geology study guide one through seven

8/3/2019 Geology Study Guide One Through Seven

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Geology Study Guide

Exam 1

Nikolaus Alvarado

All text derived from: Earth: An Introduction to Physical Geology Tenth Edition: By Tarbuck, Lutgens, Tasa

A study guide with all text and information taken from,Earth: An Introduction to Physical Geology Tenth Edition: By

Tarbuck, Lutgens, Tasa and put together to enhance your understanding with a quick reference information booklet.


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Table of ContentsChapter One-Geology ............................................................................................................................................................. 2

Chapter Two- Plate Tectonics ................................................................................................................................................. 2

Chapter Three-Matter and Minerals ....................................................................................................................................... 3

Chapter Four-Magma, Igneous Rocks, and Intrusive Activity ................................................................................................. 4

Chapter Five-Volcanoes and Volcanic Hazards ....................................................................................................................... 4

Chapter Six-Weathering and Soil ............................................................................................................................................ 5

Chapter Seven-Sedimentary Rocks ......................................................................................................................................... 7

Helpful Latin Translations ....................................................................................................................................................... 8

Helpful Diagrams ..................................................................................................................................................................... 9

Images: .................................................................................................................................................................................. 12

ALL TEXT ................................................................................................................................................................................ 12


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Chapter One-Geology

Catastrophism-the belief that earths landscapes had been shaped primarily by great catastrophes. Thisphilosophy was an attempt to fit the rates of the rates of Earth processes to the then-current ideas on the

age of Earth.

Uniformitarianism-states that the physical, chemical, and biological laws that operate today have alsooperated in the geological past. To understand the past we have to first understand the present.

Earth is 4.6 billion years old.

Relative dating means rocks on top are younger than the underlying rocks Law of Superposition states the same concept as relative dating. Earths Spheres

o Hydrosphereo Atmosphereo Geosphereo Biosphere

Closes system means they system doesnt interact and Open System means they do. Lithosphere is Crust and Asthenosphere is the solid upper part of the mantle. Continental Margin

Portion of seafloor adjacent to major landmasses May include continental shelf, slope, and rise

o Continental Shelf-the gentle sloping platform that extends toward the ocean basin.o Continental Slope-the relatively steep drop off that extends off the shelf straight to the basino Continental Rise-in regions where trenches do not exist the steep continental slope merges into a

more gradual incline known as the continental rise.

Deep-Ocean Basin- The area between continental margins and Oceanic ridges

o Abyssal Plains-The incredibly flat ocean floor.o Deep-Ocean Trenches-relatively narrow, extremely deep repressions in the ocean floor. Can

extend 36K feet deep

Oceanic Ridges Basically an Underwater Mountain Range AKA the mid oceanic ridge

The Rock Cycle- SEE FIG-1Chapter Two- Plate Tectonics

Pangaea-Supercontinent Continental Drift

o An idea proposed by Alfred Wegener and found evidence with: Fossil matches Across sea Rock Types and Geological Features matches across seas Ancient Climates matched over seas Continental Jigsaw of Pangaea

o They rejected Wegeners idea of continental drift because he lacked a mechanism of why ithappened.

Paleomagnetism-the record of the direction of the magnetic poles of the earth during the formation of arock. AKA fossil magnetism.

When 1 plate has a convergent boundary on one side it has a divergent boundary on the other side. Oceanic-Oceanic-2 oceanic plates collide Oceanic-Continental-a oceanic and continental plate collide Continental-Continental-2 continental plates collide


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CONTINENTAL RIFTING=SEE HELPFUL DIAGRAHMS.

Chapter Three-Matter and Minerals

Mineralo Naturally occurringo Solid Substanceo Orderly Crystalline Structure (NOT GLASS)o Well defined chemical compositiono Inorganic

Rocko Solid mass of mineral or mineral-like matter.o Occur Naturally

Atomso Atomic # is equal to number of protonso Atomic Mass is equal to the number of protons and neutrons.o Electrically stable elements have SAMEnumber of protons(+) as electrons(-)

Ions-charged atomso Cations-positively charged ionso Anions-Negatively charged ions

Covalent Bondso Chemical bond formed by the sharing of a pair of electrons between atoms. Ex. 2 hydrogen

atoms have only 1 valence electron so to fill the first level they share their electrons creating H 2.

