .. 17.3. 17.4 (. 17.4). , , , ( 1:1,01). . , . . - . - , , 90.. 17.5 (. 17.5). , , , , . . , , . , . , . , , , . , . , , , . - . - . 1. . , (. 17.6), () . . - , 256 . . - 1,6g. 128. . 17.6. ( ) 1000 128 000 31,25. - 4096 , 1000 4 096 000 , 1.-, , -, : () , ( ). , , . - , . , .. . : ) ; ) ) - . - . .3. -. . , () , , , , , .() , , , - , , , , . - , , - , . , 39. : ( ). . .4. . , :- ( ), . ( - ) , , , , . . . - , (), . . -. . Kern /, Opton/ . . (. 17.7). (, , , , .) () . , (. , .). ( , .).. 17.7 (39) , -.5. () , . , : , , , . , .. , . . : ( ) ( ). THEOMAT T2000 Wild/ (. 17.1). , , 0,1. , . . (. 17.7):1. : ON ( OFF); : SET TIME t RUN ( t = 0 20 ., t = 1 1 .); : SETMODE40RUN2RUN ; n : SETFIXnRUN, n 1 5;2. ON. DSP HzV 2 3 . : , , : Hz, V HzV. REP, , . STOP. : SET Hz0 RUN.3.( ). - : SETMODE78RUN RUN. REC . NRRUN NRt RUN, REC.4. . ERROR : 11 12 , 51 58 ..TEST0, 1 BATT, 2 . , CE. : T1000, T1010, T1610, T1100, T1800, T105 T107 (Wild, Leica/), 2(Kern/), Eth2Eth50(Zeiss/ ), DT2E, DT4E, DT500DT600 (Sokkia/), DT101, DT 102, DT 103, DT 104 DT106 (Topcon/) .() 39.17.2. , -: 1. L V, . LI V; 2. hh V; 3. Z H 4. H V. - . . , , . . , , . , () . , . ( ) , , - : 1) , , - , , ( ) 2) ( ), . , , , . , (. ), . . , - , , , . . (THEOMAT T 2000) . THEOMAT T2000 (. 17.1 17.7): ( ). , , . ( ) SET MODE 15 RUN, . , RUN, . 200g, ( ), RUN . 3 . , 0. , t 1II, 100g, , . , , , STOP RUN. . . , - 100 . , . SET MODE 11 RUN. 1 Hz C, 2 3 . RUN 3 100,0000, . , 1 2 , 3 . - 45 , , , RUN CE . ( ). , . 1 , . 200g 2 . , : , . 3 1 2 . 3. , 200g 3. , .SET2CIISET4CII( SOKKIA/) (. 17.8 17.8) , 2 20. . , . 15- () -. , , 60-. . ( ) . .. 17.8 . 17.8 .. , .. , . : YES, , , , . SHFT 0 SET, . PROG, 2 Correction(). Tilt offset (2) , Tilt angle . , , SHFT 0 SET, . 200g, , SHFT0SET, , . CECA., Tilt angle, XY 100g. . - 100 m (). PROG. 2.Correction, 2.Collimation ( ). YES, . , . (YES), . YES , NO . NO (Re-observe?). YES . , , , () . , -. . . SET5F(. 17.9 17.9) SOKKIA/, , 20, , , 4 , 3000 , . () : (THEO), (EDM), (SO) (CONF). . 4 , . .. 17.9 . 17.9a () : , . , , . . , (CONF), 2.Tilt correction ( ). : = 90,0000g 1X 1Y . , , 200 g, = 270,0000g, , 2X2Y . 1 1( ) / 2 + X X Y 2 2( ) / 2 + Y X Y. - - - t 10II, EXIT . : 0 SET, 0,0000g. SET 1X 1Y . 200g (), , 2X2Y , SET . , .. . - 400 t120, EXIT. ENTER, . 3X3Y, . 200g , 4X 4Y. XY34t 10II, EXIT , . . RECELTA13 C(ZEISS/) (. 