Geant4 Physics Validation Geant4 Physics Validation and Verificationand Verification

IonsIons

Koi, Tatsumi SLAC/SCCSKoi, Tatsumi SLAC/SCCS

Thermal 1 MeV 10 MeV 100 MeV 1 GeV 10 GeV 100 GeV 1 TeV (/n)

LEP

HEP ( up to 15 TeV)

Photon EvapMultifragmentFermi breakup

Fission

EvaporationPre-

compound

Bertini cascade

Binary cascadeQG String (up to 100 TeV)

FTF String (up to 20 TeV)

High Precision neutron

down to thermal energyElastic

InelasticCaptureFission

LE pp, pn

Rad. Decay

Neutron & Ion Models Inventory

Binary cascade Light IonsPhoton EvapMultifragmentFermi breakup

EvaporationPre-

compound

Rad. Decay

Neutrons

Ions

Wilson Abrasion&Ablation

Electromagnetic Disosiation

Ion PhysicsIon PhysicsInelastic ReactionsInelastic Reactions

• Cross SectionsCross Sections– Tripathi, Shen, Kox and Sihver FormulaTripathi, Shen, Kox and Sihver Formula

• ModelModel– G4BinaryLightIonG4BinaryLightIon– G4WilsonAbrasionG4WilsonAbrasion

Cross SectionsCross Sections

• Many cross section formulae for NN collisions are includeMany cross section formulae for NN collisions are included in Geant4d in Geant4– Tripathi Formula NASA Technical Paper TP-3621 (1997)Tripathi Formula NASA Technical Paper TP-3621 (1997)– Tripathi Light System NASA Technical Paper TP-209726 (1999) Tripathi Light System NASA Technical Paper TP-209726 (1999) – Kox Formula Phys. Rev. C 35 1678 (1987)Kox Formula Phys. Rev. C 35 1678 (1987)– Shen Formula Nuclear Physics. A 49 1130 (1989)Shen Formula Nuclear Physics. A 49 1130 (1989)– Sihver Formula Phys. Rev. C 47 1225 (1993)Sihver Formula Phys. Rev. C 47 1225 (1993)

• These are empirical and parameterized formulae with theThese are empirical and parameterized formulae with theoretical insights.oretical insights.

• G4GeneralSpaceNNCrossSection was prepared to assist G4GeneralSpaceNNCrossSection was prepared to assist users in selecting the appropriate cross section formula.users in selecting the appropriate cross section formula.

Inelastic Cross SectionInelastic Cross SectionC12 on C12C12 on C12

Binary Cascade Binary Cascade ~Model Principals~~Model Principals~

• In Binary Cascade, each participating nucleon is seen as In Binary Cascade, each participating nucleon is seen as a Gaussian wave packet, (like QMD)a Gaussian wave packet, (like QMD)

• Total wave function of the nucleus is assumed to be direTotal wave function of the nucleus is assumed to be direct product of these. (no anti-symmetrization)ct product of these. (no anti-symmetrization)

• This wave form have same structure as the classical HaThis wave form have same structure as the classical Hamilton equations and can be solved numerically.milton equations and can be solved numerically.

• The Hamiltonian is calculated using simple time indepenThe Hamiltonian is calculated using simple time independent optical potential. (unlike QMD)dent optical potential. (unlike QMD)

xtip

tqxLLtpqx ii

ii 2

43

2exp2,,,

Binary Cascade Binary Cascade ~nuclear model ~~nuclear model ~• 3 dimensional model of the nucleus is constructed f3 dimensional model of the nucleus is constructed f

rom A and Z.rom A and Z.• Nucleon distribution followsNucleon distribution follows

– A>16 Woods-Saxon modelA>16 Woods-Saxon model– Light nuclei harmonic-oscillator shell modelLight nuclei harmonic-oscillator shell model

• Nucleon momenta are sampled from 0 to Fermi moNucleon momenta are sampled from 0 to Fermi momentum and sum of these momenta is set to 0.mentum and sum of these momenta is set to 0.

• time-invariant scalar optical potential is used.time-invariant scalar optical potential is used.

Binary Cascade Binary Cascade ~ G4BinaryLightIonReaction ~~ G4BinaryLightIonReaction ~

• Two nuclei are prepared according to this model (previoTwo nuclei are prepared according to this model (previous page).us page).