Ionic Bondso A Chemical bond formed by the transfer of electrons. Ex. Na has only 1 valence electron and Cl

has 7 valence electrons Na gives up its electron to Cl giving it 8 valence electrons creating NaCl

or table salt.

Metallic bondso When they bond the valence electrons are free to move from one atom to another

Isotopeo an element with a changed number of neutrons from the original element

Radioactive Decayo The emitting of particles to create a stable isotope.o WHAT ARE THE 3 TYPES OF RADIOACTIVE DECAY AND WHAT DO THEY DO

WITH THE ELECTRONS WHEN IT IS DECAYED

Properties of Mineralso Optical Properties

Luster The quality of light reflected from the surface

Color

Streak The color of the powdered form of the mineral

o Crystal shape or habito Mineral Strength

Tenacity A minerals resistance to breaking or deforming

Hardness Resistance of a mineral to scratch

Cleavage The tendency of a mineral to break ALONG PLANES of weak bonding


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Fracture Ex. Conchoidal, splintery, or fibrosis fractures.

Silicateso Most abundant elements ofearths crust. Contain O and Si.o Silicon-Oxygen Tetrahedron (Si044-)

Consist of 4 O ions(each have a 2- charge equalling8-) And one Si ion (4+ charge) together charge is 4-

Chapter Four-Magma, Igneous Rocks, and Intrusive Activity

Intrusiveo Igneous rocks formed underground or plutonic rocks

Extrusiveo Igneous rocks formed aboveground or volcanic rocks

FELSIC-MAFIC ETC SEE DIAGRAHMS Igneous Textures

o Glassy-produced by VERY RAPID coolingo Pyroclastic-produced from explosive volcanic debriso Phaneretic-(course grained) texture in which magma cools slowly at depth Ex. Granite, Diorite,

Gabbro

o Porphyritic-produced by slow then rapid cooling Ex. Porphyritic andesite, basalt and graniteo Aphanitic-(fine-grained) texture produced when lava cools quickly on earths surface Ex.

Andesite, Rhyolite, Basalt

Chapter Five-Volcanoes and Volcanic Hazards

Viscosity of Magmao

Temperature, Silica Content, and Volatiles. Greater concentration of silica gives magma higher viscosity High Viscosity=Slow moving with great resistance. Low Viscosity=Fast moving with little resistance. Liquid magma is called MELT Gaseous magma components is called VOLATILES Lava flows

o Pahoehoe Smooth surface flow that often resembles a rope-like texture.

o Aa Exhibits rough, jagged rocks with dangerously sharp edges and spiny projections and also

moves extremely slowly.o Lava Tubes

Hardened basaltic flows that develop in the interior of a flow when temperatures remainhigh long after the surface hardens.

o Pillow Lava The outpouring of lava that occurs on ocean floors. The lavas outer skin quickly congeals however; the lava is usually able to move forward

by breaking through the hard surface.

Pyroclastic material can be broken into 3 categorieso Ash/Dusto Blocks


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o Bombs Cinder Cones

o Smallest volcano made of gravel or CINDERSo AKA Scoria Cones

Stratovolcanoeso classic depiction of volcanoo AKA Composite Cones

Shield Volcanoeso Largest of the 3 volcanoes

Calderao Collapsed volcanoo With lakeo Translates to cooking pot in Latin

Lava Domeso Dome inside volcano kind of like a plugo Such as one on Mount St. Helens now

Nue Ardenteo glowing avalancheso Pyroclastic flowso Consist of hot gasses and incandescent asho Comes from Stratovolcanoes

Chapter Six-Weathering and Soil

External Processeso Weathering

The physical breakdown (disintegration) and chemical alteration (decomposition) at ornear Earths surface

o Mass Wasting The transfer of rock and soil downslope under the influence of gravity

o Erosion The physical removal of material by mobile agents such as water, wind, or ice.

