geol 3010 mineralogy fall, 2009 introduction. logistics joseph r. smyth office: 340 benson office...
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GEOL 3010 MineralogyFall, 2009
Introduction
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Logistics• Joseph R. Smyth• Office: 340 Benson• Office Hours 11 - 12 Wed-Fri• http://ruby.colorado.edu/~smyth/
syl3010.html• http://ruby.colorado.edu/~smyth/
Home.html
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Prerequisites
• Math - First semester calculus or equivalent– ln, ex, sin, cos, tan, etc.
• Chemistry - First semester– Periodic Table, formulas, balancing
reactions, isotopes
• Computers– MSWord, Excel, or equivalents
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Why Study Minerals?
• Minerals are the way atoms are arranged in rocks.
• Atomic environments in rock are homogeneous from the mm scale to the Å scale (7 orders of magnitude).– 1Å = 10-10 m = 10-7mm
• Mineralogy is solid-state geochemistry.
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Why Study Minerals?
• Minerals are fundamental to Earth Sciences.– Environmental sciences– Geochemsitry– Geophysics
• Mineralogy is a mature science.• Mineralogy is primarily a tool for
understanding the Earth
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Rocks are aggregates of minerals.
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Rocks are aggregates of minerals.
1 mm
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Minerals are homogeneous down to atomic scale.
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Definition of a Mineral
• A mineral is a naturally occurring,• homogeneous solid with a • definite, but not fixed, composition, and • an ordered atomic arrangement that is • formed by inorganic processes.
• A mineral is a natural, crystalline phase.
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Minerals are Naturally Occurring
• In order to be a mineral, a chemical compound must occur naturally somewhere and be stable enough to study in the lab.
• We can make many compounds in the lab that are not minerals unless they are found in nature.
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Mineral are homogeneous
• Minerals are chemically homogeneous down to the atomic scale.
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Definite, but not fixed, composition.
• Minerals have chemical formulas determined by the atomic structures.
• Symmetry requires atoms to occur in simple, specific, integer ratios.
• But, for a given mineral, substitutions of similar elements are possible.
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Ordered atomic arrangement
• Minerals are crystals (crystalline solids).• Crystals are periodic arrays of atoms.• Atoms achieve their lowest energy by
having each different type of atom (element) in an identical environment.
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Ordered atomic arrangement
Halite (NaCl) Fluorite (CaF2)
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Inorganic Processes
• The mineral must have at least one occurrence where it is formed by inorganic processes.
• Calcite may be formed by organisms to form shells, but it also occurs in igneous and metamorphic environments.
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These are Minerals
• Gold, silver, diamond, graphite• Pyrite, marcasite, sphalerite• Salt (halite), fluorite, calcite,
apatite• Olivine, garnet, zircon• Pyroxene, amphibole, mica• Quartz, feldspar, zeolite
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These natural solids are NOT Minerals
• Granite, basalt, limestone– (These are rocks, composed of minerals)
• Wood, coal – (organic, non-crystalline solids)
• Opal, obsidian, pumice – (glass, non-crystalline solids)
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Polymorphs and Isomorphs
• Polymorph: same composition, different structure
• Isomorph: same structure, different composition
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Polymorphs• Two minerals with the same composition,
but different structures are different minerals.
• Diamond and graphite are both pure carbon, but are different minerals
• Quartz-tridymite-cristobalite-coesite- stishovite: all polymorphs of SiO2.
• Calcite and aragonite are CaCO3.
• This is why we use mineral names rather than chemical formulas.
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Isomorphs• Minerals with the same structure and
different compositions are isomorphs.– Forsterite (Mg2SiO4)- fayalite (Fe2SiO4)
– Halite (NaCl) - sylvite (KCl), periclase (MgO), galena (PbS)
– Gold (Au) - silver (Ag)
– Quartz (SiO2) - berlinite (AlPO4)
– Muscovite-Biotite
• Sometimes there’s crystalline solution, sometimes not.
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Mineralogy Today• Mineralogy is a mature science
– 10 to 20 new species each year– About 5000 total species
• Mineralogy is primarily a tool for understanding the Earth.
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Mineralogy Today• Mineralogy is the study of natural
crystalline solids.
• Geophysics – Mineral Physics
• Geochemistry– Igneous, sedimentary, Metamorphic– Ore deposits– Environmental – Biogeochemistry