General Livestock Feeding

Topic # 3046

Ms. Blakeley

http://www.glenroseffa.org

Animals are the result of:

Genetics Health Care and Management What they eat• all feeds come directly from plants

• 2/3 of livestock feed is not suited to humans

What are Nutrients?

Chemical substances found in feed materials that can be used, and are necessary for the maintenance, production, and health of animals

_________ are needed by animals in definite amounts varying with age, function, use etc.

Nutrients

_______________ _______________ _______________ _______________ _______________ _______________

Carbohydrates

More abundant and cheaper Very easily __________ and turned

into body fat Easier storage than fats Found in all __________________ (corn, wheat, barley, oats, & rye)

Proteins

Complex compounds made of amino acids

In all _______ and _________ cells Nitrogen content multiplied by 6.25

tells the amount of protein Plants make their own protein

Source of Protein

Animal Proteins are superior for monogastrics• better balanced in essential amino

acids Milk and Eggs are abundant in

essential amino acids

Plant Protein Sources

Supplements• ________ by-products

• __________ meal

• _____________ meal

• linseed meal

• peanut meal

• safflower meal

• rapeseed meal

Fats

Needed in fairly _______ amounts Most sources of __________ are

sources of fat Especially oil seeds and animal by-

products

Minerals

Minerals are the ____________ elements of animals and plants

Determined by burning off the organic matter and weighing the residue (called ______)

2 to 5% of animal are minerals (bones, teeth, part of blood, fluids)

Vitamins

Roughages, concentrates, feeds, by-products & some are made by the body itself

Required in ________ amounts for normal growth

Specific functions

Feed Additives

_____% of food animals get some drug during lifetime

chemicals that regulate growth, modify rumen activity, improve feed efficiency increase 15% each yr.

lower production _______ unsafe if used improperly

Antibiotics

produced by _______ __________ bacteriostatic properties• growth stimulators

• better feed efficiency Low levels in feeds High (therapeutic) levels in feeds

What is a Feedstuff?

any ingredient, or material, fed to animals for the purpose of sustaining them

most provide one or more nutrients _______________ = flavor, color,

palatability, adding bulk, preservatives

Feed Classifications

_____________ __________________ (By-product feeds) Special Feeds Additives, Implants, & Injections

Total Digestible Nutrients (TDN)

Most extensively used system %TDN = %DCP + %DCF +

%DNFE + (%DF x 2.25)• DCP: digestible crude ________

• DCF: digestible crude _______

• DNFE: digestible ________ free extract

• DF: digestible ______

Roughages

______ feeds low in weight per unit Contain more than 18% crude fiber Low in _________ Natural feeds of ruminants Generally low in digestibility Protein varies

Roughages

Pastures ______• varies more than any other feed

• harvest at optimum time

• cure properly 20% moisture or less Crop Residues• left in field after harvest

• straw, corn stalks, etc

Roughages

_______ = fermented forage plants• mostly corn or sorghum

Haylage = low moisture silage• grass or legume wilted to 40-60%

moisture before ensiling Green Chop (soilage)• fresh plants cut & chopped in the field,

transported & fed to confined animals

Roughages – Other

• cottonseed hulls

• corncobs

• sawdust

• beet tops

• root crops

• oat hulls

• peanut hay

• newspapers

Concentrates

Feeds high in energy and low in _______ (under 18%)

Availability and Price Need to substitute concentrates for

each other as price changes Corn, Sorghum, barley, rye, oats,

wheat, triticale

By-Product Feeds (roughage and concentrate)

Feeds ______ ______ from animal and plant processing or industrial manufacturing• Milling by-products from:– cereal grains– oilseeds– root crops– dried beet pulp and tops– distillery and brewing – unused bakery products– fruits and nuts

By-Product Feeds

Effective & Profitable Use:• price

• composition be known

• palatable and consumed

• not adversely affect carcass quality– chemical residues– pesticides

Special Feeds

_____________: first milk given by mammals after parturition• contains antibodies

• within 15 min to 4 hours

• surplus colostrum can be frozen for up to a year or more

• can feed cow colostrum to lambs etc., but some diseases are species specific

Special Feeds

Milk ___________• can’t replace colostrum

• is fortified with vitamins, minerals & antibiotics

• higher fat reduces diarrhea

Special Feeds

Fats and _______• acidulated soap stock, tallows, greases

______• increases calories of ration (2 1/4 times

energy of carbohydrates)

• controls dust– animals don’t like dusty rations

• lessons wear on feed mixing equip.

Special Feeds

___________• by-product from sugar manufacture

• 3/4 energy value of corn

• appetizer

• reduce dust, pellet binder

• stimulate rumen activity