Mechanical Weathering-The physical forces that break rock into smaller and smaller pieces withoutchanging the rocks mineral composition.

o Types of Mechanical Weathering Frost Wedging

The process of weathering in which water works its way into the cracks in a rock,the freezing of the water (water expands as it freezes) enlarges the cracks and

angular fragments are eventually produced. See Fig-8

Salt Crystal Growth

Salt crystal growth occurs when sea spray from breaking waves or saltygroundwater penetrates crevices and pore spaces in rock. As the water evaporates,

salt crystals are formed; they gradually grow larger and eventually push apart thepores or cracks in which they are growing.

Thermal Expansion Thermal expansion occurs in places such as deserts where the temperature

exceeds 30C. Heating of rock causes expansion and cooling causes contraction.Repeated swelling and shrinking of minerals with different expansion rates exert

stress on the rock and break it down. Biological Activity


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Plant roots in search of nutrients and water grown into fractures and as the rootsgrow they wedge the rock apart.

Chemical Weathering-Chemical transformation of rock into one or more new compounds.o Types of Chemical Weathering

Dissolution A common form of chemical weathering, it is the process of dissolving into a

homogenous solution, as when an acidic solution dissolves limestone.

Oxidation The removal of one or more electrons from an atom or ion. So named because

elements commonly combine with oxygen Hydrolysis

(Latin: Hydro=water, Lysis=a loosening) The chemical weathering process in which minerals are altered by chemically

reacting with water and acids.

Rates of Weathering-the rate in which the rock weathers. The rates vary with a change in several factorsthat can influence it in different ways.

o Climateo Rock characteristicso Differential weathering

Regolitho (rhegos=blanket, lithos=stone)o The layer of rock and mineral fragments produced by weathering.

Humuso The decayed remains of plant life and animals (organic matter).

Soilo Is the combination of mineral and organic matter, water, and air

Soil Formationo Controlled by several factors including the following:

Parent Material

The source of the weathered mineral matter from which soils develop. Time Climate Organic Matter

Plants and Animals Topography

The Soil Profileo The vertical section through a soil, showing its succession ofhorizons (the divided soil layers or

zones) and the underlying parent material.

o The soil profile consist of horizons as follows Topsoil

O Horizon-Loose and partly decayed organic matter A Horizon-Mineral matter mixed with some humus

E Horizon-Zone of eluviation and leaching (the depletion of soluble minerals from theupper soil)

Subsoil B Horizon-Accumulation of clay transported from above

C Horizon-Partially altered parent material Unweathered parent material

o See Fig-9


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Chapter Seven-Sedimentary Rocks

Detrital Sedimentary Rockso Particle size classification can be seen in Fig-10o Shale

Consist of silt and clay sized particles Detrimental setting: Quite, non-turbulent currents such as lakes, rivers, or flood plains.

o Sandstone Consist of sand-sized grains and particles

o Conglomerate and Breccia Conglomerate consist of rounded gravels Breccia consist of mainly angular gravels

Chemical Sedimentary Rockso Sedimentary rocks that are derived from ions that are carried in solution to lakes and seas. The

materials do not remain dissolved in water indefinably. Some of it precipitates to form chemical

sediments.

o Limestone

Most abundant chemical sedimentary rock Composed mainly of calcite (CaCO3)

o Dolostone Composed of dolomite [calcium-magnesium carbonate [CaMg(CO3)2]]

o Chert Rocks composed of microcrystalline quartz (SiO2) Varieties are derived from impurities such as Flint gets its dark color from organic matter

and Jasper obtains its reddish color from iron oxide.

o Evaporites Common precipitates of evaporates include Halite (NaCl), Gypsum (CaSO42H2O)

Organic Sedimentary Rockso The development of coalo 1.)Peat-Partially altered plant materialo 2.)Lignite-Soft brown coalo 3.)Bituminous-Soft, black coalo 4.)Anthracite-Hard, black coal (Anthracite is NOT a sedimentary rock, but a metamorphic)

Sorting and Particle Shapeo The degree of sorting depends on the size of the particles in the sedimentary rock

If you have a rock with all the particles the same size you have a very well sorted rockbut if you have a rock with a number of different size particles it is poorly sorted

o Angularity The more edges a particle has the more angular it is whereas the more rounded a particle

is the more rounded it is.

o Sorting can determine the history of a sedimentary rock When streams, winds, or waves move sand and other large sedimentary particles they

lose their edge and become more round

Clays and other FINE grain particles are deposited by WEAKER or STILL currents. Rounder particles were once likely to be water or airborne.


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The more rounded a particle is the more it was most likely transported for a longer periodof time

Very angular grains imply that when the grains were transported they were for a shortamount of time and that some other medium such as glacial movement transported them.

Stronger currents of air or water deposit larger particles. Deposits of wind-blown sand are usually better sorted than those deposited by wave

activity.

Poor sorted usually means transported for short time and rapidly deposited Digenesis- The collective term of all chemical, physical, and biological changes that take place after

sediments are deposited and during and after lithification.

o Lithification-the process by which unconsolidated sediments are transformed into solidsedimentary rock.

o Compaction-A physical diagenetic change. As sediment accumulates, the weight of the overlying material compresses the deeper

sediments. The deeper sediment is buried, the more it is compacted, the firmer itbecomes. As grains are compacted more and more, pore space (open area between

particles) is reduced.

o Cementation-A diagenetic change that involves crystallization of mineralHelpful Latin Translations, Prefixes, and Suffixes

Latin English Latin English Latin English

Lamin thin sheet Fic Make Crater A bowl

Fissilis Cleft or split Viscos Sticky Fumus Smoke

In Not Calderia Cooking pot Ferrum Iron

Organicus Life Intra Within A Not

Paleo Ancient Ex Off Phaner Visible

Genesis Origin Folium Leaf Tabula TableLithos Stone Rhegos Blanket Discorare Disagree

Neo New Elu Get away from Concordare Agree

Globo Sphere Via Away Pyro Fire

Quad Four Aridos Dry Clast Fragments

Pachy Thick Solum Soil Bathos Depth

Derm Skin Inceptom Beginning Ignis Fire

Meta Change Hydro Water Tekton To build

Morph Shape Lysis Loosening Sphere A ball

Pan All Dia Change Trans Across

Gaia Earth Organicus Life Forma To form

Aheno Weak Soma Body Poly Many

Di Apart Migma Mixture Kleiben Carve

Con Together Ite Stone Pheno Show

Verger Move Super Over Cryst Crystal

Xeno Stranger positum Place Ology The study of


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Helpful Diagrams

Fig-1

Fig-2 Fig-3

Fig-4 Fig-5


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Fig-6 Fig-7

Fig-8 Fig-9


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Fig-10

Size Range (mm) Particle Name Common Sediment

Name

Detrital Rock

>256 mm Boulder Gravel Conglomerate or

Breccia

64-256 mm Cobble Gravel see above4-64 mm Pebble Gravel see above

2-4 mm Granule Gravel see above1/16-2 mm Sand Sand Sandstone1/256-1/16 mm Silt Mud Shale, Mudstone, or

Siltstone


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Work Cited

Images:

http://www.uwsp.edu/geo/faculty/ritter/images/lithosphere/rock_cycle.gif http://blue.utb.edu/paullgj/geol1403/lectures/Continental_Rifting.JPG http://www.windows2universe.org/earth/images/convection.gif http://www4.nau.edu/meteorite/Meteorite/Images/Silicates.jpg http://staff.imsa.edu/science/si/horrell/materials/silicate_chemistry_files/image017.jpg http://www.geology.um.maine.edu/geodynamics/AnalogWebsite/UndergradProjects2008/Nate%27s_we

bsite/Re-formatted%20Images/pluton_dike_sill.jpg

http://geophysics.ou.edu/geol1114/notes/weathering/frost_wedging.jpg http://geophysics.ou.edu/geol1114/notes/weathering/ideal_soil_horizons.jpg FIG 10- Table 7.1, Pg. 203: Earth: An Introduction to Physical Geology Tenth Edition: By Tarbuck, Lutgens

Tasa

ALL TEXT Earth: An Introduction to Physical Geology Tenth Edition: By Tarbuck, Lutgens, Tasa
http://www.uwsp.edu/geo/faculty/ritter/images/lithosphere/rock_cycle.gifhttp://www.uwsp.edu/geo/faculty/ritter/images/lithosphere/rock_cycle.gifhttp://blue.utb.edu/paullgj/geol1403/lectures/Continental_Rifting.JPGhttp://blue.utb.edu/paullgj/geol1403/lectures/Continental_Rifting.JPGhttp://www.windows2universe.org/earth/images/convection.gifhttp://www.windows2universe.org/earth/images/convection.gifhttp://www4.nau.edu/meteorite/Meteorite/Images/Silicates.jpghttp://www4.nau.edu/meteorite/Meteorite/Images/Silicates.jpghttp://staff.imsa.edu/science/si/horrell/materials/silicate_chemistry_files/image017.jpghttp://staff.imsa.edu/science/si/horrell/materials/silicate_chemistry_files/image017.jpghttp://www.geology.um.maine.edu/geodynamics/AnalogWebsite/UndergradProjects2008/Nate%27s_website/Re-formatted%20Images/pluton_dike_sill.jpghttp://www.geology.um.maine.edu/geodynamics/AnalogWebsite/UndergradProjects2008/Nate%27s_website/Re-formatted%20Images/pluton_dike_sill.jpghttp://www.geology.um.maine.edu/geodynamics/AnalogWebsite/UndergradProjects2008/Nate%27s_website/Re-formatted%20Images/pluton_dike_sill.jpghttp://www.geology.um.maine.edu/geodynamics/AnalogWebsite/UndergradProjects2008/Nate%27s_website/Re-formatted%20Images/pluton_dike_sill.jpghttp://www.geology.um.maine.edu/geodynamics/AnalogWebsite/UndergradProjects2008/Nate%27s_website/Re-formatted%20Images/pluton_dike_sill.jpghttp://geophysics.ou.edu/geol1114/notes/weathering/frost_wedging.jpghttp://geophysics.ou.edu/geol1114/notes/weathering/frost_wedging.jpghttp://geophysics.ou.edu/geol1114/notes/weathering/ideal_soil_horizons.jpghttp://geophysics.ou.edu/geol1114/notes/weathering/ideal_soil_horizons.jpghttp://geophysics.ou.edu/geol1114/notes/weathering/ideal_soil_horizons.jpghttp://geophysics.ou.edu/geol1114/notes/weathering/frost_wedging.jpghttp://www.geology.um.maine.edu/geodynamics/AnalogWebsite/UndergradProjects2008/Nate%27s_website/Re-formatted%20Images/pluton_dike_sill.jpghttp://www.geology.um.maine.edu/geodynamics/AnalogWebsite/UndergradProjects2008/Nate%27s_website/Re-formatted%20Images/pluton_dike_sill.jpghttp://staff.imsa.edu/science/si/horrell/materials/silicate_chemistry_files/image017.jpghttp://www4.nau.edu/meteorite/Meteorite/Images/Silicates.jpghttp://www.windows2universe.org/earth/images/convection.gifhttp://blue.utb.edu/paullgj/geol1403/lectures/Continental_Rifting.JPGhttp://www.uwsp.edu/geo/faculty/ritter/images/lithosphere/rock_cycle.gif

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