17.10 17.10) , , , 4 , 40 , 24, , -.. 17.10 . 17.10a (ADJUST/PREPARE) 5 , .1, . ENTER (Input and measurement), : Measure pos. 1: ENTER. ENT , . ENT : 1. ; 2. 3. 0 . MEN . 4,95, ERROR: LIMIT EXCEEDED MEN INPUT AND MEASUREMENT MENU. 2, SZ SK . , ENT. 200g, ENT . SZ SK NZ NK . (+) , () . MEN SZ SK . SZ SK 2,55 5,15, ERROR: LIMITEXCEEDED. MEN ADJUST/ PREPARE., 1.Levelling, , , SZ, SK, NZNK . MEN . LEV ().18. , , , . , , , (6). . , R, (. 18.1). , , ( ). -, 400g. ( 18.1). :1. , . , .. 18.1 18.1 -. . 2c =R-ORcc= ccI OIg c ccII OIIg c cc=O I +(O II t 200) 2gc ccORgcccRg ccc1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 1124 28 0, 15 24200, 14 82 42 0, 15 03 0 ,00 00 0, 00 00 0,0 -2,6 12.08.1999.40 161, 20 42 361, 19 94 48 161, 20 18 161, 05 15 161 ,05 080-7,0 -9,6 17 15260, 01 98 160, 01 44 54 260, 01 71259, 86 68 259,86 757 7,75,1 : , 16330, 79 72 130, 79 34 38 330, 79 53330, 64 50 330,64 597 9,7 7,1(17 36) (15 54) (182) (16 45)(56 33)(56 434) +10,40.0+ 15 03 x 4 =60 12 1+2,6 [ ] = 411,18 (16 45)24 28 66, 64 82266, 64 48 3466, 64 65 0, 00 000,01,440 227, 69 8827, 69 38 50227, 69 63 161, 04 9810,0 11,4 cc411,18/(3 2) 8, 3 m 15 326, 51 74126, 51 26 48326, 51 50 259, 86 85 9,3 -7,916 396, 29 50196, 29 12 38396, 29 31 330, 64 66 6,3 -4,9 cc cc8, 3 /3 4, 8 M (15 94)(14 24) (170)(15 09) (56 49) 5,60,0+ 64 65 4 = 58 60 2= -1.4 fmax (15 09) 24 28 133, 38 62333, 38 12 50133, 38 37 0, 00 0056 330,01,240 294, 43 6694, 43 30 36294, 43 48 161, 05 1156 49 -3,0 -1,8 No f cc15 393, 25 32193, 24 90 42393, 25 11259, 86 7456 481,72,9 . 1 2 3 max16 64, 03 20264, 02 80 4064, 03 00330, 64 63 169 30 : 3 = -3,3 -2,1 28 00 00 00 0 (10 80)(09 12) (168)(09 96)(56 48)56 433 -4.60.2 40 115 98 111 17 38 37 x 4 =53 48 3=-1.2 15 68 85 74 17 09 96 16 50 66 63 16 , , .2. , , ( ) . .3. (). , , . , , :4. . , . .5. . , , .. , , , , . :6. , () . , . 0,5 cm. - , , , .7. , . - , , : , , 100g . , . , , , . , , : . . , - . , (, ) , . 0,2 2 mm. . , , , , , 100g. , ( ) .8. , .. -. . : ; ; , ( , , - ); , . , , . , , .1. , , - . , , . (. 18.2) : ( - , , ). ( 18.1), , , , , . 3. , 200g , , , , 4 . . , , 200g. , - , , .. , n . , . , = 200g/n. n = 3 ( 18.1) , = 66 67g. , 0g, 2 . : : , - 0g, , , . ., - , , - 0g, , . : , , , 0g, - 66g, . : , , , - 133g. :1. 5 ( )I II g2 O O 200 t c. , , , . . . , . 18.2 , - . , ( ). .: I IIO O 2 c : 17 36 15 54 = 1 82 ..2. 6 O , , : ( )I II gO O 2002+ t. , .. 6 3 4. : 16 45 = (17 36 + 15 54 )/2 ..3. 7 R , 6 , 0,00 00g. , R , , , .. . . , . : 7 4 ( ) , 6. : 56 33 + 415 03 = 16 45 ..4. 8 R R . : 7 : (56 33 + 56 49 + 56 48)/ 3 = 56 434. :1. 9 , .. = R R .2. 10 i = i , : = [ ] /, (i = 1, 2, ..., ). [ ] = 0 . []. (18.1)[ ]( ) ( ) 1 1 mn k, R (18.2)mMn.2. , - . (), .. 18.3: (. 18.3) . , . , - 0g( , ). , . , , . ( I ) (. 18.3). , . , . , .. (. 18.3). .( II), , , ., . () . =III. (. 18.3). - , 3, n , n (18.3)( ) gO O .400 kn , k = 1, 2, ... . , O O .:=0, 76 24g: = 0, 76 24g = 7, 83 68 = 3, 12 13 (3 ) = = 7, 07 44 = =2, 35 89= ( 3 )/3= 2, 35 813 .19. :1. , .. , ;2. .1. ( , .) 12, (. 19.1). mm, , , .. 12. i, (19.1)sinarcsiniiieS ,i , . 19.1iS () , . , ( 19.1) :1. 2 , 3 eR.2. 4 i, . .3. 5 iS e ( ).4. 6 7 sin i i.5. i 3 , i(8)R9 + e RR R. 7, 8 9 . 19.1. 12. . . eR(g c cc). eR R(g c cc)Se(m)sin sin eS.(g)7 R(g) +R eR R(g c cc)1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 912e7 0,0000 63,8468 646,320 0,001874 0,1193 0,0000 0,000014 73,1481 136,9952 781,570 0,001537 0,0978 -0,0215 73,126928 182,4658 246,3126 524,350 -0,001822 -0,1160 -0,2353 182,230510 311,5362 375,3830 758,430 -0.000715 -0,0455 -0,1648 311,371412() 336,1532 0,0000 1,437 (3036) (5376) 0,0556-0,4216 (7288)+15325 =7660 +0,11934 = +0,4772 +4216(1504) 3036 0,0556 15042. (. 19.2) : () , , (. ). (. ) , . -, . 19.2 , . mm, . . 19.2, , 19.1, .20. () . , (. 20.1). h . , , . , - , (. 20.2). z ( ) . - 100g, 100g, - 100g. 100g:(20.1)g100 + z .. 20.1 . 20.2 , , , . , , . - , . - , . ( t 8 10I). 100g(300g ). -, i . i. 1. - . . 30 m (. 20.3). , , , , , . 1z. (. 20.3), 2z. (20.2) ( )g1 22 400 + i z z .. 20.3, . . ..- g g g g1 1 1c2 2 299, 85 50 , 2 400 3 , 99, 87 00 ,300, 11 50 , 1, 5 , 300, 13 00399, 97 00 400, 00 00 . z i z z iz i z z i . , 1z1 z(2z2 z). , . . . , 1z 1 z(2z2 z). (. 20.3). 2 (. 16.4).2. , - , . - , . . , . - , . . THEOMATT2000(. 17.1). : SET MODE 10 RUN. . 2 3 . RUN, . . , 2 3 . RUN, CE . SET 2 CII (SET 4CII) (. 17.8). V indexing, 2.Manual. () 3 ZA Face 1. 30. SHFT0SET. ZAFace2. SHFT 0 SET, . REC ELTA 15 C (ZEISS/) (. 17.10). (ADJUST/PREPARE) 5 VINDEX/HZ COLLIMATION COMPENSATOR, . 1 . (. 17.2). , . , . . ( 20.1). 20.1. .. ( )I II2 O O 400 i( )I II400 O O2+ZJmSmI I IO ZgcccII II IIO 400 Zgccc cc gccc241,48282,0197,4616 302,5362 -22 97,4627401,51100,7694 299,2270 -36 100,7712150,00103,8964 296,1008 -28 103,8978161,51101,1852 298,8130 -18 101,1861- (33). J ( ) iS ( , ). 2i , . I II (20.3)( )I IIcpO 400 O2Z+ .21. . , . (. 21.1). A, A, , , , , : N , M +X . : , I .. 21.1 , . , () () , .. , (,,) . . , ., , (). . , .. , . , , .. , , , . . , ., , , , , , . , . (. 21.2) - - , , 0180 (0200g), 1 (1g). , , .. 21.2 . 21.3 (. XI) (. 21.3), , , 20 40 (). , , , . , , .. 21.4 . 21.5 - , . (. 21.4)(. 21.5). , (. 21.6). , , , (. 21.6) (. 21.6). , O . , i. MAi (21.1)M MA O O i i.. 21.6 , , , 0g . :(21.2)MA =A +i i :(21.3)M=A +i i + . , . , , . . 4 10. , . VI 22. , . . - 1/4000 (2.5 cm 100 m), - . 20,30 50 m, , 10 cm . (), . (20C), . 22.1 (10 kg). - 12 mm. - . - , - . () (. 22.1, . 22.2).. 22.2. , : , ; , . . , , , , 11 . :1. .2. - (. 22.1), .3. , , . (20 m).4. , ., , , .5. , , 10kg, 45 . . 1 (. 22.1).6. , 1 . , . 1 , .7. . . - , , .8. () , , ( ) .(22.1) D nl l + , l, , l .9. , . . . .. . . , :1. t 56 cm, .2. - 1020 cm.3. .4. , , .5. . . I II (I + II) .I II NoNo. 12 15 136,45 136,39 136,42 4 6 16,45 6 16,39 10 89,36 89,33 89,345 5 4 9,36 6 9,33 1 2 121,98 121,96 121,97 4 6 1,98 6 1,96 8 56,67 56,68 56,675 4 2 16,67 2 16,68 18 139,75 139,67 139,71 5 6 19,75 6 19,71 , , . . 22. 1. 22.1 1:500 1:1000 1:2000. 100 m. 100 m. 100m 4% 4% 8% 8%1:40001:30001:20002,5cm3,3cm5,0cm1:30001:20001:15003,3cm5,0cm6,5cm1:20001:15001:10005,0cm6,5cm10cm , . (11), , - .23. . , , , . () . : ; ; . . , . : , . .1., , . . (. 23.1) . N, A B, M N AB . a, b, h D (23.1)22+ + a bD a b hab.. 23.1 . 23.2 (. 23.2) A B . .1M .2M 1 3M M 2 4M M. m, b . a, b, c (23.2) + + D a b c . 2. . AN. .B . x, y (. 23.3) (23.3)2 2 + D x y. - , , . .A . B x, 1y, 2y (. 23.4). (23.4)( )222 1 + D x y y.. 23.3 . 23.4 , . . . , , , 2 - . . - . , . 1. .A B, (. 23.5). . C, A B. AC = a BC = b. (23.5)2 cos + D a b ab . 6. .A B, (. 23.6). . C . 23.5 , , a. 200 ++ f. =3 f , (23.6)sinsinaD .. 23.6 . 23.77...AB . , (. 23.7). . 1C 2C. , , a b. :(23.7)sinsin( )+ aD;(23.8)sinsin( ) + bD. . , 11 .24. . , , , . (. 24.1, 24.1a).. 24.1 . 24.1 () . b, S. (24.1)tg b bS. , :) ;) . . :1. ( ); :1.1. :1.1.1 ( );1.1.2 ( 002, , .).1.2. , (BRT 006, .)2. ( ). : ( ); ( ). -( ), . , 6366. . (. 24.2), :. 24.2 . 24.3 ; 3 4 ; , (. 24.3)., 1L 2L 2 1 L L L. (1000, 2000, 3000), . (24.2) + S KL c , ctg K , c . K - 100, 50 200. (24.2) (24.3) S KL . (. 24.3), 11400 L; 21626 L, 2 1( ) 100 (1, 626 1, 400) 100 0, 226 22, 60 S KL K L L m. - . D z. 2 2cos cos D S KL ,2 2sin sin D S z KL z., . . . 1% , .. 24.4 . , , ( 3 5 m) ( 100 m) (. 24.4)., K c, :1 1 + S KL c 2 2 + S KL c.: 14, 62 Sm 298, 43 Sm, L1= 10461000 = 0,046 m; L2= 19861000 = 0,986 m. :4,62 = 0,046K + c; 93,81 = 0,940K; c = 4,62 0,046K;98,43 = 0,986K+c; K = 99,80; c = 0,03 m.-1%, , K = 100 c = 0. : , , , ., 1% . (24.4)2 2| ` | ` + . , . ,Sm mm SK L. , 1:100 300 m 1:400 100 m. - . , , . . , . . . 002. . 170 m 2 5 cm. . , - . . , BRT-006, . 60 180 m. 60 m . - . , . BRT-006 6 10 cm 100 m. . - .() .-2 1 m, . (. 24.5) , (24.6) ctg2 2bD , b =2 m e ; . : . ; . ; ; (24.7) ctg2 D .. .25. -, . - . . , .. 24. 5 ( ), . A B (. 25.1), . A, . B, . , , 1t. , . A 2t. 2 1 t t. . - , , (25.1)2 S v , v ; , . (25.2) Cvn,C = 299 792 458 m/s ;n, ( ). . . (25.1) (25.3)2 2 2| ` | ` | ` + . , . , . ,S vm m mS v, Sm, vm, m S, v . , (25.1) , . : , . -, , . - , . , , ( ), . - , . . ( ). , (25.4)= . (25.5)2 vS .- ( 2 ) f f, (25.6)4vSf.. 25.1 f, v , (25.7)2 2 S . , 2, . - (25.8)02 + N,(25.9) ( )2 + S N N , 0/ 2 N, . N , . (25.9) . 25.2. , . :1. .2. , , , , , .3. , .4. , , . (25.6), (25.10)22 22 2 24| `| ` | ` + + . , . ,. ,fvS vmmvm m S Sf f v.. 1. 4 :(25.11)( ) +L kmm a bS, mm +Lm a bppm, Lm S ;a , ;b , ppm .ab . + k k k . 25.1, , . . [48]. , . , , , : - 400 m - 1000 m; /2 ; . () , 0,4 m . , 1,3 m, .. 25.224m, . - , , 5 10 m. 1 m, 2 m, . 25.3. .. 25.3 , . 510, (25.12) i mk S S, 1, 2, , K i n, S , mS . n - , (25.13)1( ) nmS Skn. k ik .. . . k . . () 1550 km. - . 1/300 000. .()25km. . . . () - 0,3 3 km . . -. (0,1 + 0,1 ppm). , , . VII 26. . . 1. , . 26.1 . . , (. 26.1). . 26.1 , (26.1) + B A ABH H h. ABh , B , , A. A B AB B Ah H H,(26.2) BA A Bh H H, AB BAh h. , : ; ; ; .- , , , . , . 12 , . , , .2. AB , . , . a , Ab, B. . 26.2 , ABh (26.3) ABh a b.. 26.3 -3.5m, A B 150 m. , - - -, , , , . , AB . ( ). . 26.3, A , . A ( ). AJ . b B. . 26.2(26.4) AB Ah J b. , , .3. , . , . . , () . , , , . , - . . : 1km , - 0,5 mm. I II , . . 1 km 0,5 mm 3 mm. III IV , , . 1 km 3mm10mm. , . : ; ( ) . 4 m,3m 2 m, ,. , , . . , . . - 4- . , . . . , . , , , , (. 26.5).. 26.4. 26.3. 26.527. . , . , (. 27.1). . - , , ..- , , .. . : () ; . H . , , . . , . , - - . , . , , . 27.2, , . 27.2. , . , , . 27.1, : V, ; L;. 27.1. 27.2 L; Z; (hh) (vv) . :1. V. . (. 27.3). 200g . , . (. 27.3) , , . .2. (hh) V. , , . . , , a, b,c d(. 27.4) , . .3. L Z . , .. 27.5 , A B(.27.5). 6070 m. , , . A, 1a. , .B, 1b. . 27.5 , ABh (27.1)1 1 ABh a b, A B, . . 27.1 , . 27.3abcdABCD. 27.4 . , , . ( 34 m) , . .B, , , 2b. . 2a , .A, , , (27.2)2 2 +ABa h b. , .A, . 27.2. , , , . 27.2 , . , . A . . 27.2, , , . B D, . 27.4.28. . . , . ( ), : , . 0Z, (. 28.1). , .P. . . P , (. 28.1). , (. 28.1). - . ( ) ( ), .. 28.1 . 28.2 Ni025, .. 28.2 1, . 2, . () 3, 1. . 10, -. : V, ; L; (hh) (vv) ., . , . :1. L V .2. (hh) V .3. . 5060 m. 5 , 5 (. 28.3). , , . , , . , , , ( ) , 4 . , 3 mm 5 mm . - .. 28.34. , , . . , , , . .A(. 27.5). 27.2, , B D (. 27.4) , . . 27.1. 27.1 . B . B2 2 +ABa h bA11576 a21651 a11620 a21684 aB11237 b21300 b11282 b21345 b0, 339 +ABhm; 21639 a ;12 mm0, 338 +ABh m; 21683 a ;1 mm29. 1. , .1. , 16.2. , 16.3. . (.. ) . , . (, ), (29.1) .0.1 m, . (29.2)..60 mv, v . - , (29.3)600.1 v,(29.4)600 v. . - . 29.4 (29.5)1200 v. , 5060 m . , , , . 12mm , , . -, . , . , . , , .4. . 1011 , , 5060 m 1S (. 29.1).. 29.1 12 23 10,11, , , K h h h, 1S, , 1, 2,, 11, 2S, - , , . 1, 2, 3,, 11 1S (.. ) , . ia, :(29.6)12 2 123 3 210,11 11 10,,. K K K K K Kh a ah a ah a a 2S , . ia, :(29.7)12 2 123 3 212 11 10,,. K K K K K Kh a ah a ah a a, - 23 mm , , .5. , 24.2. 1. ( ). 10 , , . , 0.2 mm, , .. , , , . 0.02 mm. . , , . , . .2. . , -. (100 mm) 0.5 mm.3. . , , , 2030 m . - 3 , . , , .4. . . , 5060m. , . . , . 100g. , .30. () , , . , , (. 30.1). , . , CCD . . . , , .. . , . . 30.2 . , . - : , (). . ( ). . - : ( ) 50%. , , 5500 m 1 (8 ). 1 8800 m. ( ). , , . , - . - - . .. 30.1. 30.2 DiNi 21 Carl Zeiss1. . 30.3 DiNi21. :1) ;2) ;3) ;4) ;5) ;6) ;7) ;8) ;9) ;10) ;11) ();12) ; . 30.4 .. 30.4, . (8) . 30.4, . , . , . : ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ( ) ; . . - . , (. 30.4). . 4 - . , . , , , . .. 30.32. (. 30.4). , . , . : . , . . ( ), . 0.001 m/0.0001 m 0.01 ft/0.001 ft . , . 10 min, . . , . : ; , ; , . . . , : . ( ) 0 1 m. 0, . 0 0.01 m ( 0 ). 1 +1. , .3. - , . . . , . 3 4 . ( , ) , , . . (8). 30.4. R HD. . , , . , , . () , . . , . -, . , . . ( ) . . , . , - ( , ). . , . ( ) . ., , . - . Z, h HD . Rz HD . , - ( ). . , . () , . .() . , . . ( ) . . , . ( ) . . . , , . Z, dZ, HD , Rz. dZ. , . . .. . . . . (. , , ) . . , ( ), , . . . , , . . :, , . , ., . , . . , , , . , , . . : Zi( ); Rb . : Z , . Rf . , ( ) ( Back Fore ). . , . - , . , , . , . . Tp, Cp. , , . . , : ( ); .. , . , . , , . , . , . : Sh;dz( , ); Db; Df., . . . , , , . , - . , . . - .4. (. 30.4). . . . . DbDf. Db , . , . : (, ), , , , . . ( 10). , , . sR. . , , , . ., . DiNi21, . , , . (. 30.4). . , . . , . , . , , .. , . , . , , , . . , , . , . (. 30.5).. 30.5 A B , . 1 . 2 (. 30.5). . . 30.5 . -, .5. (.30.4). . ( REC500 RECE), ( REC500/LN-CTL ..), . , : , ; , , , ; /. , 1 ( ), 1 ( ). . . , . . . , . , ( ), . 5-, , . , . , , .. , . , . . () 21 . , . , .6. . , , . , , (.. ). . , , : . . , , . . , . , , . , . . .7. - . ,. . (. 30.4). . : ; . , DiNi21 . , -(, , , ..)8. : 1 km : : 0.7 mm; 1.3 mm; : 2.0 mm. : : 1.5 m 100 m; 1.5 m 100 m; : 1.3 m. : : 15 mm; 20 mm; : 30 mm. , : 0.1 mm; 10 mm. 2.5 sec. : 26x; 40 mm; 100 m 2.2 m; 100 m 0.3 m.: ( ) 15; , 0.5. 4 21 . : 400g/360; 1g/1; 0.1g/0.1. , : ; . . : ; ; ; . : 2000, 1 . On-line RS232 C/V24 . NiMH 6 V 1.1 Ah, 1 . -20 C +50 C. 125 mm/176 mm/295 mm. 2.5 kg. NA2002/NA3003 Leica NA2002 NA3003 NA2000, . NA3000, , 1990 . NA2002/NA3003 : GRM10 REC . GIF10/GIF12 . DELTA/LEVNET , . . . 30.6 NA3003. : 1 km : : 0.9 mm/0.4 mm ( NA2002, NA3003); 1.5 mm/1.2 mm; : 2 mm/2 mm. : : 1.8 m 60 m; 1.8 m 100 m; : 0.6 m. 1 cm 5 cm. 2 8 ., , , . , : NA2002 1 mm 0.1 mm; NA3003 0.1 mm 0.01 mm; 4 sec. : NA2002 NA3003; NA3003. : 1 99. , 2 20. ( ) 1 20. : REC GRM10 GPC1;. 30.6 . : 24x; 36 mm; 100 m 3.5 m.: ( ) 10; , 0.8 NA2002 0.4 NA3003. 8/2 mm. : 400g/360; 1g/1; 0.1g/0.1; GEB79 NiCd 12 V 500 mAh, 1 . 2.5 kg.31. , , . . . 31.1 , A B. . . : - 150200 m 3.5 m, (). , 1x, (. 31.1). , , (), . a A, b 1x. , , . .. 31.1 , . 31.1 a , A, b , ( , 1x,2x ..). . A(. 31.1. 1, ). , . . 1x , , . , .1x. 1. , B, . . . A , B . 31.1 1.09.1999 . Ni025 15310 . . ...m, mm , m .iH , m .. ab + -1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9.. A1182053-21.110541.253 ..Ax1 1327 0943 x1130-20.5161 2247 1843 541.843 168-10.0712x 2841 23182x150-21.9693x 1963 08723x114-20.9492 2198 1014 544.685 298-20.7363 1872 1462 545.419 3168-20.337.. B 2209 545.080 .. B846 Sm14501 a 10661 b3.827 + H HB A m( ) ( )13 + h B Af a b H H mmkm30 mm 28 mm t thf Shik ikfv SS .- , ab, ABh a b AB B Ah H H. (31.1) ( ) ( ) h AB AB B Af h h a b H H, . . , (31.2)km30 mm thf S . . - , , . (