general characteristics of viruses. hiv ! avian flu ! sars ! ebola ! west nile ! smallpox !...
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General Characteristics General Characteristics of Virusesof Viruses
HIV ! HIV ! Avian Flu !Avian Flu !
SARS ! SARS ! Ebola !Ebola !
West Nile !West Nile ! Smallpox !Smallpox !
Hepatitis A,Hepatitis A,BB,,CC,,DD,,E E ! !
Polio !Polio ! HPV !HPV !
Viruses infect all living thingsViruses infect all living things
• Animal kingdomAnimal kingdom
• Plant kingdomPlant kingdom
• MicrobesMicrobes
•Specificity/selectivity for hostSpecificity/selectivity for host
Manifestations of Viral InfectionsManifestations of Viral Infections
• AsymptomaticAsymptomatic• Acute viral syndrome Acute viral syndrome (influenza, rhinovirus, etc)(influenza, rhinovirus, etc)
• Persistent viral syndrome Persistent viral syndrome (EBV)(EBV)
• Chronic infectionChronic infection– Reactivating (HSV-1/2, VZV (chicken pox/shingles))Reactivating (HSV-1/2, VZV (chicken pox/shingles))– Progressive (HBV, HCV, HIV)Progressive (HBV, HCV, HIV)
• Cancer Cancer (EBV, HPV-16, HBV, HCV, KSHV)(EBV, HPV-16, HBV, HCV, KSHV)
• Death Death (HIV, et al)(HIV, et al)
• Acute death Acute death (smallpox, Ebola, SARS)(smallpox, Ebola, SARS)
Viral pathogenesis --- diseaseViral pathogenesis --- disease
• Virus replicationVirus replication
• Targeted cellsTargeted cells
• Host responseHost response
What is a virus?What is a virus?
What are the essential characteristics What are the essential characteristics of a virus?of a virus?
• PhysicalPhysical
• BiologicalBiological
What is a virus?What is a virus?• Physical CharacteristicsPhysical Characteristics
– Genetic MaterialGenetic Material• Nucleic acid Nucleic acid
– RNA (ssRNA, dsRNA, segmented)RNA (ssRNA, dsRNA, segmented)– DNA (ssDNA, dsDNA)DNA (ssDNA, dsDNA)
– Protein coat (subunit structure)Protein coat (subunit structure)• NucleoproteinNucleoprotein• CapsidCapsid
– Capsomeres, Geometrical constraintsCapsomeres, Geometrical constraints
– Envelope (some)Envelope (some)
HIV-1, SIV and Other RetrovirusesHIV-1, SIV and Other Retroviruses AdenovirusesAdenoviruses
Rhabdoviruses (rabies)Rhabdoviruses (rabies)
Size of VirusesSize of Viruses
What is a virus?What is a virus?• Genetic material limitedGenetic material limited
• 10^3 to 10^5 bases long10^3 to 10^5 bases long– Codes for unique proteinsCodes for unique proteins
• Polymerases – RNA replicationPolymerases – RNA replication• KinasesKinases• ProteasesProteases• Structural proteinsStructural proteins• Accessory proteinsAccessory proteins
Targets for antiviral agents - limitedTargets for antiviral agents - limited
What is a virus?What is a virus?Biological CharateristicsBiological Charateristics
• Viruses as parasitesViruses as parasites
• ParasitesParasites
– Not capable of independently Not capable of independently completing a full replication cycle completing a full replication cycle
– Cellular parasitesCellular parasites
– Subcellular “parasites”Subcellular “parasites”
• VirusesViruses
• ViroidsViroids
• PrionsPrions
What is a virus?What is a virus?
• Are viruses alive?Are viruses alive?
• Characteristics of living organisms?Characteristics of living organisms?
What is a virus?What is a virus?Biological CharacteristicsBiological Characteristics• Viral replication strategiesViral replication strategies• Viral replication cyclesViral replication cycles
– Binding/entryBinding/entry– UncoatingUncoating– Genome replication (w/wo integration)Genome replication (w/wo integration)– Protein productionProtein production– Assembly Assembly – BuddingBudding
• Host cell tropism (receptors)Host cell tropism (receptors)• Lytic vs. non-lytic infectionLytic vs. non-lytic infection
VacciniaPoliovirus
AdenovirusHerpesvirus
Morphological AssaysMorphological Assays
• Electron microscopyElectron microscopy
• Isolated virus or Isolated virus or infected cellsinfected cells
• Nonenveloped or Nonenveloped or enveloped (alternate enveloped (alternate method to determine if method to determine if an envelope is an envelope is present?)present?)
• Core structureCore structure
EpidemiologyEpidemiology• Tracking prevalence of viruses in host Tracking prevalence of viruses in host
populationspopulationsBlood components and tissue samplesBlood components and tissue samples– Virus cultureVirus culture
• In vitro (tissue culture)In vitro (tissue culture)• In vivo (susceptible animal model)In vivo (susceptible animal model)
– Molecular testingMolecular testing• PCR methodsPCR methods• Southern blotSouthern blot
– ELISA (enzyme linked immunosorbent assay)ELISA (enzyme linked immunosorbent assay)• Assay for antigen (viral protein)Assay for antigen (viral protein)• Assay for antibody directed against virusAssay for antibody directed against virus