• The lighter nucleus is selected to be projectile.The lighter nucleus is selected to be projectile.• Nucleons in the projectile are entered with position and Nucleons in the projectile are entered with position and

momenta into the initial collision state.momenta into the initial collision state.• Until first collision of each nucleon, its Fermi motion is Until first collision of each nucleon, its Fermi motion is

neglected in tracking.neglected in tracking.• Fermi motion and the nuclear field are taken into accouFermi motion and the nuclear field are taken into accou

nt in collision probabilities and final states of the collisint in collision probabilities and final states of the collisions.ons.

Neutron Production 400 MeV/n Carbon on Copper

Pion Production

1 GeV/c/n Carbon

on Be, C, Cu and Pn

Geant4 6.2.p02Binary Cascade Light Ions

Distribution of RsDistribution of Rs Carbon Beams Carbon Beams

C 400MeV/ n

- 100

0

100

200

0 20 40 60 80

Laboratory Angle [Degree]

Rat

io %

C 290MeV/ n

- 100

0

100

200

0 20 40 60 80

Laboratory Angle [Degree]

Rat

io %

Target MaterialsIwata et al.,Phys. Rev. C64 pp. 05460901(2001)

R = (σcalculate-σ measure )/σ measure

Overestimate

Underestimate

Distribution of RsDistribution of Rs Neon Beams Neon Beams

Target Materials

Ne 400MeV/ n

- 100

0

100

200

0 20 40 60 80

Laboratory Angle [Degree]

Rat

io %

Ne 600MeV/ n

- 100

0

100

200

0 20 40 60 80

Laboratory Angle [Degree]

Rat

io %

Iwata et al.,Phys. Rev. C64 pp. 05460901(2001)

Distribution of RsDistribution of Rs Argon Beams Argon Beams

Ar 560MeV/ n

- 100

0

100

200

0 20 40 60 80

Laboratory Angle [Degree]

Rat

io %

Target Materials

Ar 400MeV/ n

- 100

0

100

200

0 20 40 60 80

Laboratory Angle [Degree]

Rat

io %

Iwata et al.,Phys. Rev. C64 pp. 05460901(2001)

Neutron YieldNeutron YieldArgon 400 MeV/n beamsArgon 400 MeV/n beams

Carbon Thick Target Aluminium Thick Target

T. Kurosawa et al., Phys. Rev. C62 pp. 04461501 (2000)

Neutron YieldNeutron YieldArgon 400 MeV/n beamsArgon 400 MeV/n beams

Copper Thick Target Lead Thick Target

T. Kurosawa et al., Phys. Rev. C62 pp. 04461501 (2000)

Neutron YieldNeutron YieldFe 400 MeV/n beamsFe 400 MeV/n beams

CarbonThick Target Aluminum Thick Target

T. Kurosawa et al., Phys. Rev. C62 pp. 04461501 (2000)

Neutron YieldNeutron YieldFe 400 MeV/n beamsFe 400 MeV/n beams

Copper Thick Target Lead Thick Target

T. Kurosawa et al., Phys. Rev. C62 pp. 04461501 (2000)

Distribution of RsDistribution of Rsfor QMD and HIC Calculationfor QMD and HIC Calculation(done by original author)(done by original author)

Iwata et al.,Phys. Rev. C64 pp. 05460901(2001)

100%

Iwata et al.,Phys. Rev. C64 pp. 05460901(2001)

-100%Overestimate

Underestimate

R = 1/σ measure

x(σ measure -σcalculate )

QMD HIC

Fragmented Particles Fragmented Particles ProductionsProductions

Si 490 MeV/ n on C

1

10

100

1000

Al Mg Na Ne F O N C

Particle Species

Cro

ss S

ectio

n [m

b]

DATAG4

Si 490 MeV/ n on H

1

10

100

1000

Al Mg Na Ne F O N C

Particle Species

Cro

ss S

ectio

n [m

b]

DATAG4

F. Flesch et al., J, RM, 34 237 2001

Fragmented Particles Fragmented Particles ProductionsProductions

Si 453 MeV/ n on Al

1

10

100

1000

Al Mg Na Ne F O N C

Particle Species

Cro

ss S

ectio

n [m

b]

DATAG4

Si 490 MeV/ n on Cu

1

10

100

1000

Al Mg Na Ne F O N C

Particle Species

Cro

ss S

ectio

n [m

b]

DATAG4

F. Flesch et al., J, RM, 34 237 2001

Wilson Abrasion & Ablation Wilson Abrasion & Ablation Model Model • G4WilsonAbrasionModel is a simplified macroscopic G4WilsonAbrasionModel is a simplified macroscopic

model for nuclear-nuclear interactions based largely on model for nuclear-nuclear interactions based largely on geometric argumentsgeometric arguments

• The speed of the simulation is found to be faster than The speed of the simulation is found to be faster than models such as G4BinaryCascade, but at the cost of models such as G4BinaryCascade, but at the cost of accuracy.accuracy.

• A nuclear ablation has been developed to provide a A nuclear ablation has been developed to provide a better approximation for the final nuclear fragment from better approximation for the final nuclear fragment from an abrasion interaction. an abrasion interaction.

• Performing an ablation process to simulate the de-Performing an ablation process to simulate the de-excitation of the nuclear pre-fragments, nuclear de-excitation of the nuclear pre-fragments, nuclear de-excitation models within Geant4 (default).excitation models within Geant4 (default).

• G4WilsonAblationModel also prepared and uses the same G4WilsonAblationModel also prepared and uses the same approach for selecting the final-state nucleus as approach for selecting the final-state nucleus as NUCFRG2 (NASA TP 3533)NUCFRG2 (NASA TP 3533)

Abrasion & AblationAbrasion & Ablation

Ablation process

Abrasion process

target nucleus

projectile

Validation of Validation of G4WilsonAbrasionAblation G4WilsonAbrasionAblation modelmodel

12C-C 1050 MeV/nuc

0.1

1.0

10.0

100.0

C11 C10 B11 B10 Be10 Be9 Be7 Li8 Li7 Li6 He6

Fragment

cro

ss-s

ecti

on

[m

b]

Abrasion + ablation

Experiment

NUCFRG2

Ion Physics Ion Physics EelectroMagnetic DissociationEelectroMagnetic Dissociation• Electromagnetic dissociation is liberation of Electromagnetic dissociation is liberation of

nucleons or nuclear fragments as a result of nucleons or nuclear fragments as a result of electromagnetic field by exchange of virtual electromagnetic field by exchange of virtual photons, rather than the strong nuclear photons, rather than the strong nuclear forceforce

• It is important for relativistic nuclear-It is important for relativistic nuclear-nuclear interaction, especially where the nuclear interaction, especially where the proton number of the nucleus is largeproton number of the nucleus is large

• G4EMDissociation model and cross section G4EMDissociation model and cross section are an implementation of the NUCFRG2 are an implementation of the NUCFRG2 (NASA TP 3533) physics and treats this (NASA TP 3533) physics and treats this electromagnetic dissociation (ED).electromagnetic dissociation (ED).

Validation of G4EMDissociaton Validation of G4EMDissociaton Model and Cross SectionModel and Cross Section

Projectile Energy[GeV/nuc]

Product from ED

G4EMDissociation

[mbarn]

Experiment[mbarn]

Mg-24 3.7 Na-23 + p 124 2 154 31

Si-28 3.7 Al-27 + p 107 1 186 56

14.5 Al-27 + p 216 2 165 24†128 33‡

O-16 200 N-15 + p 331 2 293 39†342 22*

Binay CascadeFragmented projectiles C12 on Water

1

10

100

1000

14C

12C

10C 8C 13B

11B 9B 7B

15B

e

13B

e

11B

e

9Be

7Be

5Be

8Li

6Li

4Li

9He

7He

5He

3He

nucleus

Rel

ativ

e in

tens

ity

Arrows indicatednucleus which havehalf life less than10E- 15 sec

C12 on Water Charge Changing Cross SectionBinary Cascade, Secodaries μ >0.5, β >0.9xβ prim

0

0.05

0.1

0.15

0.2

0.25

0.3

0.35

0.4

0.45

0.5

100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450

Primary Energy [MeV/ n]

Cro

ss S

ectio

n [b

arn]

0123

Charge Changing Cross Sections

C12 on Water

C12 on Water Charge Changing Cross SectionG4Wilson, Secodaries μ >0.5, β >0.9xβ prim

0

0.05

0.1

0.15

0.2

0.25

0.3

0.35

0.4

0.45

0.5

100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450

Primary Energy [MeV/ n]

Cro

ss S

ectio

n [b

arn]

0123

Binary Cascade

G4WilsonBe8s are decayed artificially

Geant4 Validation ListGeant4 Validation List

• 6) o Title: "Thin target neutron productions by Ions intercations"6) o Title: "Thin target neutron productions by Ions intercations"• • o Brief documentation: "Ions beam on different energies incidento Brief documentation: "Ions beam on different energies incident• on different thin target materials produceon different thin target materials produce• neutrons, whose kinetic energy spectra isneutrons, whose kinetic energy spectra is• studied at different angles (i.e. the doublestudied at different angles (i.e. the double• differential cross-sections are measured)."differential cross-sections are measured)."

• o Responsible person: Koi, Tatsumi SLAC/SCCS.o Responsible person: Koi, Tatsumi SLAC/SCCS.

• o Physics List used: Specified one writen by T. K.o Physics List used: Specified one writen by T. K.

• o Process/Model: inelastic ions processes.o Process/Model: inelastic ions processes.• currently only G4BinaryLightIoncurrently only G4BinaryLightIon• future G4WilsonAbrasionfuture G4WilsonAbrasion

• o Level on which the validation/verification is performed: process level.o Level on which the validation/verification is performed: process level.

• o Primary Particles: Carbon12 290 MeV/n, 400 MeV/no Primary Particles: Carbon12 290 MeV/n, 400 MeV/n• Neon20 400 MeV/n, 600 MeV/nNeon20 400 MeV/n, 600 MeV/n• Argon40 400 MeV/n, 600 MeV/nArgon40 400 MeV/n, 600 MeV/n

• o Target materials: Carbon, Copper, Lead.o Target materials: Carbon, Copper, Lead.

• o Observable Values: dobule differential cross sections in [mb/sr/MeV] o Observable Values: dobule differential cross sections in [mb/sr/MeV] • of secondary neutron at 5, 10, 20, 30, 40, 60, 80 deg.of secondary neutron at 5, 10, 20, 30, 40, 60, 80 deg.

• o Data:Double-differential cross sections for the neutron production from o Data:Double-differential cross sections for the neutron production from • heavy-ion reactions at energies E/A = 290-600 MeV. heavy-ion reactions at energies E/A = 290-600 MeV. • Iwata et al.,Phys. Rev. C64 pp. 05460901(2001)Iwata et al.,Phys. Rev. C64 pp. 05460901(2001)

• o Frequency of execution: only once, because of lack of man power.o Frequency of execution: only once, because of lack of man power.

• o Source code availability: Under Preparationo Source code availability: Under Preparation

•

I have 10 more entries for Ions I have 10 more entries for Ions Interactions in G4Validation Interactions in G4Validation List.List.• 6) o Title: "Thin target neutron productions by Ions intercations"6) o Title: "Thin target neutron productions by Ions intercations"• 7) o Title: "Ions hits on several thick target materials and measured 7) o Title: "Ions hits on several thick target materials and measured • 8) o Title: "Pion production cross sections by ions hit on several materials"8) o Title: "Pion production cross sections by ions hit on several materials"• 9) o Title: "Pion production cross sections by carbon hit on carbon"9) o Title: "Pion production cross sections by carbon hit on carbon"• 10)o Title: "Element production cross sections by Iron ion hit on several 10)o Title: "Element production cross sections by Iron ion hit on several • 11)o Title: "Element production cross sections by Silicon ion hit on several 11)o Title: "Element production cross sections by Silicon ion hit on several • 12)o Title: "Fragment production cross sections by Iron ion hit on several 12)o Title: "Fragment production cross sections by Iron ion hit on several • 13)o Title: "Fragment production cross sections by Iron ion hit on several 13)o Title: "Fragment production cross sections by Iron ion hit on several • 14)o Title: "Fragment production cross sections by Iron ion hit on several 14)o Title: "Fragment production cross sections by Iron ion hit on several • 15)o Title: "Fragment production cross sections by carbon hit on carbon"15)o Title: "Fragment production cross sections by carbon hit on carbon"

Summary of validationsSummary of validations

• Neutron DD production and YieldNeutron DD production and Yield– a few hundred MeV/n ~ 400 MeV/na few hundred MeV/n ~ 400 MeV/n– Projectile C12, Ne20, Ar40, Fe56, Xs131Projectile C12, Ne20, Ar40, Fe56, Xs131– Carbon to Lead Target Carbon to Lead Target

• Fragment Particle ProductionFragment Particle Production– a few hundred MeV/n ~ a few GeV/na few hundred MeV/n ~ a few GeV/n– Projectile C12 to Fe56Projectile C12 to Fe56– Carbon to Lead TargetCarbon to Lead Target

• Element ProductionElement Production– 400, 700 MeV/n400, 700 MeV/n– Projectile Si28, Fe56Projectile Si28, Fe56– H, C, Al, Cu, Ag, Pb TargetH, C, Al, Cu, Ag, Pb Target

Areas where not covered by Areas where not covered by models models

• High Energy [>10GeV/n] inelastic High Energy [>10GeV/n] inelastic interactionsinteractions

• Elastic interactions Elastic